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Tutorial 1: Using Your Matrix Server Account

500 bytes added, 14:54, 3 January 2021

→‎Part 1: Using the Linux Shell

# Make certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.

# Issue the following Linux command: pwd The output from this Linux command basically shows your current location in the Matrix server. This represents a directory pathname to your home directory. We will discuss this later in a future tutorial. # Issue the following Linux command: ls What do you notice? If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be displayed. # Issue the following Linux command: cd /bin

# Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: pwd

# Issue the following Linux command: ls What do you notice? # Issue the following Linux command using an '''option''': ls -l What do you notice? The '''-l''' option with the '''ls''' command provides a detailed ("long") listing of files providing more information on a separate line for each file. # Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: cd # Issue the following Linux command: ls /bin What do you notice? What makes this command with that argument useful if you are current located in your home directory?

# Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to confirm that you have returned to your home directory.

# Issue the following Linux command: clear What do you notice? How would this command be helpful? '''FYI:''' The short-cut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell is: '''ctrl-l''' # Issue the following Linux command: who What information does this command show? This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself. '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not display all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!

# Issue the following Linux command: whoami What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of this command?

# Issue the following Linux command: cal What is the purpose of this command? # Issue the following Linux command: cal 2021 What is the purpose of this command using this argument? # Issue the following Linux command: cal 1 2021 What is the purpose of this command using those two '''numbers''' as arguments?

'''Getting Help with Linux Commands'''

With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or sysadmin to learn about how to use commands “on-the-fly”.

The '''man''' command can provide information on how to use a command (i.e. '''usage''', '''arguments''', '''options''', '''examples'''). The commands are classified into sections or '''volumes'''.

# Issue the following command: man man How many volume numbers are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands/programs''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')? # Press the letter q to exit the man command. # Issue the following Linux command to get help with the ls command: man ls '''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below): <table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''<ctrl>'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table>

# Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls''' Linux command and note the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions: <ul><li>"'''use a long lising format'''"</li><li>"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)</li><li>"'''sort by file size'''"</li><li>"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)</li></ul>

# Exit the man utility for the ls command.

[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]

# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ENTER key: ls -l -a /bin

# Press the ctrl-a key combination. What happens? # Press the alt-f key combination two times (OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx). What happens? NOTE: This short-cut key should work if you issued the ssh command within a terminal. If you are using a graphical windows SSH application, would would need to configure the application to understand the ''META'' (alt) key for shortcut commands # Press the alt-b key combination once (OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx). What happens? # Press the ctrl-w shortcut. What happens?

# Type the following command: ls

# Press the ctrl-e key combination and press ENTER

# Press the up arrow key. What happens?

# Press the ctrl-u key combination. What happens? # Press the up arrow key combination, and see what happens when you press BACKSPACE , <ctrl><BACKSPACE> and <ctrl><h>. Why is it important to know those series of key combinations? # Press the ctrl-u key combination to clear the line. # Press the ctrl-l key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using this key combination then issuing the '''clear''' command?

:The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing. Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested: https://ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/

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