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Tutorial 1: Using Your Matrix Server Account

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{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.
===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===
:* Understand the purpose of the '''Matrix server''' and the <u>'''advantages'''</u> of combining Linux servers to form a '''cluster'''.{|width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"
:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account in the <u>'''computer labs</u> at Seneca College'''.|- valign="top"
|colspan="2" style="font-size:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<u>'''outside</ubr> of Seneca College'''.
|colspan="2" style="font-size:* Working with the 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux '''Command Prompt''' (Linux '''shell''')/Shortcut Reference<br>
|colspan="1" style="font-size:* Changing your Matrix Account '''Password'''16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>
|- valign="top" style="padding-left:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account15px;"
|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO:* Performing Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Review QuestionsWindows SSH client Software:''' for Additional Practice<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>
| style===Purpose of Having a "padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix AccountAccess:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style==="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>
[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|450px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]
In order to save money and resources when learning to install, to manage, and to connect Linux machines to form networks, we will be using '''Virtual Machines''' for this course. In fact, we will be using two virtual machine programs: :*'''Lab |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|''' Create a '''CentOS 7 Host virtual machine''' (called '''c7host''') in the virtual program called '''VMware Workstation''' (this host will be stored on your Solid State External Drive (SSD). Brauer Instructional Videos:*'''Lab 2<ul><li>[https:''' Install a '''Virtual program package''' on your '''CentOS 7 Host virtual machine''' called '''KVM''' which will be used to create 3 remaining Virtual Machines (VMs) that will be used to learn about Linux system administration for the remainder of this course//www.  It is ESSENTIAL to have a '''Solid State Drive (SSD) with a minimum storage capacity of 240 GB''' to perform your lab sessions and provide a host for your other CentOS 7 host and other VMs that you will create in Lab 2youtube. '''Due com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to space requirementsMatrix Using SSH Client, you are and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><ubr>NOT</uli><li> permitted to share this SSD drive with any other course material than our OPS235 course'''. '''NOTE[https: It is feasible to use a notebook computer with sufficient hard disk capacity to perform these labs (as you would for an SSD drive)'''//www. It would require that your notebook computer can connect to the Internet (including in Seneca's computer labs)youtube. You would be required to follow the same instructions for this lab com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (SSDls, cd, pwd, tree) Note: It may take one or two weeks before students can obtain their free version of VMware Workstation 12 Pro; therefore, it may be more convenient to purchase an SSD to be able to start lab1 immediately. It is strongly recommended to NOT use VMware Player.Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>
|}
= KEY CONCEPTS=
===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix===
While attending Seneca College, you will be using many different computer systems.
Some of these servers include:
{|width="100%" cellspacing="0"
|- valign| style="toppadding-left:0px;width:10%"|'''learn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades'' / ''Online Quizzes'')
|colspan="2" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-bottomleft: thin solid black15px;border-spacingwidth:0px;65%"|Minimum Required Materials<br>''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''
|colspan="3" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border-bottom10%" |'''<span style="color: thin solid black;border-spacing:0pxblue;">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%"|Matrix is our Linux Command Reference<br>server environment used for "''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.
|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;"
 
| |[[Image:ssd.png|thumb|left|175px|<b>Solid State Drive</b><br>Minimum Size: 250GB]]
 
| [[Image:log-book.png|thumb|left|100px|<b>[[:Media:OPS235_logbook.pdf|Lab Logbook]]</b><br>(lab 1)]]
 
| style="padding-left:15px;" |Package Management
*[https://linux.die.net/man/8/rpm rpm]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8.html yum]<br>
System Information<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostname]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/uname.1.html uname]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>
Networking<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/route.8.html route]<br>
*[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookup]<br>
| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html ls]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/more.1.html more]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/file.1.html file]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wget.1.html wget]<br>
*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod]<br>
*[https://ss64.com/vi.html vi]
| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br><ul><li>Linux Basics:<br>'''/home/ops235/linux-basics'''</li><li>Using the vi Text Editor:<br>'''/home/ops235/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''/home/ops235/scripting-1'''</li></ul>
|}
=INVESTIGATION 1[[Image: Create And Install Your First Virtual Machine (c7host)= In this lab, you will learn how to install your cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|A '''CentOS Full Install DVDshell''' as is an interface / interpreter to allow a virtual machine using user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course (slides, etc.), you will also need to get '''VMware Workstationhands-on practice running Linux commands as well as performing and submitting online tutorials''' application.
===Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro This requires that you '''connect to Create a New Virtual Machine Linux server''' (VMMatrix) ===and become comfortable '''issuing Linux commands'''.
In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a '''shell script''') later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and system administrator.
===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===
[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux Cluster''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to larger servers. ]]
The '''Matrix server''' consists of '''several computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''.<br>A '''Linux cluster''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to buying larger servers.
'''All registered students in this course should have an account on the Matrix server.<ubr>c7host VM DetailsYou will be using this account for the following reasons:</u>'''
:*Issuing '''Name:Linux commands''' c7host:*Becoming productive using the Linux '''Boot media / Installation:command prompt''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file'''shell'''):::*Download at Seneca College: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.isoPerforming '''Linux Tutorials''' ('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''):::*Download outside Seneca College:<br>http://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*Performing '''Disk space:Linux Practice Questions''' 238GB :*Performing '''Review Tutorial''CPUs:' (''' 8 Sections x 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended% = 8% of your final grade''')
===Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:Format_ExFATgp1.png|thumb|right|250px130px|'''Format drive window''' in order to format your new SSD as '''exFAT''' ('''WindowsSeneca Student VPN''')]]
{{Admon/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT|All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''You Seneca Student VPN''must'in order to be able to connect to their ' format your external drive as exFAT.''Matrix'<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <u>''Linux account when outside of campus as a 'NTFS-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!''network security'</u> When you plug your drive in, open My Computer, right-click on the new drive, and select ''Formatmeasure.The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA) when logging in to verify you are who you say you are..''.}}
{{Admon''<b>Multi-factor authentication</important|Confirm External SSD Device b> is Recognized as an electronic authentication method in which a Drive in Windows Explorer|It computer user is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device with granted access to a drive letter on your Windows machine. You may experience problems if you are using website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the Kingston SSDuser knows). If so, then run '''diskmgmtReference: https://en.msc''' in order to create a volume and format your disk1wikipedia.}}org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication
{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization You should have received an e-mail message with instructions on how to set up your Home Computer|smartphone for multi-factor authentication. If you are going to try this lab on your home computerhaven't installed it yet, please do so by following the ITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn In the next investigation, there are a few things you need will learn how to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:connect''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have to and '''16GBlogin''' of RAM. Your home to your Matrix server account from a remote computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br></li><li>such as your '''Enable Virtualization in home desktop computer's BIOS:'', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}
===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===
[[Image:cls-shell.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via'''ssh''' command]]
There are two basic methods to connecting to your Matrix account.
Before you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your CentOS operating system.'''Method 1: Run ssh Command from command prompt:'''
:After connecting to the '''Perform the Following Steps:Seneca Student VPN'''[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|, you can open a '''Main WMware application windowcommand terminal''' in order to create a new '''Virtual MachineWindows 10 (or above)''', '''Mac''' (or '''VMLinux''')]]computer and issue the following command:: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>
# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[httpImage://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screenssh-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOSmain-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''window. Open ''My Computer'', png|thumb|right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example |100px|Connect to your right shows. Once selected, click 'Matrix via 'Start''.# Create a folder called: graphical'''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.SSH Program ]]# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware productsMethod 2: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder graphical ssh program via MyApps in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-colorcomputer lab:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.
===Part 2: Install CentOS on If you are in a Seneca computer lab, you can use MyApps to run a '''graphical SSH application''' for your Newly-Created VM ===Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the student VPN.
The next step is '''NOTE:''' You instructor may show you how to perform run a custom installation for graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your CentOS 7 virtual machine using the CentOS 7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machineMatrix account (if interested, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" refer to allow you to complete the installation process to create optional tutorial at the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machineend of this semester).
