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{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.

===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===

|- valign="top" |colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br> |colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command/Shortcut Reference<br> |colspan="1" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br> |- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;" |colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul> | style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix Account Access:'''* List [https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the steps to connect to your Matrix server account -difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in -the -Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<ubr>'''computer labsCommand Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http:/u/man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br> at Seneca College*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>  |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul> |} = KEY CONCEPTS= ===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix===

:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>'''outside</u> of While attending Seneca College''', you will be using many different computer systems.Some of these servers include:

|-| style="padding-left:* Changing your Matrix Account 0px;width:10%" |'''learn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades''/ 'Password'Online Quizzes'')

|-| style="padding-left:* 0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions''/ 'Exiting'Additional Learning Resources'' your Matrix Linux Account

|-| style="padding-left:* Performing 0px;width:10%" |'''Review Questions<span style="color:blue;">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>''' | style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux server environment used for Additional Practice"''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.

[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px120px|A '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course(slides, etc.), you will also need to learn to get '''issue and memorize simple hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as more advanced Linux commands'''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working the Unix performing and '''Linux command-line environmentssubmitting online tutorials'''.

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to This requires that you '''open connect to a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasks'''. In Unix/Linux, a '''shellserver''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improvedMatrix) over a period of time. You will be using the and become comfortable '''Bash Shellissuing Linux commands''' which is considered to be user-friendly.

The In Unix/Linux, a '''Matrixshell''' is simply an '''interface''' server has been configured to allow users a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commandsBash Shell'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are which is considered to be ''user-friendly''force students to learn . By understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a ''' as well as shell script'''limitations ) later in this course to remote access automate tasks to make you a graphical Linux servemore '''r due to large number of users (students). Later in the course, your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing productive'''graphical versions of Linux''', user and how to launch a shell terminalsystem administrator.

===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|350px250px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster '''Linux Cluster''' is a '''cost effective ''' alternative to larger servers. ]]

The '''Matrix server ''' consists of '''several Virtual Computers computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. <br>A '''Linux cluster ''' is a '''cost effective ''' alternative to buying larger servers.

All registered students in this course should have access to an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will be using this account for the following reasons:

:* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials'''('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''):* Performing '''Linux AssignmentsPractice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''38 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''') ===Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:* Practice Issuing gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Student VPN''' ]] All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix'''Linux Command Review Questionsaccount when outside of campus as a '''network security''' measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA) when logging in to verify you are who you say you are. ''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).''Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication You should have received an e-mail message with instructions on how to set up your smartphone for multi-factor authentication. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the ITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn

In ===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:cls-shell.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via'''ssh''' command]]There are two basic methods to connecting to your Matrix account. '''Method 1: Run ssh Command from command prompt:''' :After connecting to the next section'''Seneca Student VPN''', you will learn can open a '''command terminal''' in '''Windows 10 (or above)''', '''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> [[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via '''graphical''' SSH Program ]]'''Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:''' :If you are in a Seneca computer lab, you can use MyApps to run a '''graphical SSH application''' for your Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the student VPN. '''NOTE:''' You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to and login to your Matrix server account both (if interested, refer to the optional tutorial at the college and from a remote computer such as your home computer or your laptop computerend of this semester).

In You can also connect to your Matrix server account in the '''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a '''graphical program''' to allow you connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the previous section).<br> [[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''not''' have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation.<br><br> '''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can be used on computers in classrooms, labs, and the Computing Commons. Reference: https://inside.senecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/  You will now use '''MyApps''' on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you will learn how to access connect and login to your Matrix Linux server account by two different methods.[[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. ]]  '''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:* From within share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca College labpassword. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:* From ''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your own computer within or outside Seneca College Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

===Part 1: Accessing You can '''configure''' the SSH application to adjust elements such as the '''window size''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. We will be showing you how to configure your Matrix Account from a Seneca College Lab ===SSH Secure Shell Client, but the other applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br>

# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER:<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''Perform the Following StepsNOTE:'''You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact)=INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL =In this investigation, you can refer will learn how to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrixuse the Linux Shell.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up Topics in the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.xsection include:

===Part 2: Access * Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands via the '''online manual''' (i.e. '''man''' command).:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program''' to confirm that you connected to your Matrix Account From your own computer within or outside Seneca College ===account

:'''Perform the following steps:'''# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# Next, The Bash shell allows you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' to interact with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screenLinux by typing commands.

