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[[Category:OPS235]]
=LAB PREPARATION=
[[Image:vmware-1a.png|thumb|right|550px|The VMware Workstation 12 application will allow you to create and administer '''4 different virtual machines''' ('''VM'''s) on your computer system. ]]
===Purpose of Lab 1===
In order to save money and resources when learning to install, to manage, and to connect Linux machines to form networks, we will be using '''Virtual Machines''' for this course. In fact, we will be using two virtual machine programs:
:*'''lab1:''' Create a Centos7 Host virtual machine ('''c7host''') in the virtual program called '''VMware Workstation''' (this host will be stored on your Solid State External Drive (SSD).
:*'''Lab2:''' Install a Virtual package on your host VM called '''KVM''' which will be used to create 3 remaining Virtual Machines (VMs) that will be used to learn about Linux system administration for the remainder of this course.
It is ESSENTIAL to have a '''Solid State Drive (SSD) with a minimum storage capacity of 240 GB''' to perform your lab sessions and provide a host for your other Centos7 host and other VMs that you will create in lab2. '''Due to space requirements, you are <u>NOT</u> permitted to share this SSD drive with any other course material than our OPS235 course'''.
<span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold">Main Objectives<br></span>
* '''Correctly install the CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL DVD (c7host)''' on your SSD using '''VMware Workstation'''.
* '''Record installation characteristics of CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL''' in an installation comparison chart (contained in lab2 logbook chart).
* Use '''Shell scripts''' to generate a post-install report for your Centos7 host VM.
* '''Disable Linux Kernel security enhancements''' to allow easier internal networking connections (to be reactivated in a later lab).
{|width="100%" cellspacing="0"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Minimum Required Materials<br>
|colspan="3" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command Reference<br>
|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;"
| |[[Image:ssd.png|thumb|left|135px|<b>Solid State Drive</b><br>Minimum Size: 250GB]]
| [[Image:log-book.png|thumb|left|70px|<b>Lab Log Book</b><br>(lab 1)]]
| style="padding-left:15px;" |Package Management
[http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/rpm.8.html rpm]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8.html yum]<br>
System Information<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostname]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/uname.1.html uname]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>
Networking<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/route.8.html route]<br>
[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookup]<br>
| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html ls]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/more.1.html more]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/file.1.html file]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wget.1.html wget]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/vi.1p.html vi]
| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br><ul><li>Linux Basics:<br>'''/home/murray.saul/linux-basics'''</li><li>Using the vi Text Editor:<br>'''/home/murray.saul/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-1'''</li></ul>
|}
=INVESTIGATION 1: CREATE AND INSTALL FIRST VIRTUAL MACHINE (c7host)=
In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''Centos Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.
Make certain to record your observations of this install in the comparison chart for '''c7host''' in your '''lab2 logbook'''.
===Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro to Create a New Virtual Machine (VM) ===
'''<u>c7host VM Details:</u>'''
*'''Name:''' c7host
*'''Boot media / Installation:''' CentOS7 Full Install DVD
:::*Download at Seneca College: http://belmont.senecacollege.ca/pub/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
:::*Download outside Seneca College: http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
*'''Memory:''' 16GB
*'''Disk space:''' 240GB
*'''CPUs:''' 1
{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br><br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}
Before you can install your Centos Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your Centos operating system.
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order to create a new '''Virtual Machine''' ('''VM''')]]
# Refer to this listing of installation screenshots if you need a reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br>
# Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.
# If you haven't already downloaded the CentosOS7 Full Install DVD iso to your USB KEY, then download the following link for the Centos7 Full Install DVD image on your USB device: http://belmont.senecacollege.ca/pub/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.
# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.
# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.
# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.
# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).
# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.
# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM the contain our Centos7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br>
# Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.
# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.
# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.
# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.
# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default number of processors.
# In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''2GB''' (i.e. '''2048 MB''') and click '''Next'''.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).
# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.
# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.
# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.
# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.
# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.
# In the right window pane, click the '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.
# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, '''click''' the checkbox to enable the option to '''Boot with EFI instead of BIOS'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DV (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded Centos7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.
# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.
===Part 2: Install Centos on your Newly-Created VM ===
The next step is to perform a custom installation for your Centos7 virtual machine using the Centos7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow you to complete the installation process to create the Centos7 operating system on that virtual machine.
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]
# Select from the installation menu: '''Install Centos7'''.
# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.
# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their Centos7 system prior to installation.
# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>
::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>
::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>
::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>At the bottom left-hand corner type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
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|
{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|
}}
|-
|
[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|550px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]
|}
::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''
::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.