=INVESTIGATION 1:'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valignACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Typesimportant|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}:ATTENTION:This weekly tutorial must be completed by '''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.:Friday at 11:Remember that the sizes are recorded 59pm in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'Week 2''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with obtain a size grade of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the ''2%'Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' buttontowards this course.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type |It is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain essential that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' you complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwiseon time.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings These are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') major learning tool in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be createdcourse. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installationThere are no late marks.</li></ol>}}
=== Part 3In this section, you will learn how to access your Matrix Linux account by two different methods: Completing the Installation ===
{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10":* From your '''home computer''' <br>|- valign="top"|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. ]]|}* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps'''
===METHOD 1:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===
#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''[[Image:gp1. Click on png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Root PasswordSeneca Student VPN''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to service must be a strong password)connected.]]#You need to create will now learn a regular user account. This account will be used quick and simple method of connecting to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user Matrix account, then run by opening<br>a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click text-based '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''passwordterminal''' (in any OS) and confirm password). Click issuing the '''Donessh command''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"
|'''Perform the Following Steps:''' # If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it- services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top"style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Windows 10 (or above):'''</th> <th>'''macOS:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>
|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li><li>Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''==METHOD 2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===
'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your <span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab log bookon campus.<br>If you don'''t have access to a Seneca computer lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>
=INVESTIGATION 2: Common Post-Installation Tasks=You can also connect to your Matrix server account in the '''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a '''graphical program''' to allow you connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the previous section).<br>
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Image:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The '''VM Workstation taskbar''' is useful when in fullapps-anywhere-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]|main- valign="top"|[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px250px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTEMyApps'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to ('''window modeAppsAnywhere''' if you need to access your main computer. ) Main Window ]]|[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in This method would also be useful if you do '''full screen modenot'''have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <ubr>toggle</ubr> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|}===Managing your Virtual Machine===
In future labs, '''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you will have to run your VMware Workstation install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VM.Usuallyon the MyApps menu can be used on computers in classrooms, you are NOT required to use this menu (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machinelabs, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from and the OSComputing Commons.
On the other hand, there are useful short-cut key you should useReference:https://inside.senecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/
'''ALT-CTRL-ENTER'''
:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between '''full screen mode''' and '''window mode'''.
You will now use '''ALT-CTRLMyApps''':Return focus from on your Windows workstation in your c7host VM Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and login to your Matrix server account.[[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''host computer systemSSH Client'''for this practice tutorial. ]]
'''VMware Tools'Perform the Following Steps:'' is a collection of utilities to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating system. Some features include:
# Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word:* Faster Graphics<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:* Allow ''' All of these applications running allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a VM "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be accessed shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the host machine private key to decrypt (unity interfaceunscramble)those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password[[Image:* Sharing folders between host ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and VMclick '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:* Clock synchronization among host and VMsssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]
It is recommended You can '''configure''' the SSH application to install VMware Tools on your system. Click adjust elements such as the '''VMwindow size''' and '''text font type''' menu and select text '''Install VM Toolsfont size'''. The installation program We will run in be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but the background until the install is completeother applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br>
'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br>
# To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br>
# Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br>
# To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br>
# Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br>
# You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br>
# To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br>
# After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br>
# It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>
{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session and Safely Removing USB Device|It is '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL''' that In the next investigation, you do '''NOT''' remove your SSD drive during your CentOS 7 session. You are required will learn how to issue Linux commands from the command prompt (referred to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine as you would the "shell"), learn how to get help with any operating system. AlsoLinux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, and run a program to confirm that you are required connected to use the '''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media''' tool your Matrix account in the system tray on your Windows machine order to properly disconnect your SSD device. <br><br>'''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)'''get marks for this online tutorial.}}
=INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL ==Part 1In this investigation, you will learn how to use the Linux Shell. Topics in the section include: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver===
Your system automatically enables a :* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments''and 'screen-saver'options'' application which is a useful security tool ):* Learn how to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off get '''help''' for Linux commands via the locked screen-saver for this '''online manual''' (and otheri.e. '''man''' command) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for your instructor .:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program''' to come over confirm that you connected to "sign-off" your computer lab without having to re-issue user passwords.Matrix account
'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following steps:'''==Linux Command Structure==
#Click on the '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the window'''.#Click the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench icon.#Click the '''Power''' icon located in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in the '''Power Saving''' section The Bash shell allows you to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog boxinteract with Linux by typing commands.
'''The basic Linux command structure is as follows:'''
===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align<span style="right" cellpadding="10"|font- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration accountfamily:<ul><li>Logincourier;color: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login)blue;font-weight:<ulbold"><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s)command argument1 argument2 ..</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ulspan>}}|}
:Some Linux commands can be used as-is (e.g. '''Perform the following steps:pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''), but many Linux commands can also be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -l -a /bin''' ).
