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# '''Login''' to your matrix account.<br><br>

# Issue a Linux command to '''confirm''' you are located in your '''home''' directory.<br><br>The '''wget''' command is used to download files from the Internet to your shell.<br>This will be useful to download '''text files''' and '''data files''' that we will be using in this tutorial.<br><br>

# View the contents of the '''textfile1.txt''' file using the '''more''' command see what data is contained in this file.<br><br>Although there are several Linux commands that use regular expressions,<br>we will be using the '''grep''' command for this investigation.<br><br>[[Image:regexps-1.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of '''grep''' command matching simple regular expression "'''the'''" (only lowercase). Notice the pattern matches larger words like "'''their'''" or "'''them'''".]]

#Issue the following Linux command to match the pattern '''the''' within '''textfile1.txt''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep "the" textfile1.txt</span><br><br>Take a few moments to view the output and observe the matched patterns.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command to create the '''regexps''' directory: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir ~/regexps</span><br><br>

# Change to the '''regexps''' directory and confirm that you have moved to this directory.<br><br>

# View the contents of the '''numbers.dat''' file using the '''more''' command and quickly view the contents of this file.<br>You should notice '''valid''' and '''invalid''' numbers contained in this file. When finished, exit the more command.<br><br>

# Issue the following linux pipeline command to display only '''whole''' numbers (i.e. no '''+''' or '''-''' sign):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep "^[0-9]*$" numbers1.dat | tee faulty.txt</span><br><br>You may have noticed that the command '''does not entirely work'''. You may notice an '''empty line'''<br>(which is NOT a whole number). This occurs since the * regular expression symbol represents<br>ZERO or MORE occurrences of a number. You can use an additional numeric character class<br>with the * regular expression symbol to search for one or more occurrences of a number.<br><br>

# Make certain that you are located in your '''~/regexps''' directory on your ''Matrix'' account.<br><br>

# View the contents of the '''numbers2.dat''' file using the '''more''' command and quickly view the contents of this file.<br>You should notice ''valid'' and ''invalid'' numbers contained in this file. When finished, exit the more command.<br><br>[[Image:eregexps-1.png|thumb|right|300px|'''Weakness''' of '''complex''' regular expressions that do not '''limit''' the number of '''positive''' or '''negative''' signs.]]

# Issue the following Linux command to display '''signed''' or '''unsigned integers''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep "^[+-]*[0-9][0-9]*$" numbers2.dat</span><br><br>You should notice '''multiple''' '''+''' or '''-''' '''signs''' appear <u>prior</u> to some numbers.<br>This occurs since you are searching or one or MORE occurrences of a + or - sign.<br><br>Using '''extended regular expression''' symbols to specify '''minimum''' and '''maximum''' repetitions: '''{min,max}''' can solve that problem.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux pipeline command to display '''signed''', '''unsigned''', '''whole''', and '''decimal''' numbers:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">egrep "^[+-]{0,1}[0-9]{1,}[.]{0,1}[0-9]*$" numbers2.dat | tee better-number3.txt</span><br><br>Were all signed and unsigned intergers and decimal numbers displayed?<br><br>

# Issue the follwoing command to check that you correctly issued<br>those ''Linux pipeline commands'': <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week9-check-2</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, then view the feedback to make corrections, and then re-run the checking script.<br>If you receive a congratulation message that there are no errors, then proceed with this tutorial.<br><br>You can also use extended regular expression symbols for '''grouping'''.<br>For example, you can search for repetitions of GROUPS of characters (like a word)<br>as opposed to just a single character or a GROUP of numbers as opposed to a single digit.<br><br>

# View the contents of the '''words.dat''' file using the '''more''' command and quickly view the contents of this file.<br>Within this file, you should notice some lines that contain repetitions of words. When finished, exit the more command.<br><br>

# Issue the following linux pipeline command to display '''two or more occurrences''' of the word "the":<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">egrep -i "(the){2,}" words.dat | tee word-search1.txt more</span><br><br>'''NOTE: No output is displayed! Why?'''<br><br>This is due to the fact that a <u>space</u> should be included at the end of the word "'''the'''".<br>Usually words are separated by spaces; therefore, there were no matches since there were not occurrences<br>of "thethe" as opposed to "'''the the'''" (i.e. no space after repetition of the pattern).<br><br>

# Scroll throughout the man pages for the ls command to view matches for the pattern "'''sort'''"<br>(You can press '''SPACE''' or key combination '''alt-b''' to move forward and backwards one screen respectively).<br><br>

# Press the letter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">q</span> to '''exit''' the ''man'' pages for '''ls'''.<br><br>Let's use regular expressions with the '''less''' command.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command to view the contents of the '''large-file.txt''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">less large-file.txt</span><br><br>

#We want to search for a pattern '''uli101''' within this text file.<br>Type the following regular expression and press ENTER:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">/uli101</span><br><br>You should see the pattern "uli101" throughout the text file.<br><br>

simulate a quiz:

Your instructor may take-up these questions during class. It is up to the student to attend classes in order to obtain the answers to the following questions. Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (eg. e-mail, etc).

simulate a quiz:

Your instructor may take-up these questions during class. It is up to the student to attend classes in order to obtain the answers to the following questions. Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (eg. e-mail, etc).

11. Write a Linux command to display all lines in the file called '''~/data.txt''' that begins with a minimum of 2 occurrences<br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and a maximum of 4 occurrences of the word “the” or the word “but” (upper or lower case).

[[Category:ULI101]]