=INVESTIGATION 2'''The basic Linux command structure is as follows: USING YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT='''

{|width<span style="100%" cellspacing="0font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

:'''Perform the following stepsFollowing Steps:'''

# Open TerminalConfirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Login Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as rootyour '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <bspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls<code/span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span>#3366CCIssue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:1''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.3em# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">su ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</codespan># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</bspan># Type* '''Result: ''' The shell should display <bcode>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span>#3366CCIssue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:1.3emblue;font-weight:bold">yum updateclear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</codespan># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</bspan># Follow * '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the promptssame Linux server as yourself.# If there is a kernel update* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, reboot your systemonly the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (There usually is on a first update after OS installationi.e.cal 2035 2)

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpaddingGetting Help with Linux Commands="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}

It The '''man''' utility is very common for System Administrators an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to keep records regarding their installed computer systemsuse a given command (i.e. For example'''command usage''', it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems'''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardware'''examples''').

Therefore# For an example, it makes sense issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span>#* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.#* '''Question:''' How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table># If you are connected to Matrix through a terminal application, you can also have use your mouse's scroll wheel.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.# Use the ''man'' utility to get help with the ''ls'' command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span># Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and write down the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:#*"'''use a record long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)#*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the installed computer software as wellman utility.# Issue the '''ls''' command using <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option.#* '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command. This # '''Pipeline commands''' can contain be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span>#* '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding the man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux operating systemsystems, installed softwareyou can by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <code>passwd</code> command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, and network connectivity informationyour Linux password is changed automatically when you change your ''myseneca'' password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.

==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''Perform the Following Stepsshortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as:'''Linux sysadmin''').

# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br># Login to your c7hostVM, open Let's learn a few common Bash Shell terminal, keyboard shortcut keys and login as root by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br># Make certain to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands find out where you can access online help for additional shortcuts (except for the '''ps -ef''' outputif required) in your lab1 logbook.

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" widthTutorial Submission="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"><caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign="top>

<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td>'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation''' <td styletable align="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;right">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color[[Image:#3366CC;fontscript-size:1.2em;">uname check-rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux serverpng|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, and all '''processes''' that are running on the system after installationthen user performed can proceed.]]</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color[[Image:#3366CC;fontscript-size:1check-2.2em;">rpm -q -a png|thumb| wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l right| wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit 450px| wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' If there is to "query" information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packageswarning, option '''then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the applicationrun checking script.]]</td> </trtable>

<tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nslookup</span> Professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for marks (at prompt, enter command: serverwithin a deadline) </code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS'''. In order to confirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, '''Netmask'''you will be required to run a program (or in later tutorials, '''routing''' (default gatewayseveral programs), to prove that you successfully completed tasks in a tutorial and the default '''Domain Name Server'''get marks.</td> </tr></table>

:You may If you have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive correctly completed the required tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time, the user can proceed. You If the checking shell script detects an '''error''', then it will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script provide feedback to allow the student to generate information reports for your newlyfix that problem so they can re-installed Linux host machinerun the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in # Make certain that your lab1 logbook.</li><li>Create a current directory called bin in is '''your root home directory to store your shell scripts ''' by issuing entering the following Linux command:<br><b><code>#* <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-weight:bold;font-sizefamily:1.2emcourier;">mkdir /root/bincd</span># Issue the following command to run a checking script:#* </codespan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><~uli101/b>week1-check</lispan><li>Change #* '''Note:''' The beginning character "'''~'''" is called '''tilde'''. You get this character by pressing '''SHIFT''' + '''`''' (which is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard). # Your screen should clear and indicate that newly-created you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''binconfirmation''' directory</li>in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.#* Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.</ol>!--

