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{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.

===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<u>'''outside</ubr> of Seneca College'''.

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* Working with the 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux '''Command Prompt''' (Linux '''shell''')/Shortcut Reference<br>

|colspan="1" style="font-size:* Changing your Matrix Account '''Password'''16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>

|- valign="top" style="padding-left:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account15px;"

|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO:* Performing Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Review QuestionsWindows SSH client Software:''' for Additional Practice<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style===Purpose of Having a "padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix AccountAccess:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style==="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasksBrauer Instructional Videos:'''. In Unix<ul><li>[https:/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server)www. Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of timeyoutube. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to be user-friendly. The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for thisUsing SSH Client, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux serve'''r due to large number of users (students)and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www. Later in the course, your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing '''graphical versions of Linux''', and how to launch a shell terminalyoutube. com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|450px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]] The Matrix server consists of '''several Virtual Computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to buying larger servers. All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons: :* Issuing '''2 Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' File System, Basic Navigation ('''shell'''ls, cd, pwd, tree):* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials''':* Performing '''Linux Assignments''' ('''3'''):* Practice Issuing '''Linux Command Review Questions''' , Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

|- valign| style="toppadding-left:0px;width:10%"|'''learn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades'' / ''Online Quizzes'')

|colspan="2" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-bottomleft: thin solid black15px;border-spacingwidth:0px;65%"|Minimum Required Materials<br>''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''

|colspan="3" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing10%" |'''<span style="color:0px;padding-left:15pxblue;"|Linux Command Reference>matrix.senecacollege.ca<br/span>'''|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux server environment used for "''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.

=INVESTIGATION 1[[Image: Create And Install Your First Virtual Machine cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|A '''shell''' is an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course (c7hostslides, etc.)=, you will also need to get '''hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as performing and submitting online tutorials'''.

In this lab, This requires that you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVDconnect to a Linux server''' as a virtual machine using the (Matrix) and become comfortable '''VMware Workstationissuing Linux commands''' application.

===Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to Create issue Linux commands, you can create a New Virtual Machine file that contains Linux commands (VMcalled a '''shell script''') ===later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and system administrator.

:* Issuing '''Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Tutorials''' ('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''<u>c7host VM Details):</u>* Performing '''Linux Practice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''8 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''')

*'''Name:''' c7host*'''Boot media / Installation:''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file):::*Download at ===Connecting to the Seneca College: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.isoStudent VPN===[[Image:::*Download outside Seneca College:<br>http://mirrorgp1.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*png|thumb|right|130px|'''Disk space:''' 238GB *'''CPUs:Seneca Student VPN''' 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended)]]

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|250px|All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Format drive windowSeneca Student VPN''' in order to format your new SSD as be able to connect to their '''exFATMatrix''' (Linux account when outside of campus as a '''Windowsnetwork security'''measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA)]]when logging in to verify you are who you say you are.

{{Admon/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT|'''You ''must'' format your external drive as exFAT.'''<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <ub>'''NTFSMulti-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!'''factor authentication</ub> When you plug your drive is an electronic authentication method in, open My Computer, right-click on which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the new drive, user and select only the user knows).''FormatReference: https://en.wikipedia..''.}}org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication

{{Admon/important|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device You should have received an e-mail message with a drive letter instructions on how to set up your Windows machinesmartphone for multi-factor authentication. You may experience problems if If you are using haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the Kingston SSDITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege. If soca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn In the next investigation, then run you will learn how to '''diskmgmt.mscconnect''' to and '''login''' in order to create your Matrix server account from a volume and format remote computer such as your disk1'''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.}}

{{Admon/important===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:cls-shell.png|thumb|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computerright|100px|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need Connect to be aware:<br><ul><li>Matrix via'''RAM Size considerations:ssh''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order command]]There are two basic methods to connecting to function efficiently.<br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOSyour Matrix account. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}

Before :After connecting to the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machineopen a '''command terminal''' in '''Windows 10 (or above)''', you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your CentOS operating system'''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>

:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:vmwaressh-main-2window.png|thumb|right|500px100px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order Connect to create a new Matrix via '''Virtual Machinegraphical''' (SSH Program ]]'''VMMethod 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:''')]]

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create are in a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' you can use MyApps to run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bitgraphical SSH application''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since One advantage of using this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it method is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, that you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option are already at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, Seneca and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box are NOT required to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return connect to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2student VPN.

===Part 2'''NOTE: Install CentOS on ''' You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your Newly-Created VM ===Matrix account (if interested, refer to the optional tutorial at the end of this semester).

