Changes

=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT=<br>

:* List the steps to connect Learn how to access your '''Matrix ''' server account in the <u>from a '''computer labs</u> at Seneca Collegeremote'''computer.

:* List the steps Learn several ways to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>'''outside</u> of Seneca Collegeexit'''your Matrix Linux Account session.

:* Working with Understand the Linux '''Command PromptLinux command structure''' (Linux and how to get '''shellhelp''')with Linux command usage.

:* Changing your Matrix Account Become efficient with '''PasswordLinux command line editing'''by using '''short-cut keys'''.

:* Issue a '''Exitingchecking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix Linux Accountaccount.

:* Performing Perform '''Review Questionsthe first section and half of the second section of online assignment #1''' for Additional Practice.

|colspan="2" style==Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:matrixthin solid black;border-layout.png|thumb|right|350pxspacing:0px;"|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]Course Notes / Software<br>

All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons|colspan="1" style="font-size: 16px;font-weight:* Issuing '''Linux commands'''bold;border-bottom:* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell''')thin solid black;border-spacing:* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials'''0px;padding-left:* Performing '''Linux Assignments''' ('''3'''):* Practice Issuing '''Linux Command Review Questions''' 15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>

|colspan=INVESTIGATION 1"2" |Slides:<ul><li>[https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/ULI101-Week1.pdf PDF] | [https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/ULI101-Week1.pptx PPTX]</li></ul>Tutorials:<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Create And Install Access Your First Virtual Machine Matrix Account]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (c7hostHTML)=]</li></ul>Windows SSH client Software:<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[http://the.earth.li/%7Esgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

{|width style="100%padding-left:15px;" cellspacing|Matrix Account Access*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>Command Line Editing*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="0padding-left:15px;"|General Linux Commands*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

| colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%" |Brauer Instructional Videos:<bul>Linux Command Usage:</bli>*[https://linuxwww.dieyoutube.netcom/man/8/rpm rpmwatch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, Starting the Assignments, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br>*<br></li><li>[httphttps://man7www.orgyoutube.com/linux/manwatch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-pages2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</man8li></yum.8.html yum]<brul>

In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVD''' as ===Purpose of Having a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.Matrix Linux Server Account===

===Part 1While attending Seneca College, you will be using many different computer systems.Some of these servers include: Using VMware Workstation Pro to Create a New Virtual Machine (VM) ===

|-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca''<u>c7host VM Details'| style="padding-left:<15px;width:65%" |''Student Notes'' /u>''Tutorials'' / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Resources''

*'''Name|-| style="padding-left:''' c7host*'''Boot media / Installation0px;width:10%" |''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file)<span style="color:::*Download at Seneca College: <brblue;">https://mirrormatrix.senecacollege.ca</centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso:::*Download outside Seneca College:<brspan>http://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*'''Disk space| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Linux Account for "''' 238GB *'''CPUs:'hands-on Practice'' 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended)" and Assignment submission

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|250px|'''Format drive window''' in order to format your new SSD as '''exFAT''' ('''Windows''')]]}

{{Admon/important[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|Confirm External SSD Device A '''shell''' is Recognized as an interface / interpreter to allow a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device user to communicate with a drive letter on your Windows machinethe Linux computer system. You may experience problems if ]]Although you are using the Kingston SSD. If soneed to study concepts (slides) throughout this course, then run you will also need to get '''hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as performing online tutorials and performing and submitting online course assignments'''diskmgmt.msc<br>This requires that you ''' in order connect to create a volume Linux server''' and format your disk1become comfortable with '''issuing Linux commands'''.}}

{{AdmonIn Unix/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computerLinux, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:shell''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have is simply an '''16GBinterface''' of RAMto allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Your home computer should Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a <u>sufficient amount period of RAM</u> in order to function efficientlytime.<br></li><li>You will be using the '''Bash Shell''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:which is considered to be ''user-friendly' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-XBy understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (requiredcalled a '''shell script''') later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}system administrator.

Before you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create The '''Matrix server''' consists of '''several computers connected together''' to form a storage container which '''cluster'''.<br>A '''Linux cluster''' is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you '''cost effective''' alternative to install your CentOS operating systembuying larger servers.

