=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT=<br>

:* List the steps to connect Learn how to access your '''Matrix server account in the <u>'''computer labs<server account (from home and/u> at or from Seneca College'''computer lab).

:* List the steps Learn several ways to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>'''outside</u> of Seneca Collegeexit'''your Matrix Linux Account session.

:* Working with Understand the Linux '''Command PromptLinux command structure''' (Linux and how to get '''shellhelp''')with Linux command usage.

:* Changing your Matrix Account Become efficient with '''PasswordLinux command line editing'''by using '''short-cut keys'''.

:* Issue a '''Exitingchecking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix Linux Accountaccount.

:* Performing Perform '''Review QuestionsLINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for Additional Practiceadditional practice<br><br>

===Purpose of Having a Matrix AccountTutorial Reference Material===

[[Image:cli-prompt.png{|thumb|right|150px|A '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course, you will also need to learn to '''issue and memorize simple as well as more advanced Linux commands'''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working the Unix and '''Linux command-line environments'''.width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to '''open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasks'''. In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be user|-friendly.valign="top"

The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main |colspan="2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux serve'''r due to large number of users (students). Later in the course, your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing '''graphical versions of Linux''', and how to launch a shell terminal." style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

|colspan="2" style==Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:matrix0px;padding-layout.png|thumb|right|350pxleft:15px;"|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]Linux Command/Shortcut Reference<br>

All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;"

:* Issuing |colspan="2" |'''Linux commandsSlides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https:* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell''')//github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https:* Performing //github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Linux Practice Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li><li>[http:* Performing //czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (HTML)]</li></ul>''Linux Assignments''' (Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3''').2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https:* Practice Issuing '''Linux Command Review Questions''' //mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

In | style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix Account Access:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the next section, you will learn how to connect to -difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and login to your Matrix server account both at -Ctrl+D-in-the college and from a remote computer such as your home computer or your laptop computer-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

In this labWhile attending Seneca College, you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine be using the '''VMware Workstation''' applicationmany different computer systems.Some of these servers include:

{|width="100%" cellspacing==Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro to Create a New Virtual Machine (VM) ==="0"

|-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''<uspan style="color:blue;">c7host VM Details:matrix.senecacollege.ca</uspan>'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Linux Account for "''hands-on Practice''"

{{Admon/caution[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT120px|A '''You shell''must'is an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course (slides, etc.), you will also need to get ' format your external drive ''hands-on practice running Linux commands as exFAT.well as performing and submitting online tutorials'''.<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <u>This requires that you '''NTFS-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!connect to a Linux server'''</u> When you plug your drive in, open My Computer, right-click on the new drive, and select become comfortable with '''issuing Linux commands'Format...''.}}

{{AdmonIn Unix/important|Confirm External SSD Device Linux, a '''shell''' is Recognized as simply an '''interface''' to allow a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a drive letter on your Windows machineperiod of time. You may experience problems if you are will be using the Kingston SSD'''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. If soBy understanding how to issue Linux commands, then run you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a '''diskmgmt.mscshell script''' ) later in order this course to automate tasks to create make you a volume more '''productive''' Linux user and format your disk1system administrator.}}

{{Admon/important===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computerthumb|If you are going right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to try this lab on your home computer, there are form a few things you need to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:cluster''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have . A '''16GBLinux Cluster''' of RAM. Your home computer should have is a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computercost effective's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOSalternative to larger servers. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}]]

Before you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that All registered students in this course should have an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will provide a platform be using this account for you to install your CentOS operating system.the following reasons:

:* Issuing '''Perform Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Following StepsLinux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Tutorials''' ('''11''')[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|* Performing '''Main WMware application windowLinux Practice Questions''' in order to create a new :* Performing '''Virtual MachineReview Tutorial Questions''' ('''VM2''')]]

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer ===Connecting to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.Student VPN===# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer[[Image: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810gp1.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', png|thumb|right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create a folder called: |130px|'''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the Student VPN'''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.]]

