Changes

{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial2<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_2}}=UNIX / LINUX FILE MANAGEMENMANAGEMENT CONCEPTS=<br>

 :* x :* x :* x :* xUnderstand the purpose of '''directories''' and '''directory pathnames'''. :* xUse common '''Unix / Linux commands''' to perform '''directory management''' tasks.:* xUse '''Text Editors''' to create and modify text files:* x<br><br>Use Common Unix / Linux commands to '''manage''' and '''manipulate''' text files.

|colspan="21" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

|colspan="21" |Course '''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 2 Lecture 1 Notes:<ulbr> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-2.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-2.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 2 Lecture 2 Notes:<br>[https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~uli101/notesslides/Week02ULI101-2.2.pdf PDF] | [https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~uli101/notesslides/Week02ULI101-2.2.pptx PPTX]</li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[http://www.cheat-sheets.org/saved-copy/Nano_Cheat_Sheet.pdf Nano Reference Sheet (PDF)]</li><li>[https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/05/vi-editor-linux-terminal-cheat-sheet-pdf Vi Reference Sheet]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture2.html Les Czegel's Week 2 Notes (HTMLPDF)]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Directory and '''File Management Commands:'''

| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''Text Editors /<br>File Management CommandsContent:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/vi.1p.html vi] , *[https://linux.die.net/man/1/nano nano]<br>

Text Editors*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/sort.1.html sort]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/viuniq.1p1.html viuniq]<br>*[http://linuxcommand.org/lc3_man_pages/grep1.html grep]<br> |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://linuxwww.dieyoutube.netcom/manwatch?v=UfAFAipked0&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=3 Basic File Actions<br>(touch, ls -l, cp, cp -r, mv, mkdir, mkdir -p, rm, rmdir, rm -r)]</ul> |} = KEY CONCEPTS= ===Unix /Linux Directories=== [[Image:directory-structure-1.png|thumb|right|350px|In Unix /nano nanoLinux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:''').<br><br> All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called "the '''root''' directory".]]To better '''organize''' files (eg. text, images, documents, spreadsheets, programs) within your Matrix account, they should be stored in '''directories'''. To further organize <u>many</u> files, directories<br>may contain '''sub-directories'''.  The Unix / Linux file system is '''hierarchical''', like other operating systems such as '''Windows''', '''macOS''', etc. In Unix / Linux (as opposed to Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:''').

|colspan=In the Linux (Unix) OS, the "1'''root directory'''" style=/ is the starting directory, and other "padding-left:15px;''child directories''" width=, "30%'''grandchild directories'''"|Brauer Instructional Videos:<ul><li>[https://www, etc.youtubecan be created as required.com/watch?v=UfAFAipked0&list=PLU1b1fThe hierarchical structure resembles an "''upside-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=3 Basic File Actions (touch, ls -l, cp, cp -r, mv, mkdir, mkdir -p, rm, rmdir, rm -r), Relative-to-home Paths]<br><br></li><li>[https://wwwdown tree''".youtube.com/watch?v=ocU34PcYn2U&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=4 Reading/Writing to Files (echo, stdin, stdout, stderr, >, >>, 2>, cat, more, less, man, date, diff, diff -y, find, wc]</li></ul>

There is actually a command called <code>tree</code> that displays a "'''directory tree diagram'''"! === Directory Pathnames ===[[Image:path-name.png|}thumb|right|180px|A pathname points to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy'''.]]''A '''pathname''' is used to specify a '''route to a file''' within the file system. A pathname '''points''' to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy''' expressed in a string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting character, represent each directory. The '''delimiting character''' is most commonly the slash ("'''/'''").'' Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing) The following table displays and defines '''commonly used directories''' (listed by directory pathname) for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems: [[Image:directory-structure-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Common directory pathnames'''<br>for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems.]]<table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Directory Pathname</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''/'''</td><td>Root directory (ancestor to all directories)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/home'''</td><td>Used to store users’ home directories</td></tr><tr><td>'''/home/username'''</td><td>A '''<u>specific</u>''' User's Home Directory</td></tr><tr><td>'''/bin'''</td><td>Common system binaries (commands) </td></tr><tr><td>'''/usr/bin'''</td><td>Common utilities (commands) for users. </td></tr><tr><td>'''/usr/sbin'''</td><td>Common utilities for system administration </td></tr><tr><td>'''/etc'''</td><td>System administration files (eg. passwd)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/var'''</td><td>Dynamic files (log and mail files)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/tmp , /var/tmp'''</td><td>Temporary files for programs</td></tr><tr><td>'''/dev'''</td><td>Device driver files (terminals, printers, etc.)</td></tr></table> When you log into your Matrix account, you are automatically directed to your '''home''' directory. This directory is where the user can store files, and create subdirectories to organize their files.

