[[Category:OPS335]][[Category:OPS335 Labs]]
==OBJECTIVE & PREPARATION==[[Image:lamp.png|thumb|right|300px|To provide additional help make your web resource more dynamic (for web apps such as webmail) several services are also required. A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is referred to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').<br><br>Image by Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian,<br>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28224098)<br>(via: [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]) ]]In this lab, we will look at several separate technologies that are used with the Apache web server to install, configure and run web applications.
According The basic purpose of the Apache web server is to serve text pages, images, and other static files. You can format those web-pages to appear nice, but they would lack dynamic functionality (i.e. the ability to change colors or font-size when the sambamouse moves over a link, button, etc). In other words using Apache web-server as a sole application would not make your web-pages more interesting.org website:
''"Samba is the standard Windows interoperability suite of programs If we want to add more features for Linux and Unixour web-page (eg. Samba is Free Software licensed under the GNU General Public Licensedynamic functionality, security, e-commerce, etc), your webserver would need additional help. To provide additional help requires several resources - more than just the Samba project web server itself. A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is a member of the Software Freedom Conservancyreferred to as '''LAMP'''."It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').
Although In your previous OPS235 course, your second assignment may have required you setup a similar series of services in order to run a Samba server can provide many features such as printer sharing and backups, Wiki on one of your virtual machines. In this lab's primary focus is to , we will set up another example of a Samba server on '''"LAMP solution"''' that will allow the user to run webmail in a Linux server in order web-browser to allow MS Windows users to share common files from the Linux's Samba serversend and receive e-mail messages.
This === Online Resources=== * (Course Notes on the Apache Web Server)* [http://www.hitmill.com/computers/apache.htm Apache Resources]* [http://www.liquidweb.com/kb/how-to-install-apache-on-centos-7/ Installing Apache Webserver on Centos7]* [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial] (w3schools.com)* [http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources] (w3schools.com) == INVESTIGATION 1: SETTING UP A WEBSERVER WITH DYNAMIC WEBPAGES == === Install, Configure & Run a Webserver (Apache) === Next we need to install, configure and run a webserver on one of our Linux VMs. {{Admon/tip |Apache Webserver Resources|Apache web-server configuration can be a very complex topic (covering an entire course!). Although this lab will first installfocuses only on one small application of a web-server, setupyou can refer to the following link to refer to additional configuration help: [http://www.hitmill.com/computers/apache.htm Apache Resources].}} '''Perform the following steps:''' #Make certain you are in your '''VM1''' machine.#Install the Apache package (the name of the package is: '''httpd''').#Start the httpd service, and enable this service to start automatically upon system startup.#Using a Samba text browser such as lynx on vm1 go to localhost. You should get the "Fedora Test Page" which indicates your web serveris running on the local virtual machine. Then users will #Make certain to configure your firewall to allow access files on to the httpd service (i.e. the Apache serves HTTP traffic which goes over TCP port '''80''') and to update the Linux Samba server from Linux firewall_restore script to include it.#Open a web-browser in your '''host''' machine and Windows client machines enter the following URL: '''vm1.youruserid.org'''.<br />If you setup your Apache webserver correctly, you should be able to view the Apache Test page.#Although we will not be exploring webservers in depth, we will have you create a simple webpage for testing purposes, then later setup a web resource for webmail.#The term '''DocumentRoot''' specifies where the Apache webserver will search for documents to serve. Create the file '''index.html''' in your '''DocumentRoot''' directory with the following contents (both graphically replace the date with the current one):<br><source>Hello, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org and command linethe current time is Mar 28 22:16:27 EDT 2016!</source><ol><li value="9">If you refresh your web-browser page in your browser, you should see the contents of your ''index.html'' document. If you wish, you can specify the filename index.html in the address, but it is not necessary, since the file index.html is automatically loaded by default when the URL refers to that directory containing that file.</li></ol> {{Admon/tip |Using the '''index.html''' file|It is considered to be a "best practice" to create '''index.html''' files for newly-created subdirectories within the '''DocumentRoot''' (or users' '''public_html''' directories) to force a display of a web-page, instead of viewing the directories "index" listing of files (from "curious eyes"): that is why the name of the file is called ''"index.html"''.}}
=== Online Resources===
* (Course Notes on Samba Server)
*[http://www.tomsitpro.com/articles/linux-server-configuration-guide-book-excerpt,2-777-2.html Samba Server Setup] (Simple setup guide for samba server]
<ol><li value==INVESTIGATION 1"10">Refresh your web-page by issuing the keycombination: INSTALLING & CONFIGURING A SAMBA SERVER=='''ctrl-r'''. Notice that the time doesn't change as you refresh the page. This indicates that the page is static (not dynamic) indicating that the page does not change (i.e. boring!).</li></ol>
In this investigation, we will set up === Creating a '''Samba server''' on our '''VM2''' machine. We will first install, configure and enable the samba server on our virtual machine, and then we will quickly test to see if the Samba server works.PHP Script ===
In order to allow us to run a webserver application in a web-browser, we need a scripting language that will allow the web-browser to function dynamically (i.e. being able to change frequently, as opposed to being "static" or unchanging). In this section, we will demonstrate how a scripting language (PHP) can be used for the web-browser to react in a more dynamic fashion.