:'''Perform All registered students in this course should have an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will be using this account for the Following Stepsfollowing reasons:'''[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order to create a new '''Virtual Machine''' ('''VM''')]]

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in * Issuing '''WindowsLinux commands'''.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run * Becoming productive using the Linux '''VMware Workstation Procommand prompt''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>shell''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the * Performing '''EditLinux Practice Tutorials''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:* Performing ''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click Practice Questions'''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select :* Performing '''Online LinuxAssignments''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.

===Part 2: Install CentOS on your Newly-Created VM Connecting to the Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN''' ]]

The next step Seneca College is "rolling-out" additional measures to improve '''network security'''. One of these measures is to implement '''multi-factored authentication'''. As of '''September 2020''', all Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account.<br><br>''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to perform a custom installation for website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication<br><br>You should have received an email message (also available in course announcements) regarding how to setup your CentOS 7 virtual machine using Smart Phone to connect and valid via the Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN. '''NOTE:''' If you haven't done this yet, please perform the steps provided in the CentOS 7 Full DVDfollowing link:<br>https://employees. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machinesenecacollege.ca/spaces/77/it-services/wiki/view/3722/student-vpn<br><br> In the next investigation, The VMware Workstation application you will automatically simulate a "boot" learn how to allow you '''connect''' to complete the installation process and '''login''' to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machineyour Matrix server account from a remote computer<br>such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.<br><br>

:'''Perform the following steps:'''===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:installation_summarycli-prompt.png|thumb|right|400px80px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from After connecting to the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# NextSeneca GlobalProtect Student VPN, you will be prompted for can open a language. In the first screen, select language '''Englishcommand terminal''' with subselection <br>in your '''English-CanadaNewer Windows 10''' and then click the , '''ContinueMac''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The or '''Install SummaryLinux''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure computer and issue the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen''command:<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIMEspan style="color:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the topblue;font-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>weight::<bbold;">SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screenssh senecauserid@matrix.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>senecacollege.ca</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ulspan><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verificationssh-application-icon.png|thumb|right|450px80px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, You can also click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 following link to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) signdownload'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the install'''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in graphical SSH application for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.your Windows machine:<br><span style="background-colorhttp:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>www.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type)sfsu.<edu/li><li>Add a mount point '''ftp/varwin/libssh/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (fileSSHSecureShellClient-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''')3.</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise2.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''9.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceedexe<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3INVESTIGATION 1: Completing the Installation ==ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=

{|width<span style="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="topcolor:red;"|[[Image>'''ATTENTION''':completedDepending on your ULI101 instructor, you may be required to complete this tutorial for '''marks''' in this course.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation <br>Please refer to your instructor's course notes and lecture notes regarding evaluation for this course.<br><br>The due date for successfully completing this tutorial (i.e. '''tutorial 1''') is completeby '''Friday by midnight''' next week (i.e. '''Week 2''').<br>If your instructor has NOT assigned marks for completing this tutorial, you can perform it for '''practice'''. ]]|}</span><br><br>

:'''Perform the Following Steps:''In this investigation, you will learn how to connect and login to your Matrix account by issuing a command from your computer's text-based terminal<br>and/or by downloading, installing a running a graphical Windows SSH graphical application.<!--

[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|{{Admon/importantthumb|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMsright|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>250px|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!MyApps'''</li><li>Click the ('''RebootAppsAnywhere''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li>) Main Window ]]<li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user If you were able to accept the License Information (this is only a access one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreementof Seneca computer labs, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you have could access an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (application to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time connect to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user Matrix account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of via the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''NextMyApps'''application.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>

Since many students are '''Answer Investigation 1 observations not''' permitted to access Seneca's computer labs at this time due to '''COVID19''', you can install and run the '''AppsAnywhere''' application (all parts and questionswhich works in an identical way to MyApps) on a remote Windows computer. This application is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the AppsAnywhere menu can be used on computers in your lab log bookclassrooms, labs, and the Computing Commons.'''

