Changes

=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT=<br>

:* List the steps to connect Learn how to access your '''Matrix ''' server account in the <u>from a '''computer labs</u> at Seneca Collegeremote'''computer.

:* List the steps Learn several ways to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>'''outside</u> of Seneca Collegeexit'''your Matrix Linux Account session.

:* Working with Understand the Linux '''Command PromptLinux command structure''' (Linux and how to get '''shellhelp''')with Linux command usage.

:* Changing your Matrix Account Become efficient with '''PasswordLinux command line editing'''by using '''short-cut keys'''.

:* Issue a '''Exitingchecking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix Linux Accountaccount.

:* Performing Perform '''Review Questionsthe first section and half of the second section of online assignment #1''' for Additional Practice.

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS administration tasks. In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be user|-friendly.valign="top"

The Matrix server has been configured to only allow users to interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands. There are various reasons for this, but the main |colspan="2 reasons are to force students to learn how to issue Linux commands as well as limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server due to large number of users (students). Later in the course, your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing graphical versions of Linux, and how to launch a shell terminal." style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

[[Image|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:matrix0px;padding-layout.png|thumb|right|450pxleft:15px;"|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]Linux Command/Shortcut Reference<br>

The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers running CentOS all connected together to form a cluster. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons: :* Issuing '''Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials''':* Performing '''Linux Assignments''' ('''3'''):* Practice Issuing '''Linux Command Review Questions'''      {|width="100%" cellspacing="0" |- valign="top" |colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Minimum Required Materials<br> |colspan="31" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command ReferenceYouTube Videos<br>

| colspan="2" |Slides:<ul><li>[https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/ULI101-Week1.pdf PDF] | [Imagehttps:ssd//ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/ULI101-Week1.png|thumb|left|175px|pptx PPTX]<b/li>Solid State Drive</bul>Tutorials:<ul><brli>Minimum Size[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1: 250GB_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (HTML)] | </li></ul>Windows SSH client Software:<ul><li>[[Imagehttp:log//www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-book3.png|thumb|left|100px|2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><bli>[http://the.earth.li/%7Esgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe Putty]</li><li>[https:Media//www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https:OPS235_logbook//mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.pdf|Lab Logbook]html MovaXterm]</bli><br/ul>(lab 1)]]

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Package ManagementMatrix Account Access*[https://linux.die.net/man/8/rpm rpm]<br>*[http://man7ss64.orgcom/linuxbash/man-pages/man8/yum.8logout.html yumlogout , exit]<br>System Information<br>*[httphttps://man7www.quora.orgcom/linux/manWhat-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostnameterminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/unamepasswd.1.html unamepasswd]<br>Command Line Editing*[httphttps://man7www.ostechnix.org/linuxcom/manlist-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/manuseful-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>Networking<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/manbash-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/mankeyboard-pages/man8shortcuts/route.8.html route]<br>*[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookupBash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="padding-left:15px;"|Miscellaneous*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>General Linux Commands

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/lscd.11p.html lscd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/morels.11p.html morels]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/filecal.1.html filecal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wgetdate.1.html wgetdate]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmodwho.1.html chmodwho]<br>*, [httpshttp://ss64man7.comorg/linux/man-pages/man1/viw.1.html viw]| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br><ul><li>Linux Basics*[http:<br>'''/home/ops235man7.org/linux/man-basics'''<pages/man1/li>whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<libr>Using the vi Text Editor*[http:<br>'''/home/ops235man7.org/vi-tutorial'''<linux/li><li>Shell Scripting man- Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''pages/homeman1/ops235/scripting-clear.1'''.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]</libr></ul>|}

In this lab|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|Brauer Instructional Videos:<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine using Starting the '''VMware Workstation''' applicationAssignments, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

*'''Name|-| style="padding-left:''' c7host*'''Boot media / Installation0px;width:10%" |''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file):::*Download at Seneca College: <br>https://mirrormy.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD'''| style="padding-1908.isoleft:15px;width::*Download outside Seneca College:<br>http://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'Disk space:'/ '' 238GB *Student Grades''/ 'CPUs:'Online Quizzes'' 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended)

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb-|right|250pxstyle="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''Format drive windowict.senecacollege.ca''' in order to format your new SSD | style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Course website for same material as '''exFAT''' ULI101 WIKI ('''Windows'''see below)]]

