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New page: Mid-term Note - SPR720 ======================== ======================== File Permission ======================== ======================== $ chmod 7777 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt -rwsrws...
Mid-term Note - SPR720
========================
========================
File Permission
========================
========================
$ chmod 7777 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt
-rwsrwsrwt 1 BossaNesta BossaNesta 41310 2008-10-12 16:39 rpm.txt
$ chmod 7000 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt
---S--S--T 1 BossaNesta BossaNesta 41310 2008-10-12 16:39 rpm.txt
$ chmod 4234 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt
--wS-wxr-- 1 BossaNesta BossaNesta 41310 2008-10-12 16:39 rpm.txt
> set-user-id (suid)
= use owner ID instead of current user ID
> set-group-id (sgid)
= inherit group ID from directory,
= sub-dir will automatic has same sgid
= even over sudo command and root ID
> sticky bit
= on old systems, file was not swapped out and stuck in memory
= a file in that directory can be renamed or deleted only by the owner of the file/directory or the superuser.
========================
========================
BASH SCRIPTING
========================
========================
$ cal 16 2008 2>&1 >all-output.txt
run 'cal' with parameter "16 2008", err out to display/terminal, output to "all-output.txt"
$ cal 16 2008 2>err.txt >all-output.txt
err out to "err.txt", output to file "all-output.txt"
grep "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1 | sort | mail -s "Bash users" joe@example.com
1. selects all BASH users from the system account file /etc/passwd
2. cuts out the user name ('cut -d: -f1')
3. sorts them into order ('sort')
4. e-mails them to joe@example.com with the subject line "Bash users".
$ vi $(date +%Y)-notes.txt
creat a note that start with year, forexample, "2007-note.txt", "2008-note.txt"
$ vi $(date +%Y%m%d)-notes.txt
creat a note with current year, month, date, e.g: "20081012-note.txt'
$ vi Nes$(date +%Y%m%d)-notes.txt
creat a note with the name started with "Nes" follow by current year, month, date, e.g: "Nes20081012-note.txt'
= single quote is actual value/string, double or no quote is variable
$ X="Test"
$ echo "$X"
Test
$ echo '$X'
$X
$ echo $X
Test
= ALWAYS use double quote for value
$ touch "test file"
$ NAME="test file"
$ rm $NAME
rm: cannot remove `test': No such file or directory
rm: cannot remove `file': No such file or directory
$ rm "$NAME"
= 'export' to turn variables into environment variables, so, all sub process can use the variable(s)
$ TEST="Yes"
$ bash -c 'echo $TEST'
$ export TEST
$ bash -c 'echo $TEST'
Yes
$
= destory/erase variables
unset Var_NAME
Common Environment Variables
Variable ↓ Description ↓
$PATH command search paths
$HOME Current user's home directory.
$MAIL Current user's mailbox.
$DISPLAY X window display specification.
$TERM Current terminal type (used to analyze keypresses
and send special codes such as colours and effects to the terminal).
$SHELL Absolute pathname of the default shell for the current user.
$HOSTNAME Name of the host (computer) on which the shell is executing.
$PS1 Primary prompt, used by the shell to request a command from the user.
$PS2 Secondary prompt, used to request additional info from the user.
$PS3 3rd prompt (rarely used).
$PS4 4th prompt (rarely used).
= BASH automatically updates the value of certain special variables:
Variable ↓ Description ↓
$? Exit status of last pipeline
$$ Process ID of the current shell
$! Process ID of the last background pipeline
$RANDOM Random integer (usually in the range 0-327687).
Retrieving Exist Status
= ONLY '0' IS successfull, the rest are error
$ ls /tmp >/dev/null
$ echo $?
0
$ ls /temp >/dev/null
ls: cannot access /temp: No such file or directory
$ echo $?
2
$ exit 2
Set exit variable to '2"
$ exit 2143
Set exit variable to '2143"
The test Command
= BASH has a built-in test command (similar to /bin/test) which can perform basic string and integer comparisons using these operators (results are returned as an exit code):
= return 0 or 1, where 0 is true, 1 is false
Operator Comparision type Comparison Example
-eq Integer Equal $x -eq 4
-ne Integer Not equal $x -ne 4
-gt Integer Greater than $x -gt 0
-lt Integer Less than $x -lt 1000
-ge Integer Greater/equal $x -ge $y
= String Equal "$x" = "Y"
!= String Not equal "$x" != "NEVER"
Unary File Tests
Operator Test Example
-e File exists [ -e /etc/passwd ]
-r File is readable [ -r /etc/hosts ]
-w File is writable [ -w /tmp ]
-x File is executable [ -x /usr/bin/ls ]
-f File is a regular file [ -f /dev/tty ]
-d File is a directory [ -d /dev/tty ]
= For example....
$ test 10 -gt 5
$ echo $?
0
$ test 10 -lt 5
$ echo $?
1
$ [ -w /etc/passwd ]
$ echo $?
1
$ a=10; [ "$a" -ge 100 -a "$a" -le 1000 ]; echo $?
1
$ [ ! "a" = "b" ]; echo $?
0
$ [ ! "a" != "b" ]; echo $?