===Part 2Seneca College is "rolling-out" additional measures to improve '''network security'''. One of these measures is to implement '''multi-factored authentication'''. As of '''September 2020''', all Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account.<br><br>''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: Install CentOS on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication<br><br>You should have received an email message (also available in course announcements) regarding how to setup your NewlySmart Phone to connect and valid via the Seneca Student VPN. '''NOTE:''' If you haven't done this yet, please perform the steps provided in the following link:<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-Created VM ===vpn<br><br> In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect''' to and '''login''' to your Matrix server account from a remote computer<br>such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.<br><br>

The next step is ===Connecting to perform a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using the CentOS 7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" Your Matrix Account===There are two basic methods to allow you connecting to complete the installation process to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine.your Matrix account:

:'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:installation_summarycls-shell.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note100px|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar Connect to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / Matrix via'''ntfsssh''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshotscommand] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-colorMethod 1:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type Run ssh Command from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Pointcommand prompt: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

:After connecting to the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can open a '''command terminal'''<br>in your '''Newer Windows 10''', '''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:<br><br><span style=== Part 3"color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via '''graphical''' SSH Program ]]:'''Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:''':If you are in a Seneca computer lab, you can use MyApps to run a '''graphical SSH application''' for your Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the student VPN.<br><br>'''NOTE: Completing ''' You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your Matrix account (if interested, refer to the Installation ===optional tutorial at the end of this semester).<br><br><br>

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valignINVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT="top"|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. ]]|}

<span style="color:red;">'''ATTENTION'''Perform the Following Steps:Effective '''May 9, 2022''' - this online tutorial will be required to be completed by<br>'''Friday in week 2 by midnight''' to obtain a grade of '''2%'''towards this course</span><br><br>

#During the installation processIn this section, you will required learn how to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password).#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Matrix Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"by two different methods:

'''Answer Investigation ===METHOD 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.''': CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===

=INVESTIGATION 2[[Image: Common Postgp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-Installation Tasks=based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''ssh command'''.<br><br>

{| width'''Perform the Following Steps:''' # If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="40%margin-left:50px;" align> <tr valign="righttop" cellpaddingstyle="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Newer Version of Windows 10":'''</th> <th>'''MacOSX:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program|- valign*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="topcolor:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''|colspan*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="2color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;"|>ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>[[Image </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The <br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''VM Workstation taskbarTerminal''' is useful when in full*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management taskssize:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege. ]]ca</span> </td> </tr></table>|- valign<ol><li value="top4"|[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in >When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''window modedialog box'''. This is NOT recommended will appear to work share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in this modeorder to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. You encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can press be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''ALT-CTRL-ENTEscramble'''R ) transmission to change the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to fullscreen modedecrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and then again your computer uses the private key to toggle back decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''window modedialog box''' if will appear prompting you need for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to access your main computerMatrix account. ]]|[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It <br>Your Matrix password is recommended <u>identical</u> to run VMware Workstation in your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''full screen modehidden'''. You can to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <ubr><br>toggle</uli> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that '''NOTE:''' If you stay in fullscreen mode encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the duration '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your lab workMatrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my. senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You can press have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase'''ALTonly).</li><li>You mis-CTRL-ENTERspelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to change back ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk''window mode'].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' if should appear where you need can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to access your '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main computerreason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''. ]]|}<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style==Managing "color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Virtual Machine===Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>

On the other hand<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don't have access to a Seneca computer lab this semester, there are useful short-cut key then you should use:can skip this section</span><br><br>

You can also connect to your Matrix server account in the '''ALT-CTRL-ENTERSeneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>:Toggles One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the VM Workstation application window between Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a '''full screen modegraphical program''' and to allow you connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''window modessh'''command (shown in the previous section).<br>

[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps'''(''ALT-CTRL'AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]:Return focus from your c7host VM to your This method would also be useful if you do '''host computer systemnot'''have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation. <br><br>

'''VMware Tools''' is a collection of utilities to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating systemReference: https://inside.senecacollege. Some features include:ca/its/software/myapps/

It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your system. Click the You will now use '''VMMyApps''' menu on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and select login to your Matrix server account.[[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''Install VM ToolsSSH Client'''for this practice tutorial. The installation program will run in the background until the install is complete.]]

{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session # Start your workstation in your lab and Safely Removing USB Device|It login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIALMyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you do to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTNOTE:''' remove Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your SSD drive during '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your CentOS 7 session'''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server. <br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are required to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine as located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would with any operating systemneed to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key. Alsopng|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', you are required a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to use make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''Safely Remove Hardware FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and Eject Mediaa ''' tool public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the system tray on '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Windows machine Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to properly disconnect obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your SSD devicepassword and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error. png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNEDsame password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).}}<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

Your system automatically enables a '''screen-saverPerform the Following Steps:''' application which is a useful security tool to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off the locked screen-saver for this (and other) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for your instructor to come over to "sign-off" your computer lab without having to re-issue user passwords.

