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[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}
= Storage Setup (prior to starting Lab 4) =
At this point, having completed [[OPS235 Lab 3|Lab 3]] you should have <u>roughly</u> the following disk storage setup:<br />
('''Note:''' These results are output from the '''vgs''', '''lvs''', and '''pvs''' commands within each virtual machine. You will be using these commands in the following lab investigations)<br /><br />
This VM has a GUI and free space in the VG.
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_fedora2 1 3 0 wz--n- 14.80G 4.07G
LV VG Attr LSize
lv_home vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 1.95G
lv_root vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 7.81G
lv_swap vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 992.00M
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/vda2 vg_fedora2 lvm2 a- 14.80G 4.07G
* '''f17host (i.e. "disk pack")'''
{{Admon/note|Recovering VMs|'''Most of these investigations will take place in you virtual machines.''' If you make a significant mistake, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups of your virtual machines in Lab 3, and you can '''restore them if something goes wrong'''.}}
==PrerequisitesResources ==
==Linux Investigation 1: How are LVMs are managed using Command Online Reference-Line Tools ==Each Link below displays online manpages for each command # You are going to repeat the same LVM management operations (via [http://linuxmanpages.com/ http://linuxmanpages.com]): {|width="100%" cellpadding="5"|as your did with the ''fedora2''LVM Information Utilities:VM in '''|lab3'''LVM Management Utilities:), but you will using command-line tools in the '''|fedora 3'''User / Group Management:VM. Since the fedora3 VM only operates in command-line mode, you will need to refer to the '''||- valign="topLogical Volume Management"|*[http://linuxmanpages''' link above.com/man8/vgs.8.php vgs]*[http# Write down the exact commands used at each step, and record appropriate command output://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvs.8.php lvs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvs.8.php ## Determine the current LVM configuration using the <code>pvs]*[http:</code>, <code>vgs</linuxmanpages.comcode>, and <code>lvs</man8/vgdisplay.8code> command.php vgdisplay]*[http:## Grow the home filesystem to 2G using the command <code>lvextend</code> and <code>resize2fs</linuxmanpagescode>.com/man8/lvdisplay.8.php lvdisplay]*[http://linuxmanpages.com## Create a new 2G LV containing an ext4 filesystem and mount it at /man8/pvdisplay.8.php pvdisplay]|*[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/s1-system-config-lvm.html system-config-lvm] archive (Tutorial)*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvextend.8.php lvextend]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/resize2fs.8.php resize2fs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/use <code>lvcreate.8.php lvcreate]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvreduce.8.php lvreduce]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvcreate.8.php pvcreate]*[http://linuxmanpages.com</man8code>, <code>mkfs</vgextend.8.php vgextend]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/mount.8.php code>, <code>mount]*[http:<//linuxmanpages.com/man8/umount.8.php umount]|* [http://linux.die.net/man/5/passwd code>, edit the file <code>/etc/passwd File]* [http:/fstab</www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skelcode>, and then reboot to confirm automatic mount).htm /etc/skel File]* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-etcgroup-file/ ## Copy the contents of <code>/etc</group File]*[http://linuxmanpages.comcode> into <code>/man8archive</useraddcode>.8.php useradd]*[http:## Shrink <code>lv_archive<//linuxmanpages.com/man8/userdel.8.php userdel]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/usermod.8.php usermod]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/groupadd.8.php groupadd]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/groupdel.8.php groupdel] |} ==Resources on the web==Additional links code> to tutorials and HOWTOs: :* [[Logical Volume Management]] :* [http:1G (use <code>umount</code>, <code>resize2fs</tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html Partitioning with fdisk]:* [http://www.itwire.com/content/view/14446code>, <code>lvreduce</53/ UID code>, and GID explained] = Creating <code>mount</ Formatting / Mounting Partitions = == Investigation 1: How to Add a PV to an existing VG ==code>)
== Investigation 2: How can a PV be added to an existing VG? ==
'''Add an additional 2 GB virtual disk to your ''<u>fedora1</u>'' system, and use it as an additional physical volume:'''