=INVESTIGATION 1: CREATING &amp; MANAGING DIRECTORIES==Unix {{Admon/ Linux File Management Concepts===caution|This weekly tutorial must be completed by Friday in Week 3 by 11:59pm to obtain a grade of 2% towards this course.|}}

===Part 1Listed below are some common '''file-naming rules''': Creating / Removing Directories ===x

'''Perform the Following Steps===Part 1:'''Creating Directories ===

# x'''NOTE:''' For several of the following commands, you will be using '''<bru>your<br/u>Seneca username''' to replace the text:"'''your-seneca-id'''" in a pathname.

<table align=INVESTIGATION "right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:script-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all checks pass, then user performed task correctly and can continue.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2: USING THE LINUX SHELL .png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</td></ ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS =table>To check for mistakes, a '''shell script''' has been created to check your work. If the checking shell script detects an '''error''', then it will provide feedback and offer constructive feedback on how to fix that problem so you can re-run the checking shell scripts until your work is correct.

===Part 2:* Learn the '''Linux command structure''' (arguments and options):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands with manpages ('''man''' command).:* Learn '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Learn how to perform '''online assignments'''.:* Perform the '''first two sections of online assignment #1'''.<br><br>Viewing Directory Contents / Copying & Moving Directories===

===Part 1: Using the Now that you have learned how to efficiently create your directory structure, you will now learn how to issue Linux Shell ===commands<br>to '''view directory contents''' as well as '''copy''' and '''move''' directories.

Some Linux commands can be issued by entering '''Perform the Following Steps:'''<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:directory-structure-5.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''tree''' command to display directory structure.]]</td><td>[[Image:directory-structure-6.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''ls -R''' command to display directory structure.]]</td></table># Issue the following Linux command line without arguments (e.g: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should see the directory structure that you created in the previous investigation. You can also issue the '''pwdtree''', command using a directory pathname to display the directory structure for a specific scope.<br><br>You can also use the '''date-R''', option for the '''ls''', command to display all directories and subdirectories for a specified directory path (referred to as a '''calrecursive directory listing'''),.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR </span><br><br>What directories do you see?<br><br>but some # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR uli101xx</span><br><br>Note the differences between both of these commands (i.e. using and <u>not</u> using a pathname).<br><br>You can be issued with arguments copy and move entire directories (eand their contents) to other directories.g<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:directory-structure-7. png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''tree''' command to confirm copy of '''uli101xx'''cal 2002directory (and contents) to the ''', xyz100xx'''cd directory.]]</bintd><td>[[Image:directory-structure-8.png|thumb|right|300px|Output of the '''tree''' command to confirm movement of ''', acp100 directory''' directory (and contents) to the '''xyz100xx'''ls diredtory.]]</td></tr></table># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp -R uli101xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you copied the uli101xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree </span><br><br><br><br><br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mv acp100xx xyz100xx/uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you moved the acp100xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-lafamily:courier;">tree </span><br><br>Let's run a checking script to see if you moved and copied the directories correctly.<br><br># Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory'' )'.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command run checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week2-check-2</span><br><br># If you encounter errors. make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next investigation.<br><br>

<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 In this investigation, we will learn how to '''safely remove''' directories and their contents... </span>

For example:* The '''ls''' command displays a listing of filenames in Perform the current directory* The '''ls /bin''Following Steps:' command displays a listing of filenames in the /bin directory (as opposed to your current directory)* The '''ls -l''' command displays a detailed listing of filenames in the current directory* The '''ls -l /bin''' command displays a details listing of files in the /bin directory

