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Tutorial7: Installing Linux / Live Linux / Virtualization

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→‎INVESTIGATION 1: BOOTING KNOPPIX (LIVE LINUX) VIA VIRTUALBOX

[[Image:distro-1.png|thumb|right|450px|Listing of Common Linux Distributions. (Image licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ cc])]]

''A '''Linux distribution''' (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ~~ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution)~~...''

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution

''Steps in the Linux Installation Process:''

* '''Select ~~a Linux Distribution~~''' ~~and '''download'~~a '' a Linux Distribution ~~Install~~ ''~~'ISO''' file ~~to ~~your Computer (~~'''~~Note:~~download''' ~~Be aware of any required Hardware Requirements for the Linux OS prior to installation~~(ISO image file or VM file).)* '''~~Burn an Linux Distribution CD/DVD~~Create'''~~, or~~ VM and '''~~USB~~install''', Linux Distribution or ~~use~~ '''~~downloaded file when creating a virtual machine~~run'''VM file.* Once booted, the installation process '''transfers the live image to a disk (or flash memory)''' and configures the system.* For most distributions, the installation involves a '''guided graphical environment''' help assist with the Linux installation process.

===Linux Installation Methods===

'''Standalone Installation'''

* : Linux is the only OS on the computer . * : Any existing data on your hard disk will be '''erased'''.

'''Dual-boot / Multi-boot Installation'''

* : A '''boot menu''' allows the user to select the desired OS. * : '''Advantages''' of Dual-Boot or Multi-Boot:<ol><li>This ~~options~~ option provides a method to access your computer if one OS '''fails to boot-up'''.* Most Linux distributions can </li><li>'''~~access~~ Access the Windows partition''' if your Windows OS cannot boot-up.* </li><li>This booting method is great for '''troubleshooting''' (''for example:'' ~~booting~~ boot into ~~other~~ Linux OS to ~~confirm that you can connect to the Internet to rule-out~~ eliminate a hardware ~~issues~~issue).</li></ol>* : '''Installation Tips:'''<ol><li>It is recommended to '''back up important data''' before proceeding.* </li><li>It is recommended to '''install the Linux OS last''', as other operating systems may not offer a multi-boot option.</li></ol>

'''~~Virtualized~~ Virtual Machine Installation'''

[[Image:vm-player-menu.png|thumb|right|250px|VMware Player launch menu for Ubuntu Linux OS (Image licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ cc])]]

* : ''Virtualization ~~requires~~ is the process of running a virtual instance of a computer system in a ~~compatible processor: not all processors support that feature~~layer abstracted from the actual hardware.* Most recent ''~~'multi-core processors''' support~~ Reference: https://opensource.com/resources/virtualization.* : The virtualized OS is installed and run in a window under another OS.Special software is used to manage the entire process, referred to as the '''hypervisor'''. * The installation : '''Advantages''' of Virtualization:<ol><li>You can ~~usually be accomplished~~ run VM from an '''ISO imagefile''' or a '''VM file'''.* </li><li>One or more virtual machines can be run at the same time.* </li><li>The '''guest ''' OS '''shares hardware''' with the '''host ''' OS and possibly other virtualized systems.* Special software is used to manage the entire process, referred to as the </li><li>The '''~~hypervisor~~guest'''.* The guest systems have '''network access ''' through the host.</li></ol>* The selection of virtualization software (which allows : '''Installation Tips:'''<ol><li>Virtualization requires a '''compatible processor''': not all processors ~~creation and running of virtual machines) depends mainly on the host OS, although some are cross-platform~~support that feature. ~~Other considerations as~~ </li><li>Your '''BIOS''' should be set to ~~virtualization~~ '''enable Virtualization'''.</li><li>Popular VM software ~~may be features~~for '''Windows''', ~~support, price~~ '''Apple''' and'''Linux''' OS include:<ul><li>VMware</li><li>Oracle Virtual Box</li></~~or personal preferences.~~ul></li></ol>

~~Popular VM software for Windows and MAC include:~~

*'''VMware'''

*'''Oracle Virtual Box'''

*'''KVM'''

*'''XEN'''

[[Image:linux-distro-2.png|thumb|right|150px|Knoppix is a popular Live Linux CD Distribution. (Image licensed under[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ cc])]]

''A live CD (also live DVD, live disc, or live operating system) is a complete bootable computer installation including operating system which runs directly from a CD-ROM or similar storage device into a computer's memory, rather than loading from a hard disk drive. A Live CD allows users to run an operating system for any purpose without installing it or making any changes to the computer's configuration. Live CDs can run on a computer without secondary storage, such as a hard disk drive, or with a corrupted hard disk drive or file system, allowing data recovery. As CD and DVD drives have been steadily phased-out, live CDs have become less popular, being replaced by live USBs, which are equivalent systems written onto USB flash drives, which have the added benefit of having write-able storage. The functionality of a live CD is also available with a bootable live USB flash drive, or an external hard disk drive connected by USB.''