::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.
::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.
::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (Centos) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.
::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 40 GB = 40000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''40 GB x 1024 = 40960 MB''')<br><br>
<ol><li value="5">We will now create the root (/) partition. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li>
<li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li>
<li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li>
<li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''40960''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li>
<li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li>
<li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''10GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li>
<li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/image'''s (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM'''.</li>
<li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li>
<li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li>
<li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li>
<li>Start timing your '''c7host''' virtual machine installation.</li>
</ol>
=== Part 3: Completing the Installation ===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. You should remove the install DVD and confirm Centos7 boots from your removable hard drive. ]]
|}
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password).
#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).
#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).
#<span style="background-color:yellow">Remember to record this host installation information in the '''installation comparison chart''' in the lab2 logbook</span>.
#When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''
#Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that Centos will boot from your hard drive.
#After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br>
#The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br>
#The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br>
#Stop timing your installation and note the amount of time that your installation took to perform. Also take the time to fill in the c7host section of the installation comparison chart in your lab2 logbook.
#Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.
'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
=INVESTIGATION 2: COMMON POST-INSTALL TASKS=
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
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|colspan="2"|
[[Image:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The '''VM Workstation taskbar''' is useful when in full-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]
|- valign="top"
|
[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|350px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]
|
[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|350px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in '''full screen mode'''. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <u>toggle</u> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]
|}
===Managing your Virtual Machine===
In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your Centos7 host VM.
Usually, you are NOT required to use this menu (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS.
On the other hand, there are useful short-cut key you should use:
'''ALT-CTRL-ENTER'''
:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between '''full screen mode''' and '''window mode'''.
'''ALT-CTRL'''
:Return focus from your c7host VM to your '''host computer system'''.
'''VMware Tools''' is a collection of utilities to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating system. Some features include:
:* Faster Graphics
:* Allow applications running in a VM to be accessed in the host machine (unity interface)
:* Sharing folders between host and VM
:* Copying and pasting test between host and among VMs
:* Clock synchronization among host and VMs
It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your system. Click the '''VM''' menu and select '''Install VM Tools'''. The installation program will run in the background until the install is complete.
===Part 1: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver===
Your system automatically enables a '''screen-saver''' application which is a useful security tool to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off the locked screen-saver for this (and other) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for your instructor to come over to "sign-off" your computer lab without having to re-issue user passwords.
'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following steps:'''
#Click on the '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the window'''.
#Click the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench icon.
#Click the '''Power''' icon located in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box
#Change the amount of time in the '''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''
#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box.
===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
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{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ul>}}
|}
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.
#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su </span></code></b> Issue the '''pwd''' and '''whoami''' commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account.
#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su - </span></code></b> Issue the '''pwd''' and '''whoami''' commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?
# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command.
# You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file:
:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>
===Part 3: Disable SELinux and Perform Software Updates===
SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced Linux'''. It is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default''' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.
:'''Perform the following Steps:'''
# Disabling SELinux is quite simple.
# Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config'''
# In the editing session, set SELINUX to '''disable<u>d</u>''' (from ''targeted'') and save your editing session.
'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
=== Part 4: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|
{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set | more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar="my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar | grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER = "root" ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You must be root" ''<br> ''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br> ''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}
|}
It is very common for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems. For example, it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardware.
Therefore, it makes sense to also have a record of the installed computer software as well. This can contain information regarding the Linux operating system, installed software, and network connectivity information.
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br>
# Login to your c7hostVM, open a Bash Shell terminal, and login as root by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br>
# Make certain to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands (except for the '''ps -ef''' output) in your lab1 logbook.
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;">
<caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption>
<tr valign="top>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td>
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that are running on the system after installation.</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td>
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" informationo, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nslookup</span></code></b></td>
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS''', '''Netmask''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and the default '''Domain Name Server'''.</td>
</tr>
</table>
:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.
<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li>
<li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li>
<li>Change to that newly-created '''bin''' directory</li>
</ol>
:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!