=INVESTIGATION 2: MANAGING TEXT FILES=<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:nano-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|250px|The '''Getting Help Nano Text Editor''' is Easy to Operate for Novice Users.]]</td><td>[[Image:vi-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|300px|The '''vi Text Editor''', although taking longer to master, has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productive with editing text files.]]</td></tr></table>Since IT students will be working in the Unix / Linux Commandscommand line environment, it is useful to learn a least two common command-line '''text editors'''.

With the Linux OS containing over Although '''programming students''' can use '''graphical IDE'2500s''' commands to code and utilitiescompile programs, it is good for they can '''create source code''' using a Linux user or sysadmin text editor and '''compile their source code''' in the '''Matrix''' server to learn about how generate executable programs (without having to use commands “on-the-fly”transfer them for compilation or execution).

The '''manNetworking and Tech Support students''' command can provide information on how to use a text editor to '''edit configuration files'''. These students in upper grades will become familiar with the process of installing, configuring, and running network services and text editors are an important tools to help setup but also "tweak" or make '''periodic changes in networking services configuration'''. The two most readily-available command line text editors in Linux are '''Nano''' and '''vi'''. The Nano text editor would seem like an easier-to-use text editor, but vi (i.ealthough taking longer to learn) has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productive with editing text files.  ===Part 1: Creating Text Files Using The Nano Text Editor=== You will now learn basic editing skills using the '''usageNano''', text editor including '''argumentscreating''', '''optionsediting''', and '''examplessaving''').<br>The commands are classified into sections or “volumes”text files.

# Make certain that you are logged into located in your Matrix accounthome directory.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-10.png|right|150px|thumb|]]# '''Create''' the following directory structure (displayed on the right side) by issuing a '''single Linux command'''<br>(You should know how to do this from the previous INVESTIGATION).<br><br># Issue a Linux command to check that you correctly created those directories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux commandto edit a text file called '''mytext.txt''' in the '''linux/practice''' directory: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">man mannano textedit/practice/mytext.txt</span><br>How many volume numbers are contained in the man pages (like <br>'''executable commands/programsNOTE:''', When using the '''gamesNano'''text editor, or you are placed in '''system administrator commandsINPUT''')?mode, so you can enter text immediately.<br><br># Press the letter <span style="color[[Image:blue;fontnano-text-editor-weight:bold">q</span> to exit 2.png|right|400px|thumb|Enter the man commandfollowing text that appears in this diagram.<br><br>]]# Issue Enter the lines shown in the other diagram of the Linux command to get help with nano text editor on the command: '''ls'''right side.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the following short-cut keys within the man command to <br>help navigate throughout this utility Refer to get help with the ls command (refer to table below)for a list of common '''Nano''' navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br><table cellpadding="35"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard ShortcutKey(s)</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''ENTER&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;SPACEBAR&gt;''',<br>'''&lt;esc&gt;&lt;6&gt;'''</td><td>Move down forward/backward one lineword</td></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;a&gt;''',<br>'''SPACEBAR&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;e&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen downto beginning/end of line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;fk&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen upCut line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''/pattern/&lt;esc&gt;6'''</td><td>Search for PatternCopy Line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''q&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;u&gt;'''</td><td>quit man utilityPaste Cut/Copied Text</td></tr></tabletr><brtd style="font-family:courier"># Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;g&gt;''' Linux command and note the option letters that correspond to the following:<br/td><ultd>Display help screen (ctrl-x to exit help screen)<li/td>Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot</litr><litr>List in long format</litd style="font-family:courier"><li>Recursively list subdirectories encountered'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;x&gt;'''</litd><litd>Sort files by sizeSave editing changes and exit</litd><li>Display a slash (`/') immediately after each pathname that is a directory</litr></ultable><br># Exit Referring to the man utility table above, practice navigating and editing your entered lines for the ls commandpractice.<br><br># Issue the ls command for each of those option letters you wrote down to see how this command differs for each option.<br><br>NOTE: The To '''man''' utility can be used with the save'''your editing session, press: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;x</span><br><br># Although we You will not be learning about pipeline commands (using prompted to modify your file: type the | character) until later, try issuing the following pipeline command: letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k copy | grep 8y</span><br>How this this pipeline command make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?for '''yes'''.<br><br># If you wish to change your passwordThe name of the file will be displayed, you can change it by issuing the command: Press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">passwdENTER</span>.to save editing changes for that file name.<br>What option <br>'''NOTE:''' This prompt for the passwd command can be used file name allows you to change user info (such as the name)?of the file if you wish.<br>By pressing '''Hint:ENTER''' use , it will accept the manpages for default filename.<br><br># Perform some more editing operations based on the passwd commandediting chart above.<br><br># '''NOTE:Save''' You are NOT required to change your Matrix password for this tutorial. The Matrix server is "synched" with the my.senecacollege.ca server, so it is better to have editing session and '''exit''' your Matrix password changed at the same time that you change your myseneca passwordtext editor.<br><br>