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD

# Click on the following link to download the lastest knoppix ISO: [https://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.html https://www.knopper.net/knoppix-mirrors/index-en.html]

# If you are burning to a CD, click on the following link for instructions: [https://www.wikihow.com/Install-Knoppix-Linux Install Knoppix LInux] '''NOTE:''' If you are burning to a USB, click on the following link for instructions: [https://itstillworks.com/boot-knoppix-usb-6904288.html How to Boot Knoppix from USB] -->

=INVESTIGATION 1: BOOTING KNOPPIX (LIVE LINUX) VIA VIRTUALBOX=

'''ATTENTION''': This tutorial relates to an interest topic and is NOT worth marks. In this ~~section~~investigation, you will first ''download'' and ''install'' the '''VirtualBox''' VM application on your home computer, then you will then ''download'' and unzip the '''Knoppix Live Distribution VM''' file to your computer.

# Launch the '''Knoppix''' Linux distribution by clicking the '''Launch''' button. ''''''NOTE:'''''' Your '''file manager''' will open and display both the '''Knoppix virtual machine icon''' and a '''Knoppix Installation ISO file'''. You will be launching the Knoppix Virtual machine in the '''Virtualbox''' application.

# '''Double-click''' on the icon Knoppix.vbox in the Virtualbox menu.

# Another dialog box will appear. '''Double-click''' on the '''Switch''' button when prompted to enter '''scale mode'''or '''Switch''' to scale mode. '''NOTE:''' You should notice that you can switch between your Knoppix VM and your Windows computer which is referred to as the '''host machine'''.

-->

# '''Click''' the following link to access the '''Oracle Virtualbox''' application download website: [https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads]

# In this website, '''click''' the link corresponding to your '''computer's operating system''' to download to your computer.

# '''Install''' the downloaded '''Virtualbox''' VM application on your computer. '''NOTE:''' You may be required to allow '''authorization''' to run this program, select to install devices (if prompted) and to '''restart''' your computer after installation.

# Open a '''File Manager''' application and '''navigate''' to directory that the '''Knoppix.zip''' file was downloaded (eg. '''Downloads'''). [[Image:knoppix-file.png|thumb|right|280px|Knoppix VM file contained in the zipped file. '''Double-click''' '''Knoppix.vbox''' file to launch the '''Knoppix Live Linux''' Distribution.]]

# '''Unzip''' the downloaded zip file (In MS Windows: ''Right click'' and Select "''Extract All''" ) '''NOTE:''' The contents of this zipped file should appear in another file manager window.

# Navigate to the folder containing the ''extracted zipped files'' and '''double-click''' the file called '''Knoppix.vbox''' to launch the Knoppix VM. '''NOTE:''' By '''double-clicking''' on this file (even if the VirtualBox application is not running) it will launch the VirtualBox application and start the Knoppix virtual machine. '''For Mac Users:''' If you experience an error message regarding the Kernel extension, click on '''System Preferences''', select '''Security and Privacy''' and click to '''allow Oracle''' service extensions to run on your machine. If you have difficulty running Knoppix on your home machine/laptop you may ask your '''Learning Centre ULG leaders''' for additional help in troubleshooting why Knoppix is not working on your home machine/laptop. <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:knoppix-start-menu.png|thumb|right|150px|'''Knoppix Start button''' (icon on the '''left''').]]</td><td>[[Image:knoppix-desktop.png|thumb|right|280px|The '''Knoppix Linux desktop environment''' has a similar look as the MS Windows desktop environment. (Image licensed under[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ cc])]]</td></table># If you are using MS Windows, look in the taskbar below to see if the Virtual Box application is running click to display that application window. # Click on the Start button (looks like a green arrow pointing to the right). # If prompted, '''click''' '''Scale''' or '''Switch''' to scale mode to proceed. # If using ''MS Windows'', click the mouse on the Knoppix screen and press '''ENTER''' to login. # Allow '''time''' for the Knoppix Linux distribution to start. This is a '''graphical Linux distribution''' which will start-up in a desktop environment. '''NOTE:''' You are '''NOT''' prompted for a ''username'' and ''password'' because this is a Linux Live distribution and you have been assigned a '''generic account'''. '''NOTE:''' If you are using MS Windows, press the '''RIGHT CTRL''' key to change to other applications by pressing '''ALT-TAB'''. When you want to use Graphical Linux (i.e. Knoppix screen), click in the screen to focus and use that screen.

# '''Click''' the '''Knoppix Start button''' (refer to left icon in diagram on right). In the '''Knoppix menu''', select '''System Tools''' [[Image:xterm.png|thumb|right|280px|The '''Konsole''' application will display the Bash shell to issue Linux commands.]]