=INVESTIGATION 2Reference: Common Post-Installation Tasks=https://inside.senecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/

{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Image:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The '''VM Workstation taskbar''' is useful when in full-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]|- valign="top"|[[ImageNOTE:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You Although you can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R to change to fullscreen modeinstall and run the AppsAnywhere application on an Apple Mac computer, and then again you will NOT have access to toggle back many of the Windows applications (including applications to '''window mode''' if you need connect to access your main computerMatrix account). ]]|[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in '''full screen mode'''. You In this case, you can press open a '''ALT-CTRL-ENTERterminal''' to <u>toggle</u> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for issue the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTERssh''' command to change back connect to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computerMatrix account. ]]|}===Managing your Virtual Machine===

In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VM.Usually, you are NOT required to use this menu (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS.>

[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''ALT-CTRL-ENTERGlobalProtect Student VPN'''service must be connected.]]:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''full screen modeterminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''window modessh command'''.<br><br>

'''ALTPerform the Following Steps:'''# Before proceeding, make certain that your '''Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77/it-services/wiki/view/3722/student-vpn<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You only have to connect to your Seneca GlobalProtect student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Newer Version of Windows 10:'''</th> <th>'''MacOSX:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-CTRLsize:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:Return focus .75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your c7host VM computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''host computer systemunscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be '''blocked-out''' or '''hidden'''<br>to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method'''to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application. </li></ol><br>

You can also install and run a free '''VMware ToolsMS Windows graphical SSH application''' is in order to connect to your Matrix account.<br>You may find it useful when running a collection of utilities graphical SSH application to help improve the performance '''copy and paste text'''. There are several applications<br>that you can download and efficiency of install, but we will be using the VM's operating systemSSH Secure Shell Client application for this tutorial. Some features include:<br><br>

:* Faster Graphics:* Allow applications running in a VM to be accessed in '''Perform the host machine (unity interface)Following Steps:* Sharing folders between host and VM''':* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs:* Clock synchronization among host and VMs<!--

{{Admon# '''Click''' the following '''link''' to download and install the free SSH Secure Shell application on your Windows computer:<br>http://www.sfsu.edu/cautionftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you can't download or run this link, check to see if you computer allows downloads from this site.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-application-icon.png|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session thumb|right|75px|Double-click SSH icon on desktop to launch application]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]</td></table># After the application has been installed, an application icon should appear on your desktop.<br>'''Double click''' the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to run this application.<br><br>The main SSH Client window will appear. Let's learn how to connect to and Safely Removing USB Devicelogin to our Matrix account using this graphical SSH application.<br><br># Click the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The ''Connect dialog box'' allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name''' to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|It is thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''Hostname''' and type the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' if you are at Seneca college.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter<br>the <u>full</u> domain name: '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIALmatrix.senecacollege.ca''' that <br><br>You will be using the latter hostname since you do will be connecting to your Matrix account remotely<br>and not within the college.<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''NOTUser Name''' remove and type your SSD drive during Seneca username (i.e. same as your CentOS 7 sessionSeneca userid). You are required <br><br> # Click the '''Connect''' button.<br><br># When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users).<br><br># Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' In subsequent logins to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine as Matrix account, you would with any operating systemmay experience a ''welcome dialog box'' - simply click '''OK''' to proceed. Also<br><br># Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you are required for your '''Matrix account password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to use prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]</td></table># '''Enter your password'''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Mediaclick '''OK''' tool in .<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' at the ''Authentication Response dialog box''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the system tray server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your Windows machine username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to properly disconnect your SSD deviceexperience the same problems,<br>click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: [https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window. png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you followed the login steps correctly, the '''SSH Linux shell should appear''' where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to 'FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server'''due to large number of users (students).}}<br><br>

Your system automatically enables a You can '''screen-saverconfigure''' your Windows graphical SSH application which is a useful security tool to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivityadjust elements such as<br>'''text font type''' and '''text font size'''. Turning[[Image:ssh-off the locked screensettings-saver for this window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]<br><br>We will now show you how to configure just your '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application,<br>(and FYI: otherSSH applications available in the '''Week 1 reference section''' also have the ability to configure settings) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for your instructor to come over to "sign-off" your computer lab without having to re-issue user passwords.<br><br>

'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following stepsFollowing Steps:'''