1
========================
BASH FLOW CONTROL
========================
Format of 'if'
========================
if pipeline
then
success-commands
[elif pipeline2
else-if-commands
]
[else
alt-commands
]
fi
========================
== CASE ==
echo -n "Are you sure you wish to remove '$file'?"
read YN
if [ "$YN" = "y" -o "$YN" = "Y" ]
then
echo "Deleting '$file'..."
rm "$file"
else
echo "Aborted. '$file' not deleted."
fi
if [ "$(date +%Y)" -lt 2010 ]
then
echo "Still waiting for the Whistler Olympics."
fi
Format of "while"
========================
while pipeline
do
commands
done
========================
== CASE ==
num=1
while [ $num -le 5 ]
do
echo $num
num=$[ $num + 1 ]
done
== CASE ==
# In this case it will just print number 1 to 5
========================
while (( 1 ))
do
eject -T
done
========================
Format of "for"
========================
for COLOUR in red blue green
do
print "$COLOUR"
done
========================
for ((x=0; x<=10; x++))
do
echo $x
done
========================
for FILE in /etc/*
do
if [ -x $FILE ]
then
echo "$FILE is executable"
fi
done
========================
========================
========================
RPM
========================
========================
RPM file names normally have the following format:
<name>-<version>-<release>.<arch>.rpm
== Query / Verify commands
1. Getting detailed information:
$ rpm -qi wget
2. Determining which package installed /usr/bin/wget:
$ rpm -qf /usr/bin/wget
3. Showing all the files installed by the package wget:
$ rpm -ql wget
4. Viewing the documentation files for the command wget:
$ rpm -qd wget
5. Listing all files included in the not yet installed package wget by entering the following:
$ rpm -qpl /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
6. Listing all files included in the installed package wget:
$ rpm -ql wget
7. Verifying that a package is no longer installed by entering:
$ rpm -qa | grep wget
8. Seeing what has changed in the files on your hard drive since the wget RPM was originally installed by entering the following:
$ rpm -V wget
9. Checking package to ensure its integrity and origin: (NOTE: gpg or pgp software must be installed on your system before you use this command)
$ rpm -K /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
== Install / Uninstall / Upgrade commands
1. Installing the package wget:
$ rpm -ivh /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
2. Uninstalling the package wget:
$ rpm -e wget
3. Upgrading the package wget: (NOTE: if the package is not installed it will install it for You, like option "-ivh")
$ rpm -Uvh /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
4. Extracting RPM file using rpm2cpio and cpio command: (NOTE: RPM content will be extracted the current directory)
$ rpm2cpio wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm | cpio -idmv
========================
========================
File Permission
========================
========================
$ chmod 7777 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt
-rwsrwsrwt 1 BossaNesta BossaNesta 41310 2008-10-12 16:39 rpm.txt
$ chmod 7000 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt
---S--S--T 1 BossaNesta BossaNesta 41310 2008-10-12 16:39 rpm.txt
$ chmod 4234 rpm.txt ; ll rpm.txt
--wS-wxr-- 1 BossaNesta BossaNesta 41310 2008-10-12 16:39 rpm.txt
> set-user-id (suid)
= use owner ID instead of current user ID
> set-group-id (sgid)
= inherit group ID from directory,
= sub-dir will automatic has same sgid
= even over sudo command and root ID
> sticky bit
= on old systems, file was not swapped out and stuck in memory
= a file in that directory can be renamed or deleted only by the owner of the file/directory or the superuser.
========================
========================
BASH SCRIPTING
========================
========================
$ cal 16 2008 2>&1 >all-output.txt
run 'cal' with parameter "16 2008", err out to display/terminal, output to "all-output.txt"
$ cal 16 2008 2>err.txt >all-output.txt
err out to "err.txt", output to file "all-output.txt"
grep "/bin/bash$" /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f1 | sort | mail -s "Bash users" joe@example.com
1. selects all BASH users from the system account file /etc/passwd
2. cuts out the user name ('cut -d: -f1')
3. sorts them into order ('sort')
4. e-mails them to joe@example.com with the subject line "Bash users".
$ vi $(date +%Y)-notes.txt
creat a note that start with year, forexample, "2007-note.txt", "2008-note.txt"
$ vi $(date +%Y%m%d)-notes.txt
creat a note with current year, month, date, e.g: "20081012-note.txt'
$ vi Nes$(date +%Y%m%d)-notes.txt
creat a note with the name started with "Nes" follow by current year, month, date, e.g: "Nes20081012-note.txt'
= single quote is actual value/string, double or no quote is variable
$ X="Test"
$ echo "$X"
Test
$ echo '$X'
$X
$ echo $X
Test
= ALWAYS use double quote for value
$ touch "test file"
$ NAME="test file"
$ rm $NAME
rm: cannot remove `test': No such file or directory
rm: cannot remove `file': No such file or directory
$ rm "$NAME"
= 'export' to turn variables into environment variables, so, all sub process can use the variable(s)
$ TEST="Yes"
$ bash -c 'echo $TEST'
$ export TEST
$ bash -c 'echo $TEST'
Yes
$
= destory/erase variables
unset Var_NAME
Common Environment Variables
Variable ↓ Description ↓
$PATH command search paths
$HOME Current user's home directory.