# In the '''system tools ''' menu, and select '''Konsole''' to launch a terminal application. '''FYI:''' To '''increase''' font size, press '''ctrl+''' to '''reduce''' font size, press '''ctrl-'''. You can drag the Konsole terminal window from the bottom-right corner to increase the window size. # In the bash shell, issue the following Linux command: whoami What is the name of your generic Knoppix Linux Live account? On your Knoppix live OS, there is a '''generic''' user called "'''knoppix'''" that can be accessed without a password. This account has its own home directory. Let's test this out by using the ssh command to connect to your Matrix account. Your Knoppix virtual machine uses your host computer's operating system which is already connected to '''Seneca's ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect VPN'''. <!-- # Issue the following Linux command to '''download''' a Bash Shell script to connect to the '''Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect VPN''': wget itas.senecacollege.ca/~mark.fernandes/vpn

# Issue the following Linux command to add execute permissions to be able to run this script: chmod +x vpn

# Issue the following Linux command to the '''/usr/bin''' directory so this script works like a command: sudo mv vpn /usr/bin

# Issue the following shell script to connect to the Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect VPN: vpn -c You should be connected to the Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect VPN. Let's test this out by using the ssh command to connect to your Matrix account.

# We need the '''vpn -c''' command to keep running in this terminal; therefore, '''open another Konsole terminal'''.

# In that '''new''' terminal, issue the following Linux command to connect to your Matrix account: ssh yourSenecaId@matrix.senecacollege.ca

# Enter '''yes''' to share your ''public key''. # When prompted, enter your '''password ''' (remember that password does not "echo-back"). Were you able to connect to your Matrix account?

-->

# Issue the following Linux command to connect to your Matrix account: ssh yourSenecaId@matrix.senecacollege.ca

# Enter '''yes''' to share your ''public key''. # When prompted, enter your '''password ''' (remember that password does not "echo-back"). Were you able to connect to your Matrix account? # Confirm that you are in your '''home''' directory on your Matrix account. # Use a '''text editor''' (''nano'' or ''vi'') to create a file in your current directory called '''myvm.txt''' and enter the following text displayed below. Make certain there are ONLY 3 lines: This is line 1 This is line 2 This is line 3

# '''Save''' editing changes and '''exit''' the text editor.

# Confirm that you created this file and confirm that the contents of this file are correct. Let's run a shell script to check that you created the '''myvm.txt''' file (with correct file contents) in your home directory.

#Enter the following command: ~~bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~~~uli101/week7-check-1

# If you encounter errors, make corrections and then re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next step.

# Issue the following Linux command to '''terminate''' your Matrix session: exit

# Remain in the '''Konsole''' ''terminal window'' when performing '''INVESTIGATION 2'''.

: In the next investigation, you will learn to work in a graphical Linux environment. You will also run several open-source application within the Knoppix graphical environment.

Let's learn to run ''open-source '' applications on your graphical Knoppix Linux Live distribution. But first, let's '''download ''' and run a '''shell script''' that will display '''dialog boxes''' in your graphical Knoppix VM.

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Make certain that you are running your Knoppix Linux Live virtual Machine (refer to '''step #7''' in [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial7:_Installing_Linux_/_Live_Linux_/_Virtualization#INVESTIGATION_1:_BOOTING_KNOPPIX_.28LIVE_LINUX.29_VIA_VIRTUALBOX INVESTIGATION 1] ~~if you need to start your Knoppix VM~~). Although you will be learning to create and run '''shell scripts''' (near the end of this course) in your '''Matrix''' server , those scripts will only run in a '''command-line''' environment. Since you are running a '''graphical Knoppix''' Linux distribution on your computer, you can run scripts graphically (including the use of '''dialog boxes''' for ''input'', ''output'', etc.). [[Image:input-dialog.png|thumb|right|~~200px~~250px|Graphical '''input dialog box'''.]]# Make certain that you are in a '''Konsole''' ''terminal window'' (but '''NOT''' connected to your Matrix account).

# Issue the following command to '''download''' a shell script called '''week7-demo-1''' from the Internet: wget <nowiki>https://matrix.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/week7-demo-1</nowiki>

# Issue the '''ls''' command to confirm that the file called '''week7-demo-1''' has been downloaded to your current directory.

# Issue the following to run this shell script: bash week7-demo-1

# In the dialog box, click to select a the '''/home/knoppix''' directory and click '''OK'''. What did you notice? # Issue the following Linux command: ls -l week7-demo-1 Notice there are NO '''execute''' permissionsfor this shell script file. That is why we have to issue the '''bash''' commandfollowed by ~~followed by~~ the '''shell script file pathname''' (as an argument) to run the shell script. Let's '''add execute permissions''' so we can run this command by name (i.e. without using the '''bash''' command). [[Image:output-dialog.png|thumb|right|~~200px~~250px|Graphical '''output dialog box'''.]]# Issue the following command to '''add execute permissions''' for everyone for the '''week7-demo-1''' file:~~ ~~chmod +x week7-demo-1 '''FYI:''' This method is a '''quick''' method of adding execute permissions for the '''owner''', '''same group members''' and '''others'''.