#Click on the '''power button at Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen<br>to also change your background and text '''colours''' if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># Try moving your mouse pointer to the top bottom right-hand corner of the SSH application window,<br>then '''click and drag''' outwards to make the application window larger.<br><br>#Click To exit your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''SettingsENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' icon (bottom left-hand side You should notice that the colour of menu - looks like a screw-driver the text changes slightly when disconnected<br>and wrench iconyou are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br>#Click After you have disconnected from your account, '''close''' the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br>'''NOTE:''Power'You are '' icon located in the 'STRONGLY ADVISED'Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in to use the '''Power Savingexit''' section command to properly terminate your Matrix session<br>'''Never<u>PRIOR</u>''' to closing the SSH or terminal application window!<br><br>In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''issue Linux commands''', issue a '''longer period of timechecking program'''#Close to confirm that you logged into your Matrix account, and how to <u>setup</u> and <u>perform</u> the ''Settings'first two sections of the online ULI101 assignment #1''' Dialog box.<br><br>

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><libr>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ul>}}|} :'''Perform the following steps:''' #Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the '''root account'''. From thereIn this investigation, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created will learn how to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with use the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> commandLinux Shell. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" Topics in the installation log file::section include: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>

===Part :* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands via the '''online manual''' (i.e. '''man''' command).:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program''' to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account:* Learn how to setup '''online assignment 1'''.:* Perform the '''first section''' and 3: Disable SELinux===parts of the '''second section''' of '''online assignment 1'''.<br><br>

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in ===Part 1: Using the real world| It is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing server. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}Linux Shell ===

SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced Linux'''. It is a component that helps The Bash shell in Matrix allows you to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux interact with your Matrix account by default''' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessaryissuing commands.

:'''Perform the following StepsThe General Linux Command Structure is as follows:'''<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

# Make sure you're logged in as rootSome Linux commands can be issued by entering the Linux command line without arguments (e. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1g.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/configpwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal''': ),<bbr><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1but many Linux commands can be issued with arguments (e.g.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUXcal 2002''' to , '''<u>disabled<cd /u>bin''', '' (from 'ls -l -a /bin'enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <bbr><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></bbr>'''What Does an Argument Represent?'''

=== Part 4An '''argument''' can respresent: Perform Software Updates===:* a '''file pathname''':* a command '''option''':* a series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use

Running software updates regularly An '''argument''' is an important part of keeping your computer secure and stable. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updates. Package managers not only perform installations<u>separated</u> from a command (or from other arguments) by a '''SPACE''', but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used'''MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB'''.<br><br>

:'''Perform the following stepsFollowing Steps:'''

# Open TerminalMake certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.<br><br># Login as rootIssue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight: bold">pwd</span><br><br>The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location''' in the Matrix server.<bbr>This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.<codebr><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be displayed.3em<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">su cd /bin</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</codespan><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</bspan><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The '''-l''' option with the '''ls''' command provides a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of files providing more information on a separate line for each file.<br><br># TypeIssue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color: blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span><bbr><codebr># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>#3366CCIssue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:1bold">ls /bin</span><br><br> # Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>What makes this command with that argument useful if you are current located in your home directory?<br><br># Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to change to your '''home''' directory<br>and to '''confirm''' that you have returned to your home directory.3em<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">yum updateclear</span><br><br>What do you notice? How would this command be helpful?<br>'''FYI:''' The short-cut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell is: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</codespan><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</bspan><br><br>What information does this command show?<br><br>This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself.<br>'''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not display<br>all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!<br><br># Follow Issue the prompts.following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span><br><br>What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command?<br><br># If there Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2021</span><br><br>What is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually the purpose of this command using this argument?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2021</span><br><br>What is on a first update after OS installation.)the purpose of this command using those two '''numbers''' as arguments?<br><br>'''Getting Help with Linux Commands'''