{{Admon/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''You wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca''must'| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |'' format your external drive as exFAT.Student Notes''/ ''<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <u>Tutorials''/ 'NTFS-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!'Practice Questions''</u> When you plug your drive in, open My Computer, right-click on the new drive, and select ''Format...Resources''.}}

{{Admon/important|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorer-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device with a drive letter on your Windows machine'''<span style="color:blue;">matrix. You may experience problems if you are using the Kingston SSDsenecacollege. If so, then run ca</span>'''diskmgmt.msc| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Linux Account for "''hands-on Practice'' in order to create a volume " and format your disk1.}}Assignment submission

{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}

Before [[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|A '''shell''' is an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machineneed to study concepts (slides) throughout this course, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine will also need to get '''hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as performing online tutorials and performing and submitting online course assignments'''.<br>This requires that will provide a platform for you '''connect to install your CentOS operating systema Linux server''' and become comfortable with '''issuing Linux commands'''.

:In Unix/Linux, a '''shell'''is simply an ''Perform 'interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the Following Steps:'''[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|Bash Shell'''which is considered to be 'Main WMware application window'user-friendly'' in order . By understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a new file that contains Linux commands (called a '''Virtual Machineshell script''' () later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''VMproductive''')]]Linux user and system administrator.

# Although ===Layout of the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>Matrix Linux Server===[[httpImage://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''layout.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', png|thumb|right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. |250px|The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create form a folder called: '''Virtual Machinescluster''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the 'A ''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the 'Cluster''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processorscost effective''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on alternative to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2larger servers.]]

The next step is to perform a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using All registered students in this course should have an account on the CentOS 7 Full DVDMatrix server. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application <br>You will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow you to complete the installation process to create be using this account for the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine.following reasons:

:* Issuing '''Perform the following steps:Linux commands'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from * Becoming productive using the installation menu: Linux '''Install CentOS 7command prompt'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary'('' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the 'shell'Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs* Performing ''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:Practice Tutorials'''::*From the installation summary screen, click Performing '''Installation DestinationLinux Practice Questions'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click ''Performing 'Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Online Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''DoneAssignments''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>3''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3: Completing Connecting to the Installation Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN''' ]]

{|width=Seneca College is "40%rolling-out" align="right" cellpadding="10"|additional measures to improve '''network security'''. One of these measures is to implement '''multi-factored authentication'''. As of '''September 2020''', all Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account.<br><br>''<b>Multi- valign="top"|[[Imagefactor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: https:completed//en.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is completewikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication<br><br>You should have received an email message (also available in course announcements) regarding how to setup your Smart Phone to connect and valid via the Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN. ]]|} '''NOTE:'''Perform If you haven't done this yet, please perform the steps provided in the Following Stepsfollowing link:<br>https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77/it-services/wiki/view/3722/student-vpn<br><br> In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect''' to and '''login''' to your Matrix server account from a remote computer<br>such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.<br><br>

#During ===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:cli-prompt.png|right|80px|]]After connecting to the installation processSeneca GlobalProtect Student VPN, you will required to create can open a '''root passwordcommand terminal''' (for administration access) and create a <br>in your '''regular user accountNewer Windows 10'''. Click on , '''Root PasswordMac''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click or '''DoneLinux''' (you may have to click Done computer and issue the following command:<br><br><uspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">twicessh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</uspan><br><br> if your password is not considered to be a strong password)[[Image:ssh-application-icon.png|right|80px|]]#You need can also click on the following link to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click '''User Creationdownload''' and enter your '''full nameinstall''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password)a graphical SSH application for your Windows machine:<br>http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2. Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password)9.exe<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"

|- valign="top"INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=

|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li valuespan style="4color:red;">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!ATTENTION'''</li><li>Click the : Depending on your ULI101 instructor, you may be required to complete this tutorial for '''Rebootmarks''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence)course.<br> In order Please refer to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''your instructor' s course notes and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation processlecture notes regarding evaluation for this course.<br><br>The due date for successfully completing this tutorial (i.e. '''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''tutorial 1''' followed ) is by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed Friday by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''cmidnight''' followed by ENTER next week (to save the selection)<br>i.e. '''cWeek 2''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using If your installed Linux system by clicking instructor has NOT assigned marks for completing this tutorial, you can perform it for '''Start Using CentOS Linuxpractice'''.</lispan></ulbr><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>