The next step is =INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT={{Admon/important|ATTENTION: This weekly tutorial must be completed by ''Friday at 11:59pm in Week 2'' to perform obtain a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using the CentOS 7 Full DVDgrade of ''2%'' towards this course. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow |It is essential that you to complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and on time. These are your major learning tool in the installation process to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machinecourse. There are no late marks.}}

:'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# NextIn this section, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer learn how to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used access your hard disk for previous Matrix Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB account by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Pointtwo different methods: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3: Completing the Installation ===* From your '''home computer''' <br>:* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps'''

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valignMETHOD 1: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER==="top"|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. ]]|}

[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Perform Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the Following Steps:'''ssh command'''.<br><br>

'''Perform the Following Steps:''' #During the installation processIf you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you will required MUST first connect to create a the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'root password''.<br><br>' (for administration access) and create a ''NOTE:'regular user account''If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer. Click on <br><br># Determine which '''Root Passwordoperating system''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password computer isusing. Retype <br><br># Try connecting to your root password and click Matrix account using the instructions in the '''Donetable''' (you may have to click Done below based on <u>twiceyour</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password)'''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;">#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root <th>'''Windows 10 (you will learn how to do this later in this labor above).:'''</th>#Click <th>'''User CreationmacOS:''' and enter your </th> <th>'''full nameLinux:'''</th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click 'username'Launchpad''icon, and an appropriate type '''passwordterminal''' (<br>and confirm password). Click press '''DoneENTER''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><br>{|widthspan style="50%" cellspacing="0color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td>|- valign="top" <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|*In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labsterminal, using enter the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines)following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix. Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines)senecacollege. ca<b/span>Do not do this in a production environment! </btd>}} <br/tr><br/table>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is completeconnecting securely for the '''first time''', you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!dialog box'''</li><li>Click the will appear to share a "'''Rebootpublic key''' button" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. Your DVD will encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<ubr>briefly</ubr> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.''</lib>FYI:<li/b>After To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the system rebootscomputer, and a boot menu should briefly appear'''public key''', then prompt which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the user private key to accept the License Information encrypt (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Acceptedscramble''' ) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and graphically accept your computer uses the license and then click private key to decrypt ('''FINISH CONFIGURATIONunscramble''' to finish the installation process) those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''NOTE:yes''' and press '''ENTER''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''1dialog box''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''2password''' followed by ENTER (in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to accept the license agreement)your Seneca password.<br><br>'''cNOTE:''' followed by ENTER (to save As you type the password, the selection)<br>text may be '''chidden''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on Enter your '''regular user account name''' Seneca password and press '''enter your regular user passwordENTER'''.<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>The last phase You mis-spelled the '''name of the installation process should now run:server'''<ul/li><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''Next'(same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by clicking mistake (your username should be '''Nextlowercase'''only).</li>Start using <li>You mis-spelled your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linuxpassword'''(same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</libr></ulbr>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].</libr><libr>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol> <li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.Matrix Linux shell''' =INVESTIGATION 2: Common Post-Installation Tasks= {| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Image:taskbarshould appear where you can enter Linux commands.png|thumb|right|500px|<br><br>The '''VM Workstation taskbarMatrix''' is useful when in full-screen mode server has been configured to allow users to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]|- valign="top"|[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window modeonly interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. This <br>The main reason for this is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTEforce students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to .<br><br></li><li>To '''window modeexit''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|[[ImageMatrix session, type the command <span style="color:fullscreenblue;font-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''full screen modeENTER'''. You can press <br><br>'''ALT-CTRL-ENTERNOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<ubr><br>toggle</uli><li> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for Type the same command at the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRLcommand terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER''' to change back to <br><br>'''NOTE:'''You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window modehas '''automatically closed''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|}===Managing <br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Virtual Machine=== In future labsMatrix account, you will have to run and then exiting your VMware Workstation application Matrix account several times to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VMbecome familiar with this process.Usually, you are NOT required <br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to use this menu access your Matrix account (unless if you need to "force-off" the c7host7 have an MS Windows machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application. On the other hand, there are useful short-cut key you should use:</li></ol><br>

'''ALT-CTRL-ENTER'''===METHOD 2:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between '''full screen mode''' and '''window mode'''.CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===

'''ALT<span style="color:red;font-CTRL'''weight:bold;">NOTE:Return focus from your c7host VM This section requires you have access to your a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don'''host t have access to a Seneca computer system'''. lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>

[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps'''('VMware Tools''AppsAnywhere' is '') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''not''' have a collection of utilities home (notebook) computer and have access to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating systema Seneca computer lab workstation. Some features include:<br><br>

:* Faster Graphics:* Allow applications running in a VM to '''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can be accessed used on computers in classrooms, labs, and the host machine (unity interface):* Sharing folders between host and VM:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs:* Clock synchronization among host and VMsComputing Commons.