$MAIL Current user's mailbox.
$DISPLAY X window display specification.
$TERM Current terminal type (used to analyze keypresses
and send special codes such as colours and effects to the terminal).
$SHELL Absolute pathname of the default shell for the current user.
$HOSTNAME Name of the host (computer) on which the shell is executing.
$PS1 Primary prompt, used by the shell to request a command from the user.
$PS2 Secondary prompt, used to request additional info from the user.
$PS3 3rd prompt (rarely used).
$PS4 4th prompt (rarely used).
= BASH automatically updates the value of certain special variables:
Variable ↓ Description ↓
$? Exit status of last pipeline
$$ Process ID of the current shell
$! Process ID of the last background pipeline
$RANDOM Random integer (usually in the range 0-327687).
Retrieving Exist Status
= ONLY '0' IS successfull, the rest are error
$ ls /tmp >/dev/null
$ echo $?
0
$ ls /temp >/dev/null
ls: cannot access /temp: No such file or directory
$ echo $?
2
$ exit 2
Set exit variable to '2"
$ exit 2143
Set exit variable to '2143"
The test Command
= BASH has a built-in test command (similar to /bin/test) which can perform basic string and integer comparisons using these operators (results are returned as an exit code):
= return 0 or 1, where 0 is true, 1 is false
Operator Comparision type Comparison Example
-eq Integer Equal $x -eq 4
-ne Integer Not equal $x -ne 4
-gt Integer Greater than $x -gt 0
-lt Integer Less than $x -lt 1000
-ge Integer Greater/equal $x -ge $y
= String Equal "$x" = "Y"
!= String Not equal "$x" != "NEVER"
Unary File Tests
Operator Test Example
-e File exists [ -e /etc/passwd ]
-r File is readable [ -r /etc/hosts ]
-w File is writable [ -w /tmp ]
-x File is executable [ -x /usr/bin/ls ]
-f File is a regular file [ -f /dev/tty ]
-d File is a directory [ -d /dev/tty ]
= For example....
$ test 10 -gt 5
$ echo $?
0
$ test 10 -lt 5
$ echo $?
1
$ [ -w /etc/passwd ]
$ echo $?
1
$ a=10; [ "$a" -ge 100 -a "$a" -le 1000 ]; echo $?
1
$ [ ! "a" = "b" ]; echo $?
0
$ [ ! "a" != "b" ]; echo $?
1
========================
BASH FLOW CONTROL
========================
Format of 'if'
========================
if pipeline
then
success-commands
[elif pipeline2
else-if-commands
]
[else
alt-commands
]
fi
========================
== CASE ==
echo -n "Are you sure you wish to remove '$file'?"
read YN
if [ "$YN" = "y" -o "$YN" = "Y" ]
then
echo "Deleting '$file'..."
rm "$file"
else
echo "Aborted. '$file' not deleted."
fi
if [ "$(date +%Y)" -lt 2010 ]
then
echo "Still waiting for the Whistler Olympics."
fi
Format of "while"
========================
while pipeline
do
commands
done
========================
== CASE ==
num=1
while [ $num -le 5 ]
do
echo $num
num=$[ $num + 1 ]
done
== CASE ==
# In this case it will just print number 1 to 5
========================
while (( 1 ))
do
eject -T
done
========================
Format of "for"
========================
for COLOUR in red blue green
do
print "$COLOUR"
done
========================
for ((x=0; x<=10; x++))
do
echo $x
done
========================
for FILE in /etc/*
do
if [ -x $FILE ]
then
echo "$FILE is executable"
fi
done
========================
========================
========================
RPM
========================
========================
RPM file names normally have the following format:
<name>-<version>-<release>.<arch>.rpm
== Query / Verify commands
1. Getting detailed information:
$ rpm -qi wget
2. Determining which package installed /usr/bin/wget:
$ rpm -qf /usr/bin/wget
3. Showing all the files installed by the package wget:
$ rpm -ql wget
4. Viewing the documentation files for the command wget:
$ rpm -qd wget
5. Listing all files included in the not yet installed package wget by entering the following:
$ rpm -qpl /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
6. Listing all files included in the installed package wget:
$ rpm -ql wget
7. Verifying that a package is no longer installed by entering:
$ rpm -qa | grep wget
8. Seeing what has changed in the files on your hard drive since the wget RPM was originally installed by entering the following:
$ rpm -V wget
9. Checking package to ensure its integrity and origin: (NOTE: gpg or pgp software must be installed on your system before you use this command)
$ rpm -K /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
== Install / Uninstall / Upgrade commands
1. Installing the package wget:
$ rpm -ivh /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
2. Uninstalling the package wget:
$ rpm -e wget
3. Upgrading the package wget: (NOTE: if the package is not installed it will install it for You, like option "-ivh")
$ rpm -Uvh /mnt/iso/suse/i586/wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm
4. Extracting RPM file using rpm2cpio and cpio command: (NOTE: RPM content will be extracted the current directory)
$ rpm2cpio wget-1.10.2-78.i586.rpm | cpio -idmv