===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===

<ol><li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) In this investigation, you will learn to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li><li>Copy and paste the text below into * '''Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your vi editing session for your file reportonline assignment #1.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>

&#35;!/bin/bash<br>'''Perform the following steps:'''<br>&#35; Author[[Image: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]&#35; DateIn your Matrix account, issue the following command: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>&#35;<br>&#35span style="color:blue; Purposefont-weight: Creates system info report<br>&#35bold;<brfont-family:courier">&#35; USAGE: .~uli101/myreport.basha1<br/span><br>if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>then<br>&nbsp;echo # Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes"You must be logged in as rootscreen." >&2<br>&nbsp;exit 1<br>fi# A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<br></code><br><ol><li valuespan style="9color:red;">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bashWARNING''' file read and execute permissions (at least for : You need to select the owner) and run by typing:<bru>'''CORRECT'''<b/u><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1section for the course which you belong to.2em;">./myreport.bash</spanbr>If you do </codeu>NOT</bu>select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr> Did it work?</libr><li>Reopen # Determine your text'''ULI101 three-editing session for letter course section code'''/root/bin/myreportfrom your timetable.bash<br><br># Select the ''' and add the following lines of 3 letter code ''' corresponding to the bottom of the shell script file:<u>correct</olu> '''ULI101 <u>section<br/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9emblue;font-weight:bold;">&#35; Create report titleENTER<br><br>echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<br>echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" span>> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope # After you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is used at the beginning of the reporthave selected your course section, and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "grow" the report with the other contentThere will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.</libr><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use Please take a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command few moments to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script read those notes and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:press </li></ol><br><code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9emblue;font-weight:bold;">echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" ENTER</span>> /root/reportto proceed.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo "Kernel Version[[Image: $(uname assn-section-rv)" >> /root/reportcompletion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed.txt<br>]]echo >> /root/report# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.txt<br></code><br>'''NOTES:'''<olul><li value=>Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"10You are currently registered to">Save, run ''' followed by the script, '''section letter''' and view the ''report.txt'instructor name''' contents (are you using tip . Double-check your course timetable to confirm that was given to save time?)this the correct section letter.</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from If you have selected the <b><code>WRONG section, type <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxC</span></code></b> in the menu selection area and <b><code>press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span></code></b> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember You will return back to redirect that output the original window to add to the bottom of the file!select your correct course section.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be Near the use top of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value="14">Here the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform NOT required to complete all sections at the same tasktime. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Although you Sections that are not require to understand some of these NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other trickshand, it is recommended that when you view compete a section, then the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examplessection will appear as regular text (i.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internete not in reverse text). Issue the following command:<br><bbr><code><span style="pointer[[Image:assn-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcompleted-size:1window.2em;">wget https://ictpng|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bash</span></code></b>]]</li><li>Verify If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the file text '''text-report.bash"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' was downloaded to and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your current directorycorrect course section.</libr><libr>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b/li><code/ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to downloaduse reference sheets for course evaluations, studyit is recommended to create one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and run the following shell scripts on-line:options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr> '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]->

Shell scripting The purpose of this section is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download to obtain '''extra practice''' to help with '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and run in order to check their workyour '''final exam'''.

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get Here is a link to a series Word document of ALL of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</span></code></b> message will appear questions displayed below but with general suggestions that you will need extra room to fix answer on your c7hostVM in order the document to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.simulate a quiz:

:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontYour instructor may take-size:1up these questions during class.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change It is up to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download student to attend classes in order to obtain the checking script by issuing answers to the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1questions.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (for the file owner)eg.<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su e-'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warningsmail, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" messageetc).<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''