With the Linux OS containing over '''Answer Investigation 2 observations 2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or <br>Linux system administrator (sysadmin) to learn about how to use commands “on-the-fly”.<br><br>The '''man''' command can provide information on how to use a command<br>(i.e. '''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''').<br><br># Issue the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span><br><br>You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.<br><br># Type the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.<br><br>How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (all parts like '''executable commands''',<br>'''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?<br><br>'''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to <br>help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):<br><br><table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to get help with the ls command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span><br><br># Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls''' Linux command and questionsnote the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:<br><ul><li>"'''use a long lising format'''"</li><li>"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)</li><li>"'''sort by file size'''"</li><li>"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file) </li></ul><br># Exit the man utility for the ''ls'' command.<br><br># Issue the '''ls''' command for <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 4''' to see how this command differs for each option.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern<br>that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.<br><br># '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing,<br>the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8"<br>(The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands).<br><br>We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span><br><br>How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?<br><br># If you wish to change your lab log bookpassword, you can change it by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span><br>What option for the passwd command can be used to change user info (such as name)?<br>'''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.<br><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Do '''NOT''' run the ''passwd'' command. Unique for this college, your Matrix password<br>is changed automatically when you change your '''myseneca''' password.<br><br>You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing'''<br>to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.<br><br>

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Command Line</u>Editing'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with [[Image:command: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (egediting. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>png|thumb|right|520px|Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false valueLine Editing Shortcut Keys.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}

It is very common for Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrators Administrator'' (commonly referred to keep records regarding their installed computer systemsas: '''Linux sysadmin'''). For example, it is necessary to have <br><br><br>Let's learn a record of all the hardware information few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can access online help for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardwareshortcuts (if required).

:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br># Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, and see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</span> and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]<br><br>'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''

# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information Some professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record this chart in your lab1 logbookmarks (within a deadline).<br><br># Login In order to your c7hostVMconfirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, open you will be required to run a Bash Shell terminal, and login as root by issuing the command:program<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br># Make certain to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands (except for the '''ps -ef''' outputor in later tutorials, several programs) to prove that you successfully completed tasks in your lab1 logbooka tutorial.

<table cellspacing=Students whose professors do NOT assign marks for these online tutorials are encouraged to perform them for "0" cellpadding="5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;marginhands-left:60px;"><caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign=on"top>practice. The checking program for this tutorial is just showing proof that you were able to connect to your Matrix account from your home computer.

<tr valigntable align="topright"> <td widthtr valign="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;top"><btd><code><span style="pointer[[Image:script-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcheck-size:1.2em;">ifconfigpng|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</spantd></codetd></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer[[Image:script-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcheck-size:12.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointerpng|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1run checking script.2em;">nslookup]]</spantd> (at prompt, enter command: server) </code></b></tdtable> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS'''If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''Netmaskerror''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the default '''Domain Name Server'''checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.</td> </tr></table>

'''Perform the Following Steps:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.'''

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li><li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing the command==Part 2:<br><b><code><span stylePerforming Online Assignments ==="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to that newly-created '''bin''' directory</li></ol>

In this investigation, you will learn to:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the '''NOTE:first section''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter '''3 parts of the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: second section''' of assignment #1* '''Verify''' that you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your final exam, so you need the practice!online assignment #1.