#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the '''root account'''. From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -largument?'''</span></code></b>
===Part 3An argument is used to change the default behaviour of a command. Arguments come in three major forms: Disable SELinux===# A command '''option'''.#* Example: <code>-l</code># A '''file pathname'''.#* Example: <code>/etc</code># A series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use.#* Example: <code>"Hello, world."</code>
{{AdmonAn '''argument''' <u>must be separated</important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It is highly discouraged u> from a command (and unsafe to disable SELinux on from other arguments) by whitespace (a '''SPACE''', '''MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a public-facing server. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue'''TAB''').}}
SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced Linux'''. It is a component that helps to better secure Perform the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you ''Following Steps:'disable SELinux by default''' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.
# Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <code>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:'''Perform What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following StepsLinux command:<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Linux server as yourself.#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2)
# Make sure you're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config''': <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUX''' to '''<u>disabled</u>''' (from ''enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span styleGetting Help with Linux Commands=="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>
=== Part 4: Perform Software Updates===With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it's important for Linux users and Linux system administrators (sysadmin) to learn how to use commands “on-the-fly”.
Running software updates regularly The '''man''' utility is an important part interactive collection of keeping your computer secure and stablemanual pages that provides information on how to use a given command (i. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updatese. Package managers not only perform installations'''command usage''', but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS'''acceptable command arguments''', this manager is called yum. Yum is also the '''command usedoptions''', '''examples''').
# For an example, issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span>#* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.#* '''Question:''' How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table># If you are connected to Matrix through a terminal application, you can also use your mouse's scroll wheel.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.# Use the ''man'' utility to get help with the ''ls'' command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span># Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and write down the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:#*"'''use a long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)#*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the man utility.# Issue the '''ls''' command using <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option.#* '''NOTE:'''Perform The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.# '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.# Issue the following stepsLinux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span>#* '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux systems, you can by issuing the command:<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <code>passwd</code> command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, your Linux password is changed automatically when you change your ''myseneca''password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.
# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing''' to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installationENTER key.)
==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.commonly referred to as: '''Linux sysadmin''').
= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'Let''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in s learn a specific few common Bash Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can access online help for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false additional shortcuts (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spacesrequired). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}  It is very common for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems. For example, it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardware.
Therefore'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', it makes sense select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to also have a record end of the installed computer software as wellcommand line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br># Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. This can contain information regarding What happens?<br><br># Press the Linux operating system<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, installed softwareand see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</span> and network connectivity information<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]
==Tutorial Submission==
:'''Perform the Following Steps:Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:script-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</td></table>
# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information Professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for your installed c7hostVMmarks (within a deadline). You should take time In order to issue each of these commands to view the outputconfirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br># Login you will be required to your c7hostVM, open run a Bash Shell terminalprogram (or in later tutorials, and login as root by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br># Make certain several programs) to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands (except for the '''ps -ef''' output) prove that you successfully completed tasks in your lab1 logbooka tutorial and get marks.
These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "hands-on" experience as well as "trouble-shooting experience.
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"><caption>If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''Linux/Unix System Information Utilitieserror'''</caption> <tr valign="top>, then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.
<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that are running on Perform the system after installation.</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottomFollowing Steps: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td> </tr>
<tr valign="top"># Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory''' by entering the following Linux command: <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code>#* <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCbold;font-sizefamily:1.2emcourier;">route -ncd</span></code></b><br><b><code># Issue the following command to run a checking script:#* <span style="pointerfont-eventsfamily: none;cursor: defaultcourier;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">nslookup~uli101/week1-check</span> (at prompt, enter command#* '''Note: server) </code></b></td> <td width=''' The beginning character "20%'''~'''" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: is called '''IP ADDRESStilde''', . You get this character by pressing '''NetmaskSHIFT''', + '''routing`''' (default gatewaywhich is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard), . # Your screen should clear and the default indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''Domain Name Serverconfirmation'''in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.</td> </tr>#* Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.</table>!--
NOTE: ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and REVIEW QUESTIONS
===Part 2:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.Performing Online Assignments ===
You are required to perform '''3 online assignments''' throughout this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce<br>Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1''' (midterm) and '''test 2''' (final).
<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with In this section. As you continueinvestigation, you are required will learn to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li>:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission<li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing * Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to * '''Verify''' that newly-created you successfully completed both sections* '''binExit''' directory</li></ol>your online assignment #1.
 
:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!