===Part 2: Creating Text Files Using The vi Text Editor===[[Image:vi-screen.png|right|300px|thumb|Using the '''Command Line Editingvi'''text editor.]]You will now learn basic editing skills using the '''vi''' ('''vim''') text editor including '''creating''', '''editing''', and '''saving''' text files.

Learning The '''shortcut keysvi''' in any OS terminal will allow you ('''vim''') text editor (although taking longer to learn) has outstanding features to be more productive as a sysadminincrease coding productivity. You will focus on learning a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys The major different between nano and learn where vi is that '''vi starts in COMMAND LINE mode'''. You need to issue letter commands to enter text. Also you can access online help for additional shortcuts (if required)press colon “: ” in COMMAND mode to enter more complex commands.

# Type Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command, but DON’T press to edit a text file called '''othertext.txt''' in the ENTER key'''linux/practice''' directory: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd vi textedit/binpractice/othertext.txt</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' When using the '''vi''' text editor, you are placed in '''COMMAND''' mode,<br>so you need to issue a command to switch to ''INPUT'' mode.<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-a.png|right|200px|thumb|Enter the following text that appears in this diagram.]]# Press Type the following key to enter ''INPUT'' mode: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl-ai</span> key combination<br><br>You should notice you are in ''INSERT'' mode by seeing the notification '''-- INSERT --'''<br>at the bottom left-hand side of the application screen.<br><br># Enter the line shown in the other diagram of the vi text editor on the right side. What happens?<br><br># Press While on the first line, press the following key to enter ''COMMAND'' mode: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">alt-FESC</span> key combination <br><br>You should see the ''-- INSERT --'' notification disappear indicating that you are in ''COMMAND'' mode.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Refer to the table below for a list of<br>the most common '''vi''' (ESC+F for Mac OSx'''vim'''). What happens?navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br># Press the <span table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Key(s)</th><th style="colorborder-bottom:blue1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ctrl'''i'''</td><td>Enter '''INPUT''' mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-wfamily:courier">'''&lt;esc&gt;'''</td><td>Return to '''COMMAND''' MODE</td></spantr><tr><td style="font-family:courier"> shortcut. What happens?'''x'''<br/td><brtd># Type Delete text to the following commandright in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''W'''</td><td>Move forward one word in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''B'''</td><td>Move back one word in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: courier">'''dd'''</td><td>Cut line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><span tr><td style="colorfont-family:blue;courier">'''yy'''</td><td>Copy Line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ls'''p / P'''</td><td>Paste Cut/spanCopied Text below/above line in COMMAND mode</td><br/tr><brtr># Press the <span td style="colorfont-family:blue;courier">'''u'''</td><td>Undo previous editing command</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ctrl''':help'''</td><td>Display help screen in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-efamily:courier">''':x'''</spantd><td> key combination Save editing changes and press exit (in COMMAND mode)</td></tr><tr><span td style="colorfont-family:courier">''':blue;w name'''</td><td>Save editing changes to "name" in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ENTER''':q!'''</td><td>Abort editing session and exit (in COMMAND mode)</td></tr></spantable><br>Once you can get used to working in INPUT and COMMAND mode, it is easier to perform<br># Press the up arrow key. What happens?text editing operations in '''vi''' via ''COMMAND'' mode as opposed to nano!<br><br># Press Type the following keys to <u>copy</u> the current line: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl-uyy</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br># Press Type the following key to <u>paste</u> the copied line: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">up arrowp</span> key combination, and see what happens when <br><br>What did you press notice?<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">BACKSPACEu</span> , <br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;3p</span> <br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-b.png|right|200px|thumb|Use a combination of '''arrow''' keys and the '''w''' and '''b''' keys while in COMMAND mode to change the correct words for the '''third''' and '''fourth''' lines.]]# Use the up or down '''arrow''' keys to move to the second line.<br><br># Type either the '''w''' and/or '''b''' keys to move the cursor to the beginning of the word: '''first'''.<br><br># Type the '''x''' keys to remove the word called '''first'''.<br><br># Type the '''i''' key to enter INSERT mode.<br><br># Type the word: '''second'''<br><br># Press the '''ESC''' key to enter COMMAND mode.<br><br># Repeat steps '''11''' to '''16''' to change the words for line number for lines '''3''' and '''4'''.<br><br># Move to the 4th line (i.e. last line).<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;dd</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>Let's save editing changes and exit the vi text editor. Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl:x</span> and press '''ENTER'''<br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the same command that you performed in '''Step #2''' to confirm that you had properly edited that file.<br><br># '''Save''' and '''exit''' your vi editing session.<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-2.png|right|250px|thumb|The online vi-tutorial provides users "hands-on" experience of using the vi text editor.]]An '''online tutorial''' has been created to give you "hands-on" experience on how to use vi text editor. It is <u>recommended</spanu> key combination that you run this online tutorial in your Matrix account to learn how to clear create and edit text files with the linevi text editor.<br><br># Press Issue the following to run the vi online tutorial:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl/home/jason.carman/vi-ltutorial<br></spanbr># In the tutorial menu, select the first menu item labelled "'''USING THE VI TEXT EDITOR'''"<br><br>#Read and follow the instructions in the tutorial. Eventually, it will display a '''simulated''' vi environment<br> key combinationand will provide you with "'''hands-on'''" practice using the vi text editor. What happens? What As far as this author is aware,<br>there is NO "hands-on" tutorial for the advantage of using nano text editor in this key combination then issuing particular format.<br><br># When you have completed that section, you will be returned to the main menu.<br>If you want to get extra practice, you can select the menu item labelled "'''clearREVIEW EXERCISE''' command?".<br><br># When you want to exit the tutorial, select the menu option to exit the tutorial.<br><br>

===Part 2: Performing Online Assignments ===It is recommended to try both text editors, and choose the text editor that you feel that is easier to use.<br><br>

You are required to perform '''===Part 3 online assignments''' during this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce Linux commands are techniques as well as using Linux commands to perform tasks and tests students on their knowledge of issuing Linux commands.: Manage &amp; Manipulate Text File Content===

In We conclude this section, you will learn tutorial by learning to '''select the correct sectionmanage''' for your online assignments, how to perform the '''first two sectionsview''' of assignment #1, how to or '''verifymanipulate the <u>display</u>''' that of text files. This is HIGHLY ADVISED in case you successfully completed both sections, only want to view contents and how to '''exitNOT''' your online assignment #1edit text file contents which can cause accidental erasure of data.