In this investigation, you will learn how to connect and login to your Matrix account by issuing a command from your computer'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts s text-based terminal<br>and questions) in your lab log book/or by downloading, installing a running a graphical Windows SSH graphical application.'''<!--

In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-up your CentOS 7 host VMwindow.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]UsuallyIf you were able to access one of Seneca computer labs, you are NOT required could access an application to use this menu (unless you need connect to "force-off" your Matrix account via the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS'''MyApps''' application.

On Since many students are '''not''' permitted to access Seneca's computer labs at this time due to '''COVID19''', you can install and run the other hand'''AppsAnywhere''' application (which works in an identical way to MyApps) on a remote Windows computer. This application is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the AppsAnywhere menu can be used on computers in classrooms, there are useful short-cut key you should use:labs, and the Computing Commons.

'''ALT-CTRL-ENTER'''Reference:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between '''full screen mode''' and '''window mode'''https://inside.senecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/

'''ALT-CTRLNOTE:''':Return focus from your c7host VM Although you can install and run the AppsAnywhere application on an Apple Mac computer, you will NOT have access to many of the Windows applications (including applications to connect to your Matrix account). In this case, you can open a '''terminal''' and issue the '''host computer systemssh'''command to connect to your Matrix account.

[[Image:* Faster Graphicsgp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''GlobalProtect Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]:* Allow applications running in You will now learn a VM quick and simple method of connecting to be accessed your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in the host machine (unity interfaceany OS):* Sharing folders between host and VM:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs:* Clock synchronization among host and VMsissuing the '''ssh command'''.<br><br>

It '''Perform the Following Steps:'''# Before proceeding, make certain that your '''Seneca GlobalProtect Student VPN is recommended connected'''.<br><br>If you haven't set this up, refer to install VMware Tools the following link for instructions;<br>https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77/it-services/wiki/view/3722/student-vpn<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You only have to connect to your Seneca GlobalProtect student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your </u> '''current operating system'''. <br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Newer Version of Windows 10:'''</th> <th>'''MacOSX:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key'VM'', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' menu and select press '''Install VM ToolsENTER'''to share your public key. The installation program <br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will run appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be '''blocked-out''' or '''hidden'''<br>to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the background until following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the install Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is completeto '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>

{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session and Safely Removing USB Device|It is '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL''' that you do '''NOT''' remove your SSD drive during your CentOS 7 session. You are required to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine as you would with any operating system. Also, you are required to use Perform the Following Steps:'''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media''' tool in the system tray on your Windows machine to properly disconnect your SSD device. <br><br>'''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)'''.}}!--