{{Admon/importanttip |PrerequistitesPHP Scripting Language|Due PHP code is considered to be a language that runs on the changes made web-server (i.e. "server-side programming"). PHP code can be embedded in lab3an HTML document (HTML code), '''you will now need your vm1 running (as and use the resources on the DNS "server-side" to make the web document or resource more dynamic (eg. database access, etc)''' in order for any . Although it is not the purpose of your virtual machines this course to be able to use the internetlearn about and create PHP documents, here is a quick resource on PHP: [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial]}}
'''Perform the following steps:'''
#Make certain that both your '''VM1''' and '''VM2''' machines are running.#Switch to your '''VM2''' machine as Copy the '''root''' userindex.#Issue the following Linux command to install Samba server utlity:<br>''html'yum install samba samba-client'''<br>#Copy the file to '''/etc/samba/smbindex.confphp''' and modify it to another filename by issuing the following commandcontain:<br>'''cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.original'''#Clear the contents of the configuration file by running '''cat /dev/null <source> /etc/samba/smbHello, this is a web page on vm1.conf'''#Edit '''/etc/samba/smbyourid.conf''' so that the file that contains the following lines: [global] workgroup = WORKGROUP server string = "put your real name here without the quotes" encrypt passwords = yes smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd [home] comment = "put your real name here without org and the quotes" path = /home/current time is <yourSenecaID> public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765<ol><li value="3">Append ?php system(add) the following parameter to the bottom of the '''[global] section''' that will limit access to the share so that only machines in your virtual network will be able to access it:</li></ol> hosts allow = 192.168.x. 127.0.0.1<ol><li value="4date">Append (add) the following parameter to the '''[home] section''' so that only your user account can access that share:</li></ol> valid users = <yourSenecaID><ol><li value="5">Create a Samba account and password for yourSenecaID by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbpasswd -a <yourSenecaID>'''</li; ?>!</olsource>
{{Admon/tip|Changing Existing Samba Account Passwords|If you need to change <ol><li value="2">On your host machine, again refresh your web-browser. Notice that in a userweb browser the 's existing Samba account password, you can issue the following command as root: 'index.php''file isn'smbpasswd usernamet treated as a default page and the contents don't contain the date, but instead are displaying the text in the php code you entered into the index.php file (refer to above code).</li><li>The reason this occurs is that the PHP interpreter hasn't been installed on your vm by default.</li><li>Install the php package on your vm1 machine, and restart your webserver. NOTE: The php package comes with a working default Apache configuration so you don't need to enable it manually.</li><li>Refresh the webpage for your web-browser on your host machine. You should now notice that you see the date instead of the call to the date command. Refresh your webpage several times to see how the time changes.}}This is simply a "trivial example" of dynamic web content does it does provide a simple demonstration of how scripting languages can be used to create more dynamic webpages.</li></ol>
<ol><li value="6">Confirm the user you created has been added using the following command:<br>'''pdbedit -L -v'''</li><li>Test and review your configuration with the command:<br>'''testparm'''</li><li>Use the '''systemctl''' command == Controlling Access to start the smb.service and enable the service to run on boot-up</li><li>Since we set SELinux to enforcing, we will need to tell it to allow samba access to home directories: '''setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1'''</li><li>Use the '''ss -nautp''' command to see with port Samba is running on.</li><li>Use the information in the previous step to modify the firewall on VM2 machine to allow samba traffic.</li><li>Test to see that you can connect to your Samba server (locally) by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbclient -U <yourSenecaID> -L 127.0.0.1'''</li><li>When prompted, enter your Samba account password.