<ol>
<li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vi</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li>
<li>Copy and paste the text below into your vi editing session for your file report.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;margin-left:20px;font-weight:bold;">
<br>
#!/bin/bash<br>
<br>
# Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>
# Date: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>
#<br>
# Purpose: Creates system info report<br>
#<br># USAGE: ./myreport.bash<br>
<br>
if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>
then<br> echo "You must be logged in as root." >&2<br>
exit 1<br>
fi<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="9">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bash''' file read and execute permissions (at least for the owner) and run by typing:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./myreport.bash</span></code></b></li><li> Did it work?</li><li>Reopen your text-editing session for '''/root/myreport.bash''' and add the following lines of code to the bottom of the shell script file:</ol>
<br>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:bold;">
# Create report title<br>
<br>
echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol > is used at the beginning of the report, and then the other redirection symbol >> is used to help "grow" the report with the other content.</li><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:</li></ol>
<br>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:bold;">
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Kernel Version: $(uname -rv)" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view the ''report.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given to save time?).</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps aux</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!</li><li>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol>
<ol><li value="14">Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform the same task. Although you are not require to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or exmaples.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Verify that the file '''text-report.bash''' was downloaded to your current directory.</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">chmod u+rx text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of the report?</li><li>Use the <b>vi</b> text editor to view the contents of the file <b>text-report.bash</b>. Can you understand how this script works?<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquote><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/report.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/report3.bash</span></code></b></blockquote></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>
'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =
[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|650px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]
Shell scripting is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download and run in order to check their work.
If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get a series of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;"> OK </span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;"> WARNING </span></code></b> message will appear with general suggestions that you will need to fix on your c7hostVM in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br>
# Change to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>
#Issue the Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br>
# Give the '''lab1-check.bash''' file execute permissions (for the file owner).<br><br>
# Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.<br><br>
#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Output of '''lsblk''' command showing correct partition names and sizes
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;"> OK </span></code></b> messages)
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for:
:::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> '''lab2 logbook''' with '''first column of Comparison Chart for c7hostVM'''.
= Practice For Quizzes, Tests, Midterm & Final Exam =
# Define the term Virtual Machine.
# List 5 reasons for using virtual machines.
# List the major screens (steps) in the installation of Centos7 full install DVD.
# What key-combination is used to toggle the view of your running VM from "window-mode" to "full-screen-mode"?
# List the steps for disabling SELinux.
# List 2 ways that you can access your root account
# What is the difference between the commands '''su''' and '''su -''' ?
# What is the home directory for the user "root"?
# How do you determine the host name of your GNU/Linux workstation?
# What command can display the NIC's MAC address?
# What command is used to get a list of running processes on your newly-installed system?
# How can Shell Scripts be used to help automate a task performed in lab1?
# Write the Linux command to download the on-line file: http://linux.server.org/package.tar.gz
[[Category:OPS235]]
[[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
=LAB PREPARATION=
[[Image:vmware-1a.png|thumb|right|550px|The VMware Workstation 12 application will allow you to create and administer '''4 different virtual machines''' ('''VM'''s) on your computer system. ]]
===Purpose of Lab 1===
In order to save money and resources when learning to install, to manage, and to connect Linux machines to form networks, we will be using '''Virtual Machines''' for this course. In fact, we will be using two virtual machine programs:
:*'''lab1:''' Create a Centos7 Host virtual machine ('''c7host''') in the virtual program called '''VMware Workstation''' (this host will be stored on your Solid State External Drive (SSD).
:*'''Lab2:''' Install a Virtual package on your host VM called '''KVM''' which will be used to create 3 remaining Virtual Machines (VMs) that will be used to learn about Linux system administration for the remainder of this course.
It is ESSENTIAL to have a '''Solid State Drive (SSD) with a minimum storage capacity of 240 GB''' to perform your lab sessions and provide a host for your other Centos7 host and other VMs that you will create in lab2. '''Due to space requirements, you are <u>NOT</u> permitted to share this SSD drive with any other course material than our OPS235 course'''.
<span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold">Main Objectives<br></span>
* '''Correctly install the CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL DVD (c7host)''' on your SSD using '''VMware Workstation'''.
* '''Record installation characteristics of CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL''' in an installation comparison chart (contained in lab2 logbook chart).
* Use '''Shell scripts''' to generate a post-install report for your Centos7 host VM.
* '''Disable Linux Kernel security enhancements''' to allow easier internal networking connections (to be reactivated in a later lab).
{|width="100%" cellspacing="0"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Minimum Required Materials<br>
|colspan="3" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command Reference<br>
|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;"
| |[[Image:ssd.png|thumb|left|135px|<b>Solid State Drive</b><br>Minimum Size: 250GB]]
| [[Image:log-book.png|thumb|left|70px|<b>Lab Log Book</b><br>(lab 1)]]
| style="padding-left:15px;" |Package Management
[http://www.rpm.org/max-rpm/rpm.8.html rpm]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8.html yum]<br>
System Information<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostname]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/uname.1.html uname]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>
Networking<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/route.8.html route]<br>
[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookup]<br>
| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html ls]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/more.1.html more]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/file.1.html file]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wget.1.html wget]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/vi.1p.html vi]
| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br><ul><li>Linux Basics:<br>'''/home/murray.saul/linux-basics'''</li><li>Using the vi Text Editor:<br>'''/home/murray.saul/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-1'''</li></ul>
|}
=INVESTIGATION 1: CREATE AND INSTALL FIRST VIRTUAL MACHINE (c7host)=
In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''Centos Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.