Your system automatically enables <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ma_1.png|thumb|right|150px|Click on Login button.]]</td><td>[[Image:ma_2.png|thumb|right|150px|Enter your Seneca email address.]]</td><td>[[Image:ma_3.png|thumb|right|150px|Authenticate via your Seneca username and password.]]</td></table># Open a web-browser on your Windows PC.<br><br># Click on the following link: https://myapps.senecacollege.ca/<br><br># Click the '''Login''' button to proceed.<br><br># When prompted, enter your your Seneca College email address.<br><br># You will be taken to the ''authentication dialog box'': enter your Seneca College username and password.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ma_4.png|thumb|right|150px|Click on on the blue area.]]</td><td>[[Image:ma_5.png|thumb|right|150px|Click on '''screenNext''' to install the streaming application.]]</td><td>[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-saverwindow.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Application Window ]]</td></table># A ''' dialog box''' appears to offer a choice of actions. You need to install an application which is to support the Apps Anywhere streaming service.<br>Click on the <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">blue</span> area to install the application.<br><br># Click '''Next''' to proceed with installing the streaming application.<br><br>'''NOTE''': You may be require to '''authenticate''' using your computer account's password. Also, you may be required to '''restart''' your computer after the application has been installed.<br><br>If you restarted your computer, then launch a useful security tool '''web-browser''' and click on the following '''link''' to resume: https://myapps.senecacollege.ca/<br>You may be required to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on login and validate like you did in previous steps.<br><br># You should notice that the '''AppsAnywhere''' main application window appears.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You may see a terminal after '''Validation in Process''' (or a certain amount of inactivity'''validation successful''') message appear .<br>Although your applications are displayed, you <u>cannot</u> launch them until the validation process is successful.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ma_validation.png|thumb|right|175px|Validation in Process Message in AppsAnywhere. ]]</td><td>[[Image:ma_system_tray.png|thumb|right|175px|Starting '''Cloudpaging''' Service in your '''System Tray'''. Turning]]</td><tr></table>You can tell if the system is still validating if an red exclamation mark <span style="color:red; font-off weight:bold">!</span> appears in the application icon.<br><br>If the validation process is taking a long time, try opening the '''Cloudpaging''' service in the locked screen-saver for this '''system tray''' located in the right side of the taskbar (you may need to click to display ALL services and otherthen '''double-click''' the '''Cloudpaging''' application to launch) virtual machine can be useful when waiting .<br><br># After your AppsAnywhere session has been validated, click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the AppsAnywhere window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br>[[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. ]]# Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your instructor Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an error trying to come over launch the SSH application via AppsAnywhere,<br>click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: [https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>'''TIP:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br><span style="sign-offcolor:blue" >'''NOTE #1''': If you experience a problem launching any of your applications, you should note that there is a '''Cloudpaging Player''' application<br>that lists applications launched. If your computer lab without having to application did '''NOT''' launch properly, '''right click''' on each listed application and select '''remove''' from the menu.<br>Then re-issue user passwordslaunch your application from the AppsAnywhere page (the IT service desk indicated that this can occasionally occur).<br><br>

'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following steps:'''->

#'''Click on ''' the following '''link'''power button at to download and install the free SSH Secure Shell application on your Windows computer:<br>http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you can't download or run this link, check to see if you computer allows downloads from this site.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top "><td>[[Image:ssh-application-icon.png|thumb|right|75px|Double-hand corner of click SSH icon on desktop to launch application]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]</td></table># After the application has been installed, an application icon should appear on your desktop.<br>'''Double click''' the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to run this application.<br><br>The main SSH Client windowwill appear. Let's learn how to connect to and login to our Matrix account using this graphical SSH application.<br><br># Click the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The ''Connect dialog box'' allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]#Click on the textbox labelled '''SettingsHostname''' icon (bottom leftand type the text: <span style="color:blue;font-hand side of menu weight:bold">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' if you are at Seneca college.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter<br>the <u>full</u> domain name: '''matrix.senecacollege.ca'''<br><br>You will be using the latter hostname since you will be connecting to your Matrix account remotely<br>and not within the college.<br><br>[[Image:share- looks like a screwpublic-driver key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''User Name''' and wrench icontype your Seneca username (i.e. same as your Seneca userid).<br><br> #Click the '''PowerConnect''' icon located button.<br><br># When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users).<br><br># Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' In subsequent logins to your Matrix account, you may experience a ''welcome dialog box'' - simply click '''OK''' to proceed.<br><br># Next, a ''Settings'dialog box' '' will appear prompting you for your '''Matrix account password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]</td></table>#Change '''Enter your password''' and click '''OK'''.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' at the amount ''Authentication Response dialog box''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of time in the server'''Power Saving</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix ''' section username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''NeverCAPS LOCK''' or a on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems,<br>click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: [https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/contact-its '''longer period of timeIT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#Close If you followed the login steps correctly, the ''Settings'SSH Linux shell should appear' Dialog box'' where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: You can '''rootconfigure''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User your Windows graphical SSH application to root (without login):adjust elements such as<ul><libr>'''sutext font type''' and '''text font size': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]</libr><libr>We will now show you how to configure just your '''su -SSH Secure Shell Client''' application,<br>(FYI: Changes to rootother SSH applications available in the '''Week 1 reference section''s home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(salso have the ability to configure settings).</libr></ulbr></li></ul>}}|}

:'''Perform the following stepsFollowing Steps:'''