# Issue the '''ls -l''' command for this file to confirm execution permissions were properly added.

# Issue the following: ./week7-demo-1 Did the shell script run? '''NOTE:''' The shell script uses the '''zenity''' command to create dialog boxes. Although you may need to install this application in other Linux distributions, it is automatically included with the Knoppix distribution. We don't learn about the ''zenity'' command in this course, but here is a link to some simple examples using this command in case you are interested: [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiKztuinuruAhXwm-AKHSGnCq8QFjAAegQIBBAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca%2Fwiki%2FHow_to_Use_Zenity&usg=AOvVaw3pDy1Afw8Vw9-09cs5zE6Y How to Use Zenity] ~~# Issue the following command to~~ '''~~terminate~~REMEMBER:''' You '''CANNOT''' run this graphical shell script on your '''Matrix ~~session:~~ ''' server,<~~span style="color:blue;font~~br>since Matrix is only a '''COMMAND-~~weight:bold;font-family:courier;">exit~~LINE environment''' and NOT a '''graphical environment'''. # Issue the Linux command: exit to '''close''' the '''Konsole''' terminal window. <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:knoppix-wiki.png|thumb|right|250px|'''Knoppix WIKI''' in the '''Firefox''' web-browser.]]</td><td>[[Image:libreoffice.png|thumb|right|300px|The '''LibreOffice''' word processor.]]</td></table>

# Use the ''Knoppix start menu'' and search the '''Internet''' submenu to launch the '''firefox''' web-browser.

# In the web-browser, go to the '''Google''' website and perform a ''Net-search '' on the '''Knoppix wiki'''. # When ~~finishing~~ finished browsing the Knoppix WIKI, '''close''' the ''Firefox'' web-browser. ~~[[Image:libreoffice.png|thumb|right|280px|The '''LibreOffice''' application is the default word processor. ]]~~# Use the ''Knoppix start menu'' to select '''Office''' and then select '''LibreOffice - Writer''' to launch a ''word ~~processor~~ processing'' application. '''NOTE:''' Libre office is a free '''open-source suite''' of productivity tools for creating ''documents'', ''spreadsheets'' and ''slide presentations''. # Create a ~~small~~ new document , type in a paragraph and then '''save''' changes to the file '''mydoc''' to your home directory, and '''exit''' the Libreoffice word processing document. [[Image:shudtdown-knoppix.png|thumb|right|200px|'''Shutdown menu''' for Knoppix to terminal graphical Linux session.]]

# Use the ''Knoppix start menu'' to select '''logout''', then select '''shutdown''' to terminate your Knoppix Linux Live session.

# Press '''ENTER''' when it indicates to '''Remove your CD'''. '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT using a physical CD, this step is required to shut-down your Knoppix session and close your VirtualBox application. ~~# Repeat~~ [[Image:Knoppix-file-manager.png|thumb|right|200px|Graphical '''~~step #7~~file manager''' to for Knoppix.]]# '''~~launch~~Launch''' a new Knoppix Linux Live session(''[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial7:_Installing_Linux_/_Live_Linux_/_Virtualization#INVESTIGATION_1:_BOOTING_KNOPPIX_.28LIVE_LINUX.29_VIA_VIRTUALBOX INVESTIGATION 1]'', '''step #7'''). # Use the ''Knoppix start menu'' to '''launch''' a '''graphical file manager''' ('''Hint:''' ''Accessories'' -> ''~~File~~Files''). # In the file manager, search for your word processing document file and your downloaded shell script that ~~you saved~~ were contained on your home directory. Does your word processing document ~~still~~ or your downloaded shell script exist? If not, why? [[Image:frozen-bubble.png|thumb|right|200px|The '''Frozen-Bubble''' arcade game.]]# Open the ''Knoppix start menu'', select '''games''' and try running a few games (a few recommendations are: '''Frozen Bubble''', and '''Extreme Tux Racer~~''' and '''Open Arena~~'''). Now that you have had an opportunity to use your Knoppix Linux Live distribution, let's shutdown the VM and move onto the practice questions at the bottom of this tutorial.

# Open the ''Knoppix start menu'' and select '''logout''' and '''shutdown''' to end your Knoppix Live session.

# List '''4 applications''' that are contained in the Knoppix Linux Live distribution.

# Explain the difference between a '''Live Linux distribution''' and an '''installed Linux distribution'''.

[[Category:ULI101]]

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