<br>'''Perform the following stepsFollowing Steps:'''[[Image:assign-initial-window# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]<br><br># In your Matrix account, issue Refer to the following commandtable of '''Text File Management Commands:'''<br><span br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" width="20%">Linux Command</th><th style="colorborder-bottom:blue1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''touch'''</td><td>Create empty file(s) / Updates Existing File's Date/Time Stamp</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:courier">'''cat'''</td><td>Display text file's contents without editing (small files)</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''more , less'''</td><td>Display / Navigate within large text files without editing</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:bold;courier">'''cp'''</td><td>Copy text file(s)</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">~uli101'''mv'''</td><td>Move /assign1Rename text files</spantd></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''rm'''</td><td>Remove text file(s)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">'''sort'''<br/td><brtd># A screen similar to the one Sorts (rearranges) order of file contents when displayed on . Content is sorted alphabetically by default. The '''-n'''''Italic text'' option sorts numerically, '''-r''' performs a reverse sort</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">'''head''' , '''tail'''</td><td>Displays the right first / last 10 lines of a text file by default. An option using a value will appeardisplay the number of lines (e.g.<brspan style="font-family:courier">head -5 filename</span>will display first 5 lines, <brspan style="font-family:courier">tail -5 filename</span > will display last 5 lines).</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">'''grep'''</td><td>Displays file contents that match a pattern</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">'''uniq'''</td><td>Displays identical consecutive lines only once</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="colorfont-family:red;courier">'''WARNINGdiff'''file1 file2</td><td>Displays differences between 2 files</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: You need to select courier">'''file'''</td><td>Gives info about the CORRECT section for contents of the course which you belong tofile (e.g.file with no extention)</td></tr><tr><brtd style="font-family:courier">'''find'''</td><td>If you do NOT select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marksTo find files matching specified characteristics: <!-- <table><tr><td width="30%">'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -name "file*"</span>'''<br/td><td>List pathname of any filenames beginning with "file",<br># Select from the current directory and any subdirectories</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''letter(s)<span style="font-family:courier">find . -size +50k</span>''' corresponding to </td><td>List pathname of any files larger than 50 kb, from the current directory and any subdirectories<u/td>correct</utr><tr valign="top"><td> '''ULI101 section<span style="font-family:courier">find . -mmin -5</span>''' and </td><td>List files modified less than 5 minutes ago</td></tr><tr> valign="top"><td>'''professor<span style="font-family:courier">find -P .</span>''' and press </td><td>Lists file pathnames in the current directory</td></tr></table> --> </td></tr></table><br># Issue the following Linux command to create three <u>empty</u> text files in your current directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTERtouch a.txt b.txt c.txt</span><br><br># After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<br>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTERls -l a.txt b.txt c.txt</span> <br><br>Check the size in the detailed listing to proceedconfirm that these newly-created files are empty.<br><br>[[Image:assnvi-sectionscreen-completion40.png|thumb|right|250px300px|Main Assignment Window thumb|Nano text editor containing numbers '''1 to View Which Sections Need to be Completed40'''<br>on separate lines. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayedUse the '''nano''' text editor to edit the empty file called '''a.txt'''.<br><br>Type the number "'''1'''" and press '''ENTER'''. On the second line, type the number "'''2''NOTES:'" and press '''ENTER'''.<ulbr>Continue entering increasing number values until you reach the number '''40''' on line 40<libr>Near (refer to the diagram on the bottom of right).<br><br># '''Save''' and '''exit''' your editing session.<br><br># Issue the window, following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cat a.txt</span><br><br>Can you will see all of the contents?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">more a.txt</span><br><br>'''"You are currently registered to"NOTE:''' followed by the The '''section lettermore''' and command uses the same navigation keys as with the '''instructor nameman'''command<br>(refer to week 1 notes for reference). DoubleTry using keys that you used to navigate the man pages.