#Refer to Click on the Information box regarding how to access '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the admin account from the command lineEdit drop-down menu.#Issue the command <bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;To change the font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to , under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''root accountFont'''. From there, issue the <bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;Select a larger ''font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> '' and click '''OK'''<bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal.3em;">whoami</span>You can use the settings screen</codebr></b> commands to confirm also change your directory pathnamebackground and text '''colours''' if you are interested in doing so. When finished logout of this account using the command <bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;fontTry moving your mouse pointer to the bottom right-size:1.3em;">exithand corner of the SSH application window,</spanbr>then '''click and drag''' outwards to make the application window larger.</codebr></bbr>.#Issue To exit your Matrix session, type the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.3em;bold">su -exit</span>followed by '''ENTER'''</codebr></bbr>. Issue '''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected<bbr><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.3em;">pwd</spanbr></codebr></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1After you have disconnected from your account, '''close''' the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.3em;">whoami</spanbr></codebr></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice '''NOTE:''' You are the main differences between using '''suSTRONGLY ADVISED''' versus using to use the '''su -exit''' ?# An installation log file called command to properly terminate your Matrix session<b><codebr>'''<span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;"u>/var/log/anaconda/packaging.logPRIOR</spanu>''' to closing the SSH or terminal application window!</codebr></bbr> has been created In the next investigation, you will learn how to record the installation of '''issue Linux commands''', issue a '''checking program''' to confirm that you logged into your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b>Matrix account, and how to <code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;"u>moresetup</spanu>and </codeu>perform</bu> command. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number '''first two sections of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:online ULI101 assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''.</spanbr></code></bbr>

===Part 3INVESTIGATION 2: Disable SELinux==USING THE LINUX SHELL / ONLINE EVALUATION =

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in <br>In this investigation, you will learn how to use the real world| It is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing serverLinux Shell. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never Topics in the correct way to solve an issue.}}section include:

SELinux stands for :* Learn the basic '''Security-Enhanced Linuxcommand structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''. It is a component that helps ):* Learn how to better secure get '''help''' for Linux commands via the system to protect against intrusion '''online manual''' (hackersi.e. '''man''' command). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be :* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a good thing, if '''program''' to confirm that you take care of it and know connected to your Matrix account:* Learn how it worksto setup '''online assignment 1'''. For this course it is strongly recommended that you :* Perform the '''first section''' and 3 parts of the '''second section'''of ''disable SELinux by default'online assignment 1'' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.<br><br>

===Part 1:'''Perform Using the following Steps:'''Linux Shell ===

# Make sure The Bash shell in Matrix allows you're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config''': <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUX''' to '''<u>disabled</u>''' (from ''enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart interact with your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line Matrix account by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1issuing commands.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>

'''The General Linux Command Structure is as follows:'''<br><span style=== Part 4"font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight: Perform Software Updates===bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping your computer secure and stableSome Linux commands can be issued by entering the Linux command line without arguments (e.g. On Linux'''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', we use package managers to install software and updates. Package managers not only perform installations'''cal'''), <br>but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy managementmany Linux commands can be issued with arguments (e.g. For CentOS'''cal 2002''', this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used'''cd /bin''', '''ls -l -a /bin''' ).<br><br>'''What Does an Argument Represent?'''

An '''argument''' can respresent::* a '''file pathname''':* a command '''option'Perform the following steps'':* a series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use

# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code>An '''argument''' is <span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;"u>su -separated</spanu></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1from a command (or from other arguments) by a '''SPACE''', '''MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB'''.3em;">yum update</spanbr></code></bbr># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)

'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.Perform the Following Steps:'''