It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your systemReference: https://inside. Click the '''VM''' menu and select '''Install VM Tools'''. The installation program will run in the background until the install is completesenecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/

===Part 1'''Perform the Following Steps: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver==='''

Your system automatically enables a # Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps'''icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen"requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-saverwindow.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application , you can add this to your '''favourites''' which is will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a useful security tool "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized viewing of information access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a terminal after '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a certain amount of inactivitydialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. TurningAs you type the password, the text will be blocked-off out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the locked screento obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-saver error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for this several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (and othersame username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca) virtual machine can </li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be useful when waiting for '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your instructor '''password''' (same password that you connect to come over my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to "signexperience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-off" window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your computer lab without having password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to relarge number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-issue user passwordssettings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

You can '''configure'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform SSH application to adjust elements such as the following steps:'''window size''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. We will be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but the other applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br>

#Click on the '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the window'''.#Click the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench icon.#Click the '''Power''' icon located in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in Perform the Following Steps:'''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box.

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing In the next investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the Administration Account command prompt (root)| Many administrative tasks require referred to as the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password"shell")</li><li>Switch User , learn how to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directoryget help with Linux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, does not and run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in order to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s)get marks for this online tutorial.</li></ul></li></ul>}}|}

=INVESTIGATION 2:'''Perform USING THE LINUX SHELL =In this investigation, you will learn how to use the following stepsLinux Shell. Topics in the section include:'''

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from :* Learn the basic '''Linux command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the structure'''('root account'arguments''. From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.''options'')#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands * Learn how to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using get '''suhelp''' versus using for Linux commands via the '''su -online manual''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1(i.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaginge.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> '''man''' command). # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l* Issue a '''program'''</span></code></b>to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account

===Part 3: Disable SELinux=Linux Command Structure==

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It is highly discouraged and unsafe The Bash shell allows you to disable SELinux on a public-facing serverinteract with Linux by typing commands. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}

SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced The basic Linux'''. It command structure is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default'as follows:'' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.

<span style="font-family:'''Perform the following Stepscourier;color:'''blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

# Make sure you're logged in Some Linux commands can be used as root-is (e. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1g.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/configpwd''': <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUXdate''', '' to 'ls''<u>disabled</u>', '' (from 'cal'enforcing'') and save your editing session, but many Linux commands can also be issued with arguments (e.# Restart your VMg.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font'''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -l -size:1a /bin''' ).3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>

Running software updates regularly An argument is an important part used to change the default behaviour of keeping your computer secure and stablea command. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updatesArguments come in three major forms: # A command '''option'''.#* Example: <code>-l</code># A '''file pathname'''. Package managers not only perform installations, but they keep track #* Example: <code>/etc</code># A series of everything characters (i.e. '''text''') that is currently installed on the system for easy managementcommand can use. For CentOS#* Example: <code>"Hello, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command usedworld."</code>

:An '''Perform the following steps:argument'''<u>must be separated</u> from a command (and from other arguments) by whitespace (a '''SPACE''', '''MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB''').

# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size'''Perform the Following Steps:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)'''

# Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer Investigation 2 observations :''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (all parts data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and questions) permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <code>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your lab log bookhome directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Linux server as yourself.#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones on the same node as you.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:'''What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2)

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpaddingGetting Help with Linux Commands="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}

It The '''man''' utility is very common for System Administrators an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to keep records regarding their installed computer systemsuse a given command (i.e. For example'''command usage''', it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems'''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardware'''examples''').

Therefore# For an example, it makes sense issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span>#* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.#* '''Question:''' How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table># If you are connected to Matrix through a terminal application, you can also have use your mouse's scroll wheel.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.# Use the ''man'' utility to get help with the ''ls'' command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span># Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and write down the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:#*"'''use a record long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)#*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the installed computer software as wellman utility.# Issue the '''ls''' command using <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option.#* '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command. This # '''Pipeline commands''' can contain be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span>#* '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding the man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux operating systemsystems, installed softwareyou can by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <code>passwd</code> command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, and network connectivity informationyour Linux password is changed automatically when you change your ''myseneca'' password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.

==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''Perform the Following Stepsshortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as:'''Linux sysadmin''').

# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br># Login to your c7hostVM, open Let's learn a few common Bash Shell terminal, keyboard shortcut keys and login as root by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br># Make certain to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands find out where you can access online help for additional shortcuts (except for the '''ps -ef''' outputif required) in your lab1 logbook.