# Click on the '''Edit'''menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To Disable change the Locked Screen-saversize of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, Perform type the following stepscommand and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:'''You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>

#Click on In the '''power button at next investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the top right-hand corner of command prompt (referred to as the window'''.#Click the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left"shell"), learn how to get help with Linux commands, use command-hand side of menu - looks like line editing short cut keys, and run a screw-driver and wrench icon.#Click the '''Power''' icon located program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in the '''Power Saving''' section order to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog boxget marks for this online tutorial.<br><br>

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|<br>{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access In this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directoryinvestigation, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes you will learn how to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s)use the Linux Shell.</li></ul></li></ul>}}|} :'''Perform Topics in the following stepssection include:'''

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from :* Learn the basic '''Linux command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the structure'''('root account'arguments''. From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.''options'')#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands * Learn how to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using get '''suhelp''' versus using for Linux commands via the '''su -online manual''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1(i.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaginge.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> '''man''' command). # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l* Issue a '''program'''to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account</span></codebr></bbr>

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It '''The General Linux Command Structure is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a publicas follows:'''<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-facing serverweight:bold">command argument1 argument2 . Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}</span>

SELinux stands for Some Linux commands can be issued by entering the Linux command line without arguments (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', ''Security-Enhanced Linux'cal'''. It is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion ),<br>but many Linux commands can be issued with arguments (hackers)e. SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOSg. SELinux can be a good thing'''cal 2002''', if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by defaultcd /bin''', ''' because we wonls -l -a /bin'''t have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary).<br><br>'''What Does an Argument Represent?'''

An '''argument''' can respresent::* a '''file pathname''':* a command '''option'Perform the following Steps'':* a series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use

# Make sure you're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file An '''/etc/selinux/configargument''': is <bu>separated<code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</spanu></code></b># In the editing session, set from a command (or from other arguments) by a '''SPACE''SELINUX', '' to 'MULTIPLE SPACES''<u>disabled</u>'or a '' (from 'TAB'enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</spanbr></code></bbr>

=== Part 4'''Perform the Following Steps: Perform Software Updates==='''

Running software updates regularly is # Make certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location''' in the Matrix server.<br>This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be displayed.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command using an important part '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The '''-l''' option with the '''ls''' command provides a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of keeping files providing more information on a separate line for each file.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your computer secure current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span><br><br> # Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>What makes this command with that argument useful if you are current located in your home directory?<br><br># Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to change to your '''home''' directory<br>and stableto '''confirm''' that you have returned to your home directory. On <br><br># Issue the following Linux, we use package managers command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span><br><br>What do you notice? How would this command be helpful?<br>'''FYI:''' The short-cut keys to install software and updatesclear the screen for the Bash shell is: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span><br><br>What information does this command show?<br><br>This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself. Package managers <br>'''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not only perform installations, but they keep track display<br>all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span><br><br>What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of everything that this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span><br><br>What is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS, purpose of this manager command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2021</span><br><br>What is called yum. Yum the purpose of this command using this argument?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2021</span><br><br>What is also the purpose of this command used.using those two '''numbers''' as arguments?<br><br>'''Getting Help with Linux Commands'''

With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or <br>Linux system administrator (sysadmin) to learn about how to use commands “on-the-fly”.<br><br>The '''man''' command can provide information on how to use a command<br>(i.e. '''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''').<br><br># Issue the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span><br><br>You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.<br><br># Type the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.<br><br>How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''',<br>'''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?<br><br>'''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to <br>help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):<br><br><table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to get help with the ls command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span><br><br># Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls''' Linux command and note the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:<br><ul><li>"'''use a long lising format''Perform '"</li><li>"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)</li><li>"'''sort by file size'''"</li><li>"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)</li></ul><br># Exit the man utility for the ''ls'' command.<br><br># Issue the '''ls''' command for <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how this command differs for each option.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern<br>that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.<br><br># '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing,<br>the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8"<br>(The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands).<br><br>We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.<br><br># Issue the following stepsLinux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span><br><br>How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?<br><br># If you wish to change your password, you can change it by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span><br>What option for the passwd command can be used to change user info (such as name)?<br>'''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Do '''NOT''' run the ''passwd'' command. Unique for this college, your Matrix password<br>is changed automatically when you change your '''myseneca''' password.<br><br><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br>You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing'''<br>to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.<br><br>

# Open Terminal.'''Command Line Editing'''# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color[[Image:#3366CC;fontcommand-size:1.3em;">su line-</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your systemediting. (There usually is on a first update after OS installationpng|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys.)]]