&#35;!/bin/bash<br>'''Perform the following steps:'''<br>&#35; Author[[Image: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]&#35; DateIn your Matrix account, issue the following command: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>&#35;<br>&#35span style="color:blue; Purposefont-weight: Creates system info report<br>&#35bold;<brfont-family:courier">&#35; USAGE: .~uli101/myreport.bashassign1<br/span><br>if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>then<br>&nbsp;echo # Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes"You must be logged in as rootscreen." >&2<br>&nbsp;exit 1<br>fi# A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<br></code><br><ol><li valuespan style="9color:red;">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bashWARNING''' file read and execute permissions (at least for : You need to select the owner) and run by typing:<bru>'''CORRECT'''<b/u><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1section for the course which you belong to.2em;">./myreport.bash</spanbr>If you do </codeu>NOT</bu>select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr> Did it work?</libr><li>Reopen # Determine your text'''ULI101 three-editing session for letter course section code'''/root/bin/myreportfrom your timetable.bash<br><br># Select the ''' and add the following lines of 3 letter code ''' corresponding to the bottom of the shell script file:<u>correct</olu>'''ULI101 <u>section<br/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9emblue;font-weight:bold;">&#35; Create report titleENTER<br><br>echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<brspan>echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" >> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope # After you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is used at the beginning of the reporthave selected your course section, and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "grow" the report with the other contentThere will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.</libr><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use Please take a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command few moments to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script read those notes and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:press </li></ol><br><code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9emblue;font-weight:bold;">echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" ENTER</span>> /root/reportto proceed.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo "Kernel Version[[Image: $(uname assn-section-rv)" >> /root/reportcompletion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed.txt<br>]]echo >> /root/report# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.txt<br></code><br>'''NOTES:'''<olul><li value=>Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"10You are currently registered to">Save, run ''' followed by the script, '''section letter''' and view the ''report.txt'instructor name''' contents (are you using tip . Double-check your course timetable to confirm that was given to save time?)this the correct section letter.</li><li>Edit If you have selected the shell script and include output from the <b><code>WRONG section, type <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxC</span></code></b> in the menu selection area and <b><code>press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span></code></b> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember You will return back to redirect that output the original window to add to the bottom of the file!select your correct course section.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be Near the use top of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value="14">Here the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform NOT required to complete all sections at the same tasktime. Although you You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that are not require to understand some of these NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other trickshand, it is recommended that when you view compete a section, then the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examplessection will appear as regular text (i.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internete not in reverse text). Issue the following command:<br><bbr><code><span style="pointer[[Image:assn-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcompleted-size:1window.2em;">wget https://ictpng|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bash</span></code></b>]]</li><li>Verify If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the file assignment, look for the text '''text-report.bash"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' was downloaded to and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your current directorycorrect course section.</libr><libr>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b/li><code/ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to downloadcreate one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, studymidterm exam, and run the following shell scripts on-line:final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bash<br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bashq</span></code></b><br><br></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow # Re-run the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol> '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) command that you did in your lab log book.''' = LAB step #1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with and go to the '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoffmain menu'''.]]  Shell scripting is <ubr>What do you notice?<br>so essential</ubr> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download and run If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in order to check their workreverse video. If <br>This indicates that you have performed completed the lab correctly, then first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you will get a series of do NOT have to save your work!).<bbr><codebr><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</spanbr></codebr></b> messages and you can proceed with # Proceed to the SIGN-OFF for lab1next section to perform additional practice. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style=Linux is about "color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;doing">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;! The more practice questions you perform,</spanbr></code></b> message will appear with general suggestions that the better mark you will need achieve for this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to fix on your c7hostVM be more productive in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next labfuture courses. :'''Perform the Following Steps:'''<br><br>

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download the checking script by issuing the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span styleLINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS ="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions (for the file owner).<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su -'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front The purpose of your instructor (must have all <span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM this section is set for to obtain '''virtualizationextra practice''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> ''help with 'Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP addressquizzes''', your '''MAC addressmidterm''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>your '''DNS name server IP Addressfinal exam'''.

# Define the term Virtual Machine.# List the major screens (steps) in the installation of Centos7 full install DVD.# What key-combination is used to toggle the view of your running VM from "window-mode" to "full-screen-mode"?# List the steps for disabling SELinux.# List 2 ways that you can access your root account# What is the difference between the commands '''su''' and '''su -''' ?# What is the home directory for the user "root"?# How do you determine the host name of your GNU/Linux workstation?# What command can display the NIC's MAC address?# What command is used to get a list of running processes on your newly-installed system?# Write the Linux command to download the on-line file: httphttps://linuxict.serversenecacollege.orgca/package~murray.tar.gz# Write a Bash Shell Script to prompt the user for a directory, and then display the file types for all files in that specified directory (hint: use the '''read''' command and then use the '''file''' command and '''command substitution''' with the '''ls''' command). Test the Bash Shell script by adding execute permissions and run the Bash Shell Script.# Modify the previously created shell script to perform error checking after prompting for a directory to test if the specified directory does not exist. If it does NOT exist (i.e. true), display an error message indicating that the directory does NOT exist, and issue the command exit 1 to terminate the Bash Shell Script. Test the Bash Shell script by adding execute permissions and run the Bash Shell Scriptsaul/uli101/uli101_week1_practice.docx

[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]][[Category:CentOS 7]][[Category:SSD2ULI101]]