= INVESTIGATION 3# Make certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width<span style="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|font-family:courier;color:blue;font- valign=weight:bold"top"|{{Admon>pwd</note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|span><br><br>The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location''' in the Matrix server.<br>This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames''later in this course.<ubr><br>She# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-bang Linefamily:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</uspan>'''<ulbr><libr>Forces shell script to run in a specific ShellWhat do you notice?</libr><libr>Must If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be at beginning of first line (egdisplayed. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /libin</span></ulbr><br>'''# Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <uspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">Variablespwd</uspan>'''<blockquotebr>'''Environment'''<ulbr># Issue the following Linux command: <li>Systemspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-wide or weight:bold"global" variable>ls</lispan><br><libr>Usually appear in UPPERCASE lettersWhat do you notice?</libr><libr>Can view with # Issue the following Linux command: using an '''set &#124; moreoption''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</lispan><libr><br>What do you notice?<br>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<libr>Examples: The '''USER-l''', option with the '''PATHls''', command provides a '''HOMEdetailed''', ("'''SHELL'long''") listing of files providing more information on a separate line for each file.</libr></ulbr># Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: </blockquote><blockquote>'''Userspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-defined''' <ul><liweight:bold">Variable created by user (command line, scripting)cd</lispan><libr>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my valueIssue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier; readonly myVarcolor:blue; export myVar''<br>''read font-p "enter valueweight: bold" myVar''</li>pwd</ulspan></blockquotebr><blockquotebr>'''Positional parameters'''# Issue the following Linux command: <ulspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments<ls /li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}bin</lispan><libr>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: </lispan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</ulspan></blockquotebr>'''<ubr>Command SubstitutionWhat do you notice?</ubr>'''<ul><libr>Useful method to expand output from a What makes this command to be used as an with that argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:useful if you are current located in your home directory?<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to change to your ''<br>'home'echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''directory<br><br></li></ul>and to '''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>confirm'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like that you have returned to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statementsyour home directory.</libr>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier; grep color:blue;font-weight:bold"match"''>clear<br/span>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''What do you notice? How would this command be helpful?<br></li><li>The '''testFYI:''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is The short-cut keys to clear the screen for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the Bash shell script with a false value.is: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span><br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue; font-weight:bold"root" ]''>who<br/span>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''What information does this command show?<br>''fi''<br>This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself.</libr><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options'''NOTE: '''-gt'''Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers,'''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''so it does not display<br>Example:all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''# Issue the following Linux command: <br>&nbspspan style="color:blue;''echo font-weight:bold"You get Good Mark"''>whoami<br/span>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of this command?<br>''else''<br>&nbsp# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;''echo font-weight:bold"You fail"''>cal</span><br>''fi''<br>What is the purpose of this command?</libr><libr>For testing for file information, you can use '''# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''family:courier;color:blue;font-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.weight:bold">cal 2021</span><br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''What is the purpose of this command using this argument?<br>''then''<br> ''echo # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="directory existsfont-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"''>cal 2 2021<br/span>''fi''<br><br>What is the purpose of this command using those two ''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]'numbers'''as arguments?<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>'Getting Help with Linux Commands'fi''</li></ul>}}|}

It is very common for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems'''Command Line Editing'''[[Image:command-line-editing. For example, it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardwarepng|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys.]]

Some professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for marks (within a deadline). <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"br>In order to confirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, you will be required to run a program<caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign="topbr>(or in later tutorials, several programs) to prove that you successfully completed tasks in a tutorial.

<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">CommandThese programs (sknown as Shell Scripts)</td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1Making corrections (i.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1e.2em;">ps troubleshooting) and re-ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that running these checking programs until you are running on the system after installation.</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</span></code></b>successful will help students<br><b><code><span style=gain "color:#3366CC;fonthands-size:1.2em;on">rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in experience that will help them complete the rpm databaseonline assignments. Option '''-q''' is to "query" information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td> </tr>

<tr valign=Students whose professors do NOT assign marks for these online tutorials are encouraged to perform them for "top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route hands-n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=on"pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1practice.2em;">nslookup</span> (at prompt, enter command: server) </code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS''', '''Netmask''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and the default '''Domain Name Server'''The checking program for this tutorial is just showing proof that you were able to connect to your Matrix account from your home computer.</td> </tr></table>

<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 coursescript-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to automate repetitive tasks user to become more efficient correct and to help them save timere-run checking script.]]</td></table>If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. You If the checking shell script detects an '''error''', then it will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script provide feedback to allow the student to generate information reports for your newlyfix that problem so they can re-installed Linux host machinerun the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li><li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to that newly-created '''binPerform the Following Steps:''' directory</li></ol>

===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===

<ol><li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) In this investigation, you will learn to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li><li>Copy and paste the text below into * '''Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your vi editing session for your file reportonline assignment #1.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>