 
 
<ol>
<li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li>
<li>Copy and paste the text below into your vi editing session for your file report.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>
 
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;margin-left:20px;font-weight:bold;">
<br>
&#35;!/bin/bash<br>
<br>
&#35; Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>
&#35; Date: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>
&#35;<br>
&#35; Purpose: Creates system info report<br>
&#35;<br>&#35; USAGE: ./myreport.bash<br>
<br>
if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>
then<br>&nbsp;echo "You must be logged in as root." >&2<br>
&nbsp;exit 1<br>
fi<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="9">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bash''' file read and execute permissions (at least for the owner) and run by typing:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./myreport.bash</span></code></b></li><li> Did it work?</li><li>Reopen your text-editing session for '''/root/bin/myreport.bash''' and add the following lines of code to the bottom of the shell script file:</ol>
<br>
<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:bold;">
&#35; Create report title<br>
<br>
echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<br>
echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" >> /root/report.txt<br>
echo >> /root/report.txt<br>
</code>
<br>
<ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is used at the beginning of the report, and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "grow" the report with the other content.</li><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:</li></ol>
<br>
'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<br><code span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-familyweight:courierbold;font-sizefamily:.9em;font-weight:bold;courier">~uli101/a1</span><br><br>echo # Press '''ENTER''' at the "Hostname: $(hostname)Notes" screen.<br><br> /root/report# A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo <span style="Kernel Versioncolor: $(uname -rv)red;" >'''WARNING''': You need to select the <u> '''CORRECT'''</root/reportu> section for the course which you belong to.txt<br>echo If you do <u>NOT</u> select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</root/report.txtspan><br></codebr># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<br><olbr><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view # Select the ''report.txt'3 letter code''' contents (are you using tip that was given corresponding to save time?).the </liu>correct<li/u>Edit the shell script and include output from the '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxENTER</span></codebr></bbr> and # After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<b><codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr> commands (with appropriate titles)[[Image:assn-section-completion. Remember png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to redirect that output View Which Sections Need to add to the bottom of the file!be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.'''NOTES:'''</liul><li>What would be Near the use bottom of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value=the window, you will see '''"14">Here You are some more currently registered to"complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform ''' followed by the same task'''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Although you are not require Double-check your course timetable to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended confirm that this the correct section letter. If you view have selected the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.WRONG section, type </li><li>The <b><codespan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">wgetC</codespan></b> command can be used to quickly download files from in the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code>menu selection area and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Verify Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that the file are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text-report.bashwith a blue background''' was downloaded . On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i.e not in reverse text).<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to your current directoryConfirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.]]</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for this file by issuing the commandtext '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment: "''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<br><br><b/li><code/ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to downloadcreate one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, studymidterm exam, and run the following shell scripts on-line:final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''
= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]->
= LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS =
Shell scripting The purpose of this section is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download to obtain '''extra practice''' to help with '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and run in order to check their workyour '''final exam'''.
If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get Here is a link to a series Word document of ALL of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</span></code></b> message will appear questions displayed below but with general suggestions that you will need extra room to fix answer on your c7hostVM in order the document to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.simulate a quiz:
:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx
# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontYour instructor may take-size:1up these questions during class.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change It is up to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download student to attend classes in order to obtain the checking script by issuing answers to the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1questions.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (for the file owner)eg.<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su e-'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warningsmail, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" messageetc).<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''
= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''
# Define the term Virtual Machine.# List the major screens (steps) in the installation of Centos7 full install DVD.# What key-combination is used to toggle the view of your running VM from "window-mode" to "full-screen-mode"?# List the steps for disabling SELinux.# List 2 ways that you can access your root account# What is the difference between the commands '''su''' and '''su -''' ?# What is the home directory for the user "root"?# How do you determine the host name of your GNU/Linux workstation?# What command can display the NIC's MAC address?# What command is used to get a list of running processes on your newly-installed system?# Write the Linux command to download the on-line file: http://linux.server.org/package.tar.gz# Write a Bash Shell Script to prompt the user for a directory, and then display the file types for all files in that specified directory (hint: use the '''read''' command and then use the '''file''' command and '''command substitution''' with the '''ls''' command). Test the Bash Shell script by adding execute permissions and run the Bash Shell Script.# Modify the previously created shell script to perform error checking after prompting for a directory to test if the specified directory does not exist. If it does NOT exist (i.e. true), display an error message indicating that the directory does NOT exist, and issue the command exit 1 to terminate the Bash Shell Script. Test the Bash Shell script by adding execute permissions and run the Bash Shell Script._________________________________________________________________________________
Author: Murray Saul
License: LGPL version 3
Link: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html
_________________________________________________________________________________
[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]][[Category:CentOS 7]][[Category:SSD2ULI101]]

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