</li><li>The output from that issued command show appear similar to example displayed below:</li></ol> Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- home Disk Your Name IPC$ IPC IPC Service ("Your Name") Domain=[WORKGROUP] OSPages =[Windows 6.1] Server=[Samba 4.2.3] Server Comment ------ ------- WorkGroup Master --------- ------ <ol><li value="13">To access the Samba client shell on your local Samba share, issue the following command:<br>'''smbclient '\\127.0.0.1\home' -U <yourSenecaID>'''</li><li>Enter your Samba account password.</li><li>Issue the help command to note common commands (''dir'', ''cd'', ''ls'', ''put'', ''get''). Note how similar they are to ''sftp'' commands.</li><li>Enter '''exit''' to terminal your local Samba session.</li></ol>
You can use smbclient For security, it is important to allow accessto general areas of your webpage, browse and share files within but also limit access to other sub-directories that contain other Linux and Windows servers using a variety of tools which will webpages or documents. Penetration Tester or hackers may be demonstrated in Investigations 2 and 3able to navigate your file systems within your html directory to obtain unauthorised information.
'''Record stepsThere are many common-sense safeguards, commandssuch as creating an index.html file in your default directory that will display a webpage instead of the directory index. On the other hand, and there are also safeguards that you can setup to provide additional protection to your observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in data on your OPS335 lab log-book'''web server.
==INVESTIGATION 2'''Perform the following steps: CONNECTING TO A LINUX SMB SERVER FROM A LINUX CLIENT=='''
In # As the root user on your gateway/host, try to forward incoming http connections that arrive on your host to the web server on vm1. Use an iptables command something like this:<br><source>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *yourinterface* -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.X.2</source># You will also need to create a rule in the FORWARD chain in the default table to accept connections to port 80.# To test this investigation setup you 'll need to ask a classmate on another PC to try to use a browser to view your web page. That person will explore some of the different ways have to access enter your host's external interface IP number in their browser's address window. Have that person view both '''index.html''' and '''index.php'''# Create a shared new directory inside your '''DocumentRoot''' and move index.php inside it.# Have your partner view both files again.<br><br>You will now modify the settings on the web-server to prevent machines outside our network from a Linux client machine accessing the private directory.<br><br># Add the following directory statement to your apache configuration (VM1making sure to replace the X with your own network octet):<source><Directory "/var/www/html/private"> AllowOverride None Require ip 192.168.X.0/24</Directory></source>
'''Perform This sets up separate rules and access permissions for that subdirectory. Your partner should no longer be able to access any pages in the following steps on private directory (or any sub-directories of it), but your VM1'''other internal machines (including your host) should still have access.
=== Using smbclient ===*Install the '''samba-client''' Record steps, commands, and '''cifsyour observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in your OPS335 lab log-utils''book' packages.*Use the "smbclient" command in a terminal window. smbclient '\\vm2\home' -U <learnid>*After entering your password you should get a prompt similar to smb: \>*Enter the ls command to see a list of the files in your home directory. smb: \> ls*Once you have access to the directory use the get and put commands (similar to ftp) to move files.*When you are finished close the connection.*Note that this tool only gave temporary access with a limited set of commands.
=== Using 'mount -t cifs' ===
*The next way is to use the mount command.
*Use the mount command on '''vm1''' to mount your home directory
mkdir /tmp/vm2-home
mount -t cifs //vm2/home /tmp/vm2-home -o username=<learnid>
ls /tmp/vm2-home
*Create a file in that directory, then switch to '''vm2''' to confirm that it was created.
*Use umount on '''vm1''' to unmount that directory.
