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In order to guarantee alignment with the cache line size, the Counter struct is defined with alignas(CACHE_LINE_SIZE). Since the value member is an atomic long long, concurrent access to the counter is permitted without risk. The remaining bytes are taken up by the padding member, which makes sure the struct is aligned to the cache line size.
The constants NUM_THREADS, NUM_ITERATIONS, and CACHE_LINE_SIZE control the program. NUM_THREADS specifies the number of threads to use, NUM_ITERATIONS specifies the number of times to increment each counter, and CACHE_LINE_SIZE specifies the size of a cache line. The checkRuntime() function measures the runtime of the program by taking the difference between the start and end times and printing the result in milliseconds.
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