Make certain to record your observations of this install in the comparison chart for '''c7host''' in your '''lab2 logbook'''.
===Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro to Create a New Virtual Machine (VM) ===
'''<u>c7host VM Details:</u>'''
*'''Name:''' c7host
*'''Boot media / Installation:''' CentOS7 Full Install DVD
:::*Download at Seneca College: http://belmont.senecacollege.ca/pub/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
:::*Download outside Seneca College: http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
*'''Memory:''' 16GB
*'''Disk space:''' 240GB
*'''CPUs:''' 1
{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br><br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}
Before you can install your Centos Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your Centos operating system.
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order to create a new '''Virtual Machine''' ('''VM''')]]
# Refer to this listing of installation screenshots if you need a reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br>
# Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.
# If you haven't already downloaded the CentosOS7 Full Install DVD iso to your USB KEY, then download the following link for the Centos7 Full Install DVD image on your USB device: http://belmont.senecacollege.ca/pub/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.
# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.
# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.
# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.
# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).
# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.
# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM the contain our Centos7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br>
# Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.
# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.
# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.
# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.
# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default number of processors.
# In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''2GB''' (i.e. '''2048 MB''') and click '''Next'''.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.
# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).
# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.
# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.
# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.
# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.
# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.
# In the right window pane, click the '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.
# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, '''click''' the checkbox to enable the option to '''Boot with EFI instead of BIOS'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DV (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded Centos7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.
# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.
===Part 2: Install Centos on your Newly-Created VM ===
The next step is to perform a custom installation for your Centos7 virtual machine using the Centos7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow you to complete the installation process to create the Centos7 operating system on that virtual machine.
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]
# Select from the installation menu: '''Install Centos7'''.
# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.
# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their Centos7 system prior to installation.
# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>
::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>
::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>
::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>At the bottom left-hand corner type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|
{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|
}}
|-
|
[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|550px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]
|}
::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''
::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.
::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.
::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.
::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (Centos) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.
::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 40 GB = 40000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''40 GB x 1024 = 40960 MB''')<br><br>
<ol><li value="5">We will now create the root (/) partition. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li>
<li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li>
<li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li>
<li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''40960''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li>
<li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li>
<li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''10GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li>
<li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/image'''s (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM'''.</li>
<li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li>
<li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li>
<li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li>
<li>Start timing your '''c7host''' virtual machine installation.</li>
</ol>
=== Part 3: Completing the Installation ===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. You should remove the install DVD and confirm Centos7 boots from your removable hard drive. ]]
|}
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password).
#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).
#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).
#<span style="background-color:yellow">Remember to record this host installation information in the '''installation comparison chart''' in the lab2 logbook</span>.
#When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''
#Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that Centos will boot from your hard drive.
#After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br>
#The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br>
#The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br>
#Stop timing your installation and note the amount of time that your installation took to perform. Also take the time to fill in the c7host section of the installation comparison chart in your lab2 logbook.
#Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.
'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
=INVESTIGATION 2: COMMON POST-INSTALL TASKS=
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2"|
[[Image:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The '''VM Workstation taskbar''' is useful when in full-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]
|- valign="top"
|
[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|350px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]
|
[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|350px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in '''full screen mode'''. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <u>toggle</u> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]
|}
===Managing your Virtual Machine===
In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your Centos7 host VM.
Usually, you are NOT required to use this menu (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS.
On the other hand, there are useful short-cut key you should use:
'''ALT-CTRL-ENTER'''
:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between '''full screen mode''' and '''window mode'''.
'''ALT-CTRL'''
:Return focus from your c7host VM to your '''host computer system'''.
'''VMware Tools''' is a collection of utilities to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating system. Some features include:
:* Faster Graphics
:* Allow applications running in a VM to be accessed in the host machine (unity interface)
:* Sharing folders between host and VM
:* Copying and pasting test between host and among VMs
:* Clock synchronization among host and VMs
It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your system. Click the '''VM''' menu and select '''Install VM Tools'''. The installation program will run in the background until the install is complete.
===Part 1: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver===
Your system automatically enables a '''screen-saver''' application which is a useful security tool to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off the locked screen-saver for this (and other) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for your instructor to come over to "sign-off" your computer lab without having to re-issue user passwords.