<br><br>What is the advantage of using the more command?<br><br># Type the letter "<span style="color:blue;font-check your course timetable weight:bold;font-family:courier;">q</span>" to confirm that this exit the correct section letter''more'' command. If you have selected <br><br># Issue the WRONG section, type following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">Cless a.txt</span> in <br><br>Is there any difference between the menu selection area '''more''' and '''less''' commands?<br>(again press '''q''' to quit)<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTERsort a.txt</span>. You will return back to <br><br>Why does the original window to select your correct course section.output not look what you expected? Why?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sort -n a.txt</lispan><libr>Near <br>Try the top of same command using both the window displays the sections '''-n''' and '''-r''' options to complete in see what happens.<br><br># issue the assignmentfollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head a. You are NOT required to complete all sections at txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br><br># issue the same timefollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head -7 a. You can check txt</span><br><br>What is the assignment output from this command display?<br><br>#1 link on issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tail a.txt</span><br><br>What is the ULI101 main WIKI page output from this command display?<br>How would you issue this command to note display only the due date for assignment #1. Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue backgroundlast line'''. On contained in that file?<br><br># Issue the other hand, when you compete following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep 2 a section, then the section will appear as regular text.txt</span><br><br>What type of output appear? Why did these lines appear (i.e not what do they all have in reverse textcommon).?<br><br>[[Image:assnend-completedof-windowline.png|thumbright|right200px|250pxthumb|Main Assignment Window Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completedthe bottom 5 new lines each consisting of the <u>same</u> text: "'''end of line'''". ]]# Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to the bottom 5 new lines each consisting</libr>of the <u>same<li/u>If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text : "'''end of line'''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"(refer to diagram on right).<br><br># '''Save''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished editing session and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected '''exit''' your correct course sectiontext editor.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">uniq a.txt</lispan><br><br>What do you notice happened to those newly created lines?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp a.txt a.txt.bk</ulspan><br><br># At Issue the menu assignment following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp a.txt b.txt</span><br><br>#1 window, enter Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">1mv a.txt aa.txt</span> in <br><br># Issue a Linux command to view the menu selection area directory contents.<br><br>What happened to begin the first section file called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"a.txt'''.? Why?<br><br># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to Issue the main windowfollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">file b.txt</span><br>View the contents <br>What sort of this window to confirm that you completed this section.information did it provide?<br><br># When you have time this week, enter Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">2diff aa.txt b.txt</span> in <br><br>Was there any output? If not, why?<br><br># Issue the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''following Linux command: <span style="Basic Unix Commandscolor:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"'''>diff aa.txt c.txt</span><br><br> What do you think is the purpose of this output?<br><br># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to Issue the main windowfollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">find -P .</span><br><br>View What is the contents output of this window to confirm that you completed this sectioncommand?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm aa.txt b.txt a.txt.bk c.txt</span><br><br># Issue the '''NOTE:ls''' Although you are NOT allowed command to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to create one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final examverify that these files have been removed.<br><br># Proceed to Complete the next section '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' to perform get additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The more practice questions you perform, the better mark you will achieve for this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.<br><br>