*Note that this tool would leave the directory mounted until the machine rebooted or it was manually unmounted. It would also allow other users access to the directory, as it effectively became part of the local filesystem. It could even be added to fstab to be mounted on boot (if it didn't need a password).
'''The following steps require a graphical interface; perform them on your HOST'''== INVESTIGATION 2: SETTING UP AN ONLINE DATABASE==
=== Using Nautilus to browse Samba shares ===*Install the '''samba-client''' and '''cifs-utils''' packages.*Use the "Places" menu from the desktop and open 'Browse Network'.*From the menu in We complete the side-bar last piece of the files toolpuzzle by installing, choose 'Connect configuring and running a database server to Server'. *Enter 'smb://vm2/home' as the location, and enter support your samba password in the prompt.**Where vm2 is the name of the server, webmail application that will be installed and home is the name of the directory it is sharing.*After you have checked that you can access your files, unmount the share by right-clicking its icon setup in the side-bar and clicking 'Unmount'a later lab.
=== Using a browser Install, Configure and Run MySQL Database Server ===*You can also use a web browser with support for the SMB protocol such as Konqueror.**Note that firefox does not have such support. *If Konqueror is not installed then install it with the command: yum install kdebase*Start Konqueror, the web/file browser, and in the address bar enter the following smb://vm2/home*Enter your username and password when prompted.*Double click on a file you have some text in.**Open it with gedit, make some changes, and save it.**When prompted, choose to upload the file.*Close Konqueror.*cat the file on your VM2 to ensure the changes were properly uploaded.
'''Record steps, commands, MySQL is used to allow storage and your observations from this INVESTIGATION in your OPS335 lab logretrieval of structured data. SQL is a command language (used by scripting languages such as PHP) to allow programmers to access databases contained within a server (or other servers via a network) to be used within web-book'''based applications via the web-browser.
==INVESTIGATION 3: CONNECTING TO A SAMBA SERVER FROM A WINDOWS CLIENT==We won't spend much time learning the details of MySQL configuration but you need a basic server set up. You may remember when setting up MySQL from OPS235 - it is basically the same concept.
This investigation will configure your VM2 machine to act as {{Admon/tip |MySQL / SQL Language Resources|Again, MySQL can be a complex topic: Seneca has an entire course that concentrates on using SQL commands! Here is a Samba File server link to allow Windows OS Users access to the Linux Samba server filesMySQL / SQL Language resources: [http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources].}}
===Accessing Files on a Linux Samba Server via Windows Explorer ==='''Perform the following steps:'''
With some additional "tweaking" #Install '''mariadb-server'''.<br /><br /> The MySQL and MariaDB are actually two <u>separate</u> projects run by different groups, yet they are compatible; therefore, you can use documentation from one to your Linux Samba configure the other. <br><br>#'''NOTE:''' When installing mariadb, make certain that you have not just the '''client''' but also the '''server configuration software'''.#When you start the MySQL service, check the system log filefor instructions regarding how to set the root password. Even though we will not configure our MySQL service to be accessible over the network, you should be able to it is accepted as a "best practice" configuring for network access files on for each MySQL installation.#Note that the MySQL service has two root passwords:<ul><li>For the localhost</li><li>For external requests</li></ul>#Refer to the log file from a Windows machine on to learn how to run the two commands in order to generate the same networkappropriate passwords. You <br><br>NOTE: Use a password you make up yourself, but do <u>not</u> generate a secret password, since you will be creating storing that password in a Samba share plain text file for your home directory of your regular user accountlater reference.#Start the service and ensure that it will start automatically every time the machine boots.