<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view '''Perform the following steps:'''report[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to save time?)Select Correct Course Section.</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<b><codebr><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2embold;font-family:courier">ps aux~uli101/assign1</span></codebr><br># Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen.<br></bbr> and # A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2emred;">ifconfig'''WARNING''': You need to select the </spanu>'''CORRECT'''</codeu>section for the course which you belong to.</bbr> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!If you do </liu>NOT<li/u>Saveselect your correct section, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></olbr># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<olbr><li value="14"br>Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform # Select the same task. Although you are not require '''3 letter code''' corresponding to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.</liu>correct<li/u>The '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>wget''' and '''professor''' and press </codespan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</bspan> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><bbr># After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr>[[Image:assn-section-completion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Verify that the file '''text-report.bashNOTES:''' was downloaded to your current directory.</liul><li>Assign read Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and execute permissions for '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this file by issuing the command: <b><code>correct section letter. If you have selected the WRONG section, type <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bashC</span></code></b></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing in the command: <b><code>menu selection area and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Check Near the top of the window displays the sections to see if it created a report complete in your current directorythe assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. What is You can check the purpose of assignment #1 link on the report?</li><li>Use ULI101 main WIKI page to note the <b>vi</b> due date for assignment #1. Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text editor to view with a blue background'''. On the contents of other hand, when you compete a section, then the file <b>section will appear as regular text-report(i.bash</b>e not in reverse text). Can you understand how this script works?<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>Use If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<bbr><codebr>wget</codeli></bul> command to download# At the '''Selections Available''' menu, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<br><b><code>enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bash<br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</code></bbr><br># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.<br></li><li>Try View the contents of this window to understand what these Bash Shell scripts doconfirm that you completed this section.</libr><libr>You # When you have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Labtime this week, and follow the instructions for enter <span style="lab signcolor:blue;font-offweight:bold".>2</lispan>in the menu selection area and perform the first 3 parts only</olbr> ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts Entering and questions) in your lab log book.Editing Commands''' = LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with , '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling Using the instructor for signoffOnline Manual''').]]<br><br>  Shell scripting is # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.<br>View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.<ubr>so essential</ubr> '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script evaluations, it is recommended to create one for every lab for this course that a student must download your personal use, and run in order to check write down Linux commands, their workarguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam. If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get a series of <bbr><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid blackblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;q</span></codebr></bbr> messages # Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and you can proceed with go to the SIGN-OFF for lab1'''main menu'''. On <br>What do you notice?<br><br>If you successfully completed the other handfirst two sections, if there were errors, then a they no longer appear in reverse video.<bbr>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).<codebr><span style="color:br>#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</spanbr></codebr># Proceed to the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The more practice questions you perform,</bbr> message will appear with general suggestions that the better mark you will need achieve for this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to fix on your c7hostVM be more productive in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next labfuture courses. :'''Perform the Following Steps:'''<br><br>

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download the checking script by issuing the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span styleLINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS ="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions (for the file owner).<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su -'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front The purpose of your instructor (must have all <span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM this section is set for to obtain '''virtualizationextra practice''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> ''help with 'Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP addressquizzes''', your '''MAC addressmidterm''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>your '''DNS name server IP Addressfinal exam'''.

# Define the term Virtual Machine.# List the major screens (steps) in the installation of Centos7 full install DVD.# What key-combination is used to toggle the view of your running VM from "window-mode" to "full-screen-mode"?# List the steps for disabling SELinux.# List 2 ways that you can access your root account# What is the difference between the commands '''su''' and '''su -''' ?# What is the home directory for the user "root"?# How do you determine the host name of your GNU/Linux workstation?# What command can display the NIC's MAC address?# What command is used to get a list of running processes on your newly-installed system?# Write the Linux command to download the on-line file: httphttps://linuxict.serversenecacollege.orgca/package~murray.tar.gz# Write a Bash Shell Script to prompt the user for a directory, and then display the file types for all files in that specified directory (hint: use the '''read''' command and then use the '''file''' command and '''command substitution''' with the '''ls''' command). Test the Bash Shell script by adding execute permissions and run the Bash Shell Script.# Modify the previously created shell script to perform error checking after prompting for a directory to test if the specified directory does not exist. If it does NOT exist (i.e. true), display an error message indicating that the directory does NOT exist, and issue the command exit 1 to terminate the Bash Shell Script. Test the Bash Shell script by adding execute permissions and run the Bash Shell Scriptsaul/uli101/uli101_week1_practice.docx

[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]][[Category:CentOS 7]][[Category:SSD2ULI101]]