'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following steps:'''
#Click on the '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the window'''.
#Click the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench icon.
#Click the '''Power''' icon located in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box
#Change the amount of time in the '''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''
#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box.
===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|
{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ul>}}
|}
:'''Perform the following steps:'''
#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.
#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su </span></code></b> Issue the '''pwd''' and '''whoami''' commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account.
#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su - </span></code></b> Issue the '''pwd''' and '''whoami''' commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?
# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command.
# You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file:
:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>
===Part 3: Disable SELinux and Perform Software Updates===
SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced Linux'''. It is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default''' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.
:'''Perform the following Steps:'''
# Disabling SELinux is quite simple.
# Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config'''
# In the editing session, set SELINUX to '''disable<u>d</u>''' (from ''targeted'') and save your editing session.
'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
=== Part 4: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|
{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set | more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar="my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar | grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER = "root" ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You must be root" ''<br> ''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br> ''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}
|}
It is very common for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems. For example, it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardware.
Therefore, it makes sense to also have a record of the installed computer software as well. This can contain information regarding the Linux operating system, installed software, and network connectivity information.
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br>
# Login to your c7hostVM, open a Bash Shell terminal, and login as root by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br>
# Make certain to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands (except for the '''ps -ef''' output) in your lab1 logbook.
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;">
<caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption>
<tr valign="top>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td>
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td>
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that are running on the system after installation.</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td>
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" informationo, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nslookup</span></code></b></td>
<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS''', '''Netmask''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and the default '''Domain Name Server'''.</td>
</tr>
</table>
:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.
<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li>
<li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li>
<li>Change to that newly-created '''bin''' directory</li>
</ol>
:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!
<ol>
<li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vi</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li>
<li>Copy and paste the text below into your vi editing session for your file report.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;margin-left:20px;font-weight:bold;">
<br>
#!/bin/bash<br>
<br>
# Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>
# Date: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>
#<br>
# Purpose: Creates system info report<br>
#<br># USAGE: ./myreport.bash<br>
<br>
if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>
then<br> echo "You must be logged in as root." >&2<br>
exit 1<br>
fi<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="9">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bash''' file read and execute permissions (at least for the owner) and run by typing:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./myreport.bash</span></code></b></li><li> Did it work?</li><li>Reopen your text-editing session for '''/root/myreport.bash''' and add the following lines of code to the bottom of the shell script file:</ol>
<br>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:bold;">
# Create report title<br>
<br>
echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol > is used at the beginning of the report, and then the other redirection symbol >> is used to help "grow" the report with the other content.</li><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:</li></ol>
<br>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:bold;">
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Kernel Version: $(uname -rv)" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view the ''report.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given to save time?).</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps aux</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!</li><li>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol>
<ol><li value="14">Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform the same task. Although you are not require to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or exmaples.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Verify that the file '''text-report.bash''' was downloaded to your current directory.</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">chmod u+rx text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of the report?</li><li>Use the <b>vi</b> text editor to view the contents of the file <b>text-report.bash</b>. Can you understand how this script works?<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquote><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/report.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/report3.bash</span></code></b></blockquote></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>
'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =
[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|650px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]
Shell scripting is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download and run in order to check their work.
If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get a series of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;"> OK </span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;"> WARNING </span></code></b> message will appear with general suggestions that you will need to fix on your c7hostVM in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.
:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br>
# Change to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>
#Issue the Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br>
# Give the '''lab1-check.bash''' file execute permissions (for the file owner).<br><br>
# Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.<br><br>
#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Output of '''lsblk''' command showing correct partition names and sizes
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;"> OK </span></code></b> messages)
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for:
:::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> '''lab2 logbook''' with '''first column of Comparison Chart for c7hostVM'''.
= Practice For Quizzes, Tests, Midterm & Final Exam =
# Define the term Virtual Machine.
# List 5 reasons for using virtual machines.
# List the major screens (steps) in the installation of Centos7 full install DVD.
# What key-combination is used to toggle the view of your running VM from "window-mode" to "full-screen-mode"?
# List the steps for disabling SELinux.
# List 2 ways that you can access your root account
# What is the difference between the commands '''su''' and '''su -''' ?
# What is the home directory for the user "root"?
# How do you determine the host name of your GNU/Linux workstation?
# What command can display the NIC's MAC address?
# What command is used to get a list of running processes on your newly-installed system?
# How can Shell Scripts be used to help automate a task performed in lab1?
# Write the Linux command to download the on-line file: http://linux.server.org/package.tar.gz
[[Category:OPS235]]
[[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