* https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101files/uli101_week1_practiceuli101_week2_practice.docx

[[Image:tree-diagram.png|right|350px|thumb|]]# Write a single Linux command to create the directory structure starting from your home directory from the diagram displayed on the right. # Write a Linux command to display a detailed listing of '''history''' directory.<br>How would this command differ if you wanted to also view hidden files as well?# Write a Linux command to change to the '''project''' directory.<br>What command would you issue to return to your home directory?# Write a Linux command to copy the '''project''' directory and its contents to the '''history''' directory.# Write a Linux command to move the directory called '''directories''' to the '''history''' directory.# Write a Linux command to remove both directories named '''1''' and '''2'''.# Write a Linux command to remove the '''concepts''' directory and its contents.# Write a Linux command to remove the '''concepts''' directory and prompt the user if they want to remove this directory’s contents.# Write a single Linux command to create the following empty files in the concepts directory:#* '''myfile.txt'''#* '''yourfile.txt'''#* 'Review Questions''thefile.txt'''# Write a Linux command to view the contents of the myfile.txt text file to prove it is empty. What is the difference between the commands:'''cat''', '''more''' and '''less'''?# Write a Linux command to sort the contents of a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to display the first 4 lines of a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to display the last line of a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to match a line containing the pattern '''Linux''' in a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# Write a Linux command to display unique occurrences of consecutive lines in a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, useful options that are displayed near the top of this tutorial labelled: '''Tutorial Reference Material''' _________________________________________________________________________________ Author: Murray Saul

# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?License: LGPL version 3# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that serverLink: https://www. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Linux server account from a '''workstation''' in a computer lab at Seneca College.# List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''gnu.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application)org/licenses/lgpl.# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an argument?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) is used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, useful options that were mentioned in the online assignment #1 and command purpose for the following Linux commands: '''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''html