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>Learning '''<u>She-bang Line</u>shortcut keys'''<ul><li>Forces shell script in any OS terminal will allow you to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set &#124; moreproductive as a '''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by Linux user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVaror ''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'Linux System Administrator''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method commonly referred to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)'Linux sysadmin'<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''.<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>''Let'<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If s learn a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut access online help for test command additional shortcuts (args contained inside with spacesif required). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}

Therefore'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, it makes sense then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to also have a record end of the installed computer software as wellcommand line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br># Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. This can contain information regarding What happens?<br><br># Press the Linux operating system<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, installed softwareand see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</span> and network connectivity information<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]<br><br>'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''

<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that are running on Perform the system after installation.</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottomFollowing Steps: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td> </tr>

# Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory'''<tr valign="top"br> <td width="20%" style="border-bottomBy entering the following Linux command: thin solid black;"><b><codebr><span style="pointer-eventscolor: noneblue;cursorfont-weight: default;color:#3366CCbold;font-sizefamily:1.2emcourier;">ifconfigcd</span></code></bbr><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-sizeIssue the following command to run a checking script :1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointerfont-events: none;cursorfamily: defaultcourier;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">nslookup~uli101/week1-check</span> (at prompt, enter command: server) </codebr></b></tdbr> <td width=The beginning character "20%'''~'''" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: is called '''IP ADDRESStilde''', . You get this character by pressing '''NetmaskSHIFT''', + '''routing`''' <br>(default gatewaywhich is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard), . <br><br># Your screen should clear and the default indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in.<br><br># An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''Domain Name Serverconfirmation'''in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.</tdbr><br> Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.</trbr></tablebr>

NOTE:You may have learned about creating ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.REVIEW QUESTIONS

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you You are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbookperform '''3 online assignments''' throughout this course.</li><li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory This online assignment is used to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:teach and reinforce<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to that newly-created '''bin(midterm) and '''test 2''' directory</li></ol>(final).

<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view '''Perform the following steps:'''report[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to save time?)Select Correct Course Section.</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<b><codebr><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2embold;font-family:courier">ps aux~uli101/a1</span></codebr><br># Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen.<br></bbr> and # A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2emred;">ifconfig'''WARNING''': You need to select the </spanu>'''CORRECT'''</codeu>section for the course which you belong to.</bbr> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!If you do </liu>NOT<li/u>Saveselect your correct section, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></olbr># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<olbr><li value="14"br>Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform # Select the same task. Although you are not require '''3 letter code''' corresponding to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.</liu>correct<li/u>The '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>wget''' and '''professor''' and press </codespan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</bspan> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><bbr># After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr>[[Image:assn-section-completion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Verify that the file '''text-report.bashNOTES:''' was downloaded to your current directory.</liul><li>Assign read Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and execute permissions for '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this file by issuing the commandcorrect section letter. If you have selected the WRONG section, type <span style="color:blue;font-weight: <bbold">C<code/span>in the menu selection area and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the command: <b><code><span style="color:due date for assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i./e not in reverse text-report).bash</spanbr></code></bbr>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>Check If you want to see if verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it created a report in shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your current directorycorrect course section. What is the purpose of the report?<br><br></li><li/ul>Use # At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <bspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">vi1</bspan> text editor in the menu selection area to view begin the contents of the file first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.<br><bbr>text-report# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">2</lispan>in the menu selection area and perform the first 3 parts only<libr>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr><codebr>wget# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</codebr>View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.<br></bbr> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to downloaduse reference sheets for course evaluations, studyit is recommended to create one for your personal use, and run the following shell scripts on-line:write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr>

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]

Shell scripting Here is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that link to the MS Word Document of ALL of the questions displayed below but with extra room to answer on the document tosimulate a student must download and run in order to check their work.quiz:

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get a series of <b><code><span style="colorhttps:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1//github.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span><com/code><ULI101/b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;<labs/span><raw/code><main/b> message will appear with general suggestions that you will need to fix on your c7hostVM in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next labuli101_week1_practice.docx

:'''Perform Your instructor may take-up these questions during class. It is up to the Following Steps:'''student to attend classes in order to obtain the answers to the following questions. Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (eg. e-mail, etc).

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''