'''Perform the following tasks:'''=== Test Connection to MySQL Database Server ===
# Make certain that your '''VM2''' machine is running, is still allowing samba traffic through While the firewallweb server (with php), and is still running the samba service.# Power up a Windows system in the lab and login.# Add the prerouting and forwarding rules MySQL server may be working individually, we need to your host's iptables necessary ensure that they can connect to redirect samba traffic from outside your network to your VM 2each other.# Modify Since this test will involve storing the hosts allow setting on your '''vm2''' database password in a plain-text html file, we want to also accept connections from the windows machine you are using.# Open the Windows Explorer applicationmake sure no one else can access it.# At the top of the application, enter the following:<br>'''\\IPADDR_OF_HOST_MACHINE\home'''
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"'''Perform the following steps:'''
|# Modify the Directory statement for your private directory to prevent any machine other than your vm1 from accessing it.# Re-start the web- valign="top"server and try to access the page from another machine. Make sure that you can '''not''' do so before you continue.|[[Image:samba# Install the '''php-loginmysql''' module so that the installation of php your web server is using can execute sql statements.png|thumb|right|300px| You will be prompted have to restart the service after installing it.#Modify the index.php page in your private directory to match the code below. This will test that your web server can connect to the database (once only) for replace the Samba user-name , password, and password database with values appropriate for your '''VM2''' machine). ]]:<br><source><?php$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "password", "database");|if ($mysqli->connect_errno) {[[Image echo "Failed to connect to MySQL:samba3(" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqli-map>connect_error;}echo $mysqli-drive>host_info .png|thumb|right|300px|You can create "\n";?></source>#Once that page shows a successful connection on your VM ('''mapped network drive (z:)Localhost via UNIX socket''' for your Linux Samba server network share)this step is complete. ]]|}
<ol><li value="5"> You will be prompted to enter your VM2 username and password (one time only). Refer to diagram on right.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' It may take approximately 30 seconds to display have now established that the file contents.<br><br></li><li>Where your successful? If not, try web server is able to troubleshoot the problem first, then ask your lab assistant or instructor for assistance.</li><li>Close run code which can interract with the Windows Explorer application windowdatabase.</li><li>Click on the '''START''' menu, and click on ''' This PC'''.</li><li>Click on the Map Network Drive button, and create a '''mapped network drive''' (called it drive '''Z:''') which is a Samba share will allow dynamic pages to make use of your VM2 machine for the home directory.</li><li>When finished, click on '''Network''' in Windows file manager information stored there when providing resources to confirm that the network share is present.</li><li>Try to create a file on Windows on your Linux Samba machine. Were you able to create a save a file?</li><li>Switch to your VM2 machine and check to see if that file was created in your home directoryusers.</li></ol>
{{Admon/important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST perform a '''full backup''' of ALL of your VMs whenever you complete your '''OPS335 labs''' or when working on your '''OPS335 assignments'''. You should be using the dump command, and you should use the Bash shell script that you were adviced to create in order to backup all of your VMs.}}
'''Record steps, commands, and your observations from this in INVESTIGATION 2 in your OPS335 lab log-book'''
==COMPLETING THE LAB==In completing this lab you You now have gained experience using a service complete LAMP stack and could host a variety of web-pages that allows remote could include dynamically generated content and database access to files stored on a Linux server. You have also learned how to use several different tools to access those files, both from a Linux and Windows client..
'''Depending on your professor you will either be asked to submit the lab in class, or online. Follow the appropriate set of instructions below.'''
===Online Submission (Peter Callaghan's Classes only)===
Follow the instructions for lab 6 5 on moodle.
===In Class Submission===
'''Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:''' ::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Proof of network share of VM2 machine from Windows VM via Windows Explorer application::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall settings on your Windows VM to allow Linux Samba network share::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Display contents of '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' file on VM2 machine::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall exceptions (both machines) to allow Samba traffic::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Download the labcheck6labcheck5.bash checking bash shell script by issuing the command:<br><br>'''wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~peter.callaghan/files/OPS335/labcheck6labcheck5.bash'''<br><br>set execute permission and run the shell script on your '''c7host''' machine.
::*For '''Peter's classes''', follow his Online Submission instructions in Moodle.
::*For '''Murray's classes''', run command (piping to the '''more''' command) and show output to instructor.
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Completed Lab6 Lab5 log-book notes. To be completed by an instructor who uses in-class submissions.
==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==
#What does SMB stand for?#What does CIFS the term LAMP stand for?Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following items in LAMP.#What is the purpose of the '''testparm''' commandmajor difference between a static web document and a dynamic document?#What does the text inside square brackets in the '''smb.conf''' file term "server-side programming" mean? (e.g., "[home]").#Explain What is the meaning purpose of the line "create mask = 0765" in the smbcreating and using an index.conf html file?#What does is the '''smbpasswd''' command dopurpose of creating and using an index.php file?