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" widthTutorial Submission="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"><caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign="top>

<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td>'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation''' <td styletable align="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;right">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color[[Image:#3366CC;fontscript-size:1.2em;">uname check-rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux serverpng|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, and all '''processes''' that are running on the system after installationthen user performed can proceed.]]</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color[[Image:#3366CC;fontscript-size:1check-2.2em;">rpm -q -a png|thumb| wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l right| wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit 450px| wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' If there is to "query" information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packageswarning, option '''then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the applicationrun checking script.]]</td> </trtable>

<tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nslookup</span> Professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for marks (at prompt, enter command: serverwithin a deadline) </code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS'''. In order to confirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, '''Netmask'''you will be required to run a program (or in later tutorials, '''routing''' (default gatewayseveral programs), to prove that you successfully completed tasks in a tutorial and the default '''Domain Name Server'''get marks.</td> </tr></table>

:You may If you have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive correctly completed the required tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time, the user can proceed. You If the checking shell script detects an '''error''', then it will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script provide feedback to allow the student to generate information reports for your newlyfix that problem so they can re-installed Linux host machinerun the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in # Make certain that your lab1 logbook.</li><li>Create a current directory called bin in is '''your root home directory to store your shell scripts ''' by issuing entering the following Linux command:<br><b><code>#* <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-weight:bold;font-sizefamily:1.2emcourier;">mkdir /root/bincd</span># Issue the following command to run a checking script:#* </codespan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><~uli101/b>week1-check</lispan><li>Change #* '''Note:''' The beginning character "'''~'''" is called '''tilde'''. You get this character by pressing '''SHIFT''' + '''`''' (which is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard). # Your screen should clear and indicate that newly-created you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''binconfirmation''' directory</li>in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.#* Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.</ol>!--

===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===

<ol><li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) In this investigation, you will learn to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li><li>Copy and paste the text below into * '''Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your vi editing session for your file reportonline assignment #1.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>

echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section.txt]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<br>echo <span style="Datecolor: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%Hblue;font-weight:%Mbold;font-family:%p)')courier" >> ~uli101/roota1</report.txt<br>echo >span> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called # Press '''report.txtENTER''' that was generated (I hope you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is used at the beginning of the report, and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "growNotes" the report with the other contentscreen.</libr><libr>The only remaining content of # A screen similar to the report would be one displayed on the system informationright will appear. We can use a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:</libr></ol><br><code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:boldred;">echo "Hostname'''WARNING''': $(hostname)" You need to select the <u>'''CORRECT'''</u> /root/reportsection for the course which you belong to.txt<br>echo If you do <u>NOT</u> select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</root/report.txtspan><br>echo "Kernel Version: $(uname -rv)" >> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report# Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view # Select the ''report.txt'3 letter code''' contents (are you using tip that was given corresponding to save time?).the </liu>correct<li/u>Edit the shell script and include output from the '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxENTER</span></codebr></bbr> and # After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<b><codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr> commands (with appropriate titles)[[Image:assn-section-completion. Remember png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to redirect that output View Which Sections Need to add to the bottom of the file!be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.'''NOTES:'''</liul><li>What would be Near the use bottom of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value=the window, you will see '''"14">Here You are some more currently registered to"complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform ''' followed by the same task'''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Although you are not require Double-check your course timetable to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended confirm that this the correct section letter. If you view have selected the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.WRONG section, type </li><lispan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">The <b><code>wgetC</codespan></b> command can be used to quickly download files from in the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code>menu selection area and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Verify Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that the file are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text-report.bashwith a blue background''' was downloaded . On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i.e not in reverse text).<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to your current directoryConfirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.]]</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for this file by issuing the commandtext '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment: "''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<bbr><codebr></li></ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to downloadcreate one for your personal use, studyand write down Linux commands, their arguments and run the following shell scripts on-line:options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr> '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]->

Shell scripting The purpose of this section is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download to obtain '''extra practice''' to help with '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and run in order to check their workyour '''final exam'''.

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get Here is a link to a series Word document of ALL of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</span></code></b> message will appear questions displayed below but with general suggestions that you will need extra room to fix answer on your c7hostVM in order the document to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.simulate a quiz:

:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontYour instructor may take-size:1up these questions during class.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change It is up to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download student to attend classes in order to obtain the checking script by issuing answers to the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1questions.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (for the file owner)eg.<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su e-'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warningsmail, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" messageetc).<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''

[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]][[Category:CentOS 7]][[Category:SSD2ULI101]]