# Start <code>'''virt-manager'''</code>.
# Shutdown ''fedora1'' if it is running.
# Open the console window for ''fedora1''.
# Select the menu option '''View'''>'''Details'''.# Click '''''Add Hardware''''' button at the bottom left-hand corner.# In the ''Adding new virtual hardware'' window that appears, select a Hardware Type of ''"'''storage'''"'' and click ''"'''Forward'''"''.# Make certain option "Managed or other existing storage" is selected. Click on the '''''Browse''''' button, then click on '''''New Volume'''''.# Give the new virtual disk file a name of <code>'''fedora1b'''</code>, a format of '''''raw''''', with a ''Max Capacity'' and ''Allocation'' of '''2000 MB'''. Click '''''Finish'''''.# Select the new virtual disk file '''''fedora1b.img''''' and click '''''Choose Volume'''''.# Select a device type of '''''Virtio Disk'''''.# Finish creating the new virtual disk by clicking '''''Forward''''' and then '''''Finish'''''.
# Boot the system. You should now have both <code>/dev/vda</code> and <code>/dev/vdb</code>.
# Record the size of the volume group and the amount of free space <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.inleds.com/products/?cid=2<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;"> led downlight singapore</span>](Hint: use a command that you learned in a previous lab).
# Partition /dev/vdb with a single partition that fills the whole disk.
# Check the messages printed when <code>fdisk</code> exits -- you may need to reboot the system in order for the new partition table to take effect.
# Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free space.
{{Admon/note|Think!|The next part of this investigation requires some research, thought, and creativity.}}
'''Using that additional space, create a separate filesystem for <code>/home</code>:'''
# Create the logical volume <code>lv_home</code> (1G ext4)
# Find a way to move the contents of <code>/home</code> onto it.
# Change your system configuration so that the new filesystem is mounted on <code>/home</code> from now on.
== Investigation 3: How can I use LVM to manage storage on my disk pack? ==
'''On your <u>f17host</u> (i.e. "disk pack"), using your choice of the GUI and/or command-line tools:'''
# Create a new logical partition ('''NOT a logical volume!''') - minimum 5G, leaving at least 10G free space in the extended partition.
# Add that partition as a PV into the existing VG (using the commands you used in the previous investigation).
# Grow the root filesystem to fill the available space.
== Investigation 34: The /etc/passwd file ==
# Look at the /etc/passwd file.
# The user IDs of real users (people) are different from the user IDs of system accounts. What is the pattern?
# Read the man page for the useradd command.
# Investigate the home directory of one of your new users.
#* What files are there? Be sure to include hidden files.
#* What do you think these files are used for <span class="plainlinks">?
#* How does the operating system determine which files are created in a new home account? The answer can be found here: http://www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skel.htm
#* Look at the files (including hidden files) in the template directory referred to in the article. Compare them to what is in a home directory for a new user. What do you notice?
# Add your matrix account user to '''fedora3'''.
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
# Delete the user ops235_2 using the same command with the option which removes the home directory of the user.
# Check the contents of the /home directory. What do you notice?
# Check the contents of the /etc/group directoryfile. What do you notice? '''Answer the Investigation 6 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
== Investigation 78: Modifying users ==
{{Admon/note|Use fedora1|Perform these steps in the '''fedora1''' virtual machine.}}
# Be sure to record your observations in your lab notes.
<!-- == Investigation 13: Security Tip: Removing Unnecessary Users and Groups ==
#* nscd (if not using nscd)
#* uucp -->
= Completing the lab =
Arrange proof of the following on the screen:
# Two PVs on '''fedora1'''.
# Separate <code>/home</code> filesystem (on an LV) in '''fedora1'''.
<!-- # Unnecessary accounts and groups have been removed on '''fedora1'''. -->
# Account created on '''fedora3''' matching your Matrix account.
# List contents of '''/etc/group''' file (ops235 group).# List contents of '''/etc/passwd''' file (created accounts).# Fresh backup of the virtual machines.
= Preparing for the Quizzes =
# What is a VG? PV? LV? # What is the total size of the "main" VG on your system?# How do you create a LV?# How do you delete an LV?# How would you add the disk partition <code>/dev/sdb7</code> to your volume group "main"?# How would you increase the size of the root filesystem by 50 MB?
# What is the purpose of <code>/etc/fstab</code>?
# What did you have to do in order to move is the home directories onto a new filesystem? Whypurpose of <code>/etc/shadow</code>?