Changes

{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial2<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_2}}=UNIX / LINUX FILE MANAGEMENMANAGEMENT CONCEPTS=<br>

 :* x :* x :* x :* xUnderstand the purpose of '''directories''' and '''directory pathnames'''. :* xUse common '''Unix / Linux commands''' to perform '''directory management''' tasks.:* xUse '''Text Editors''' to create and modify text files:* x<br><br>Use Common Unix / Linux commands to '''manage''' and '''manipulate''' text files.

|colspan="21" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

|colspan="21" |Course '''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 2 Lecture 1 Notes:<ulbr> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-2.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-2.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 2 Lecture 2 Notes:<br>[https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~uli101/notesslides/Week02ULI101-2.2.pdf PDF] | [https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~uli101/notesslides/Week02ULI101-2.2.pptx PPTX]</li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[http://www.cheat-sheets.org/saved-copy/Nano_Cheat_Sheet.pdf Nano Reference Sheet (PDF)]</li><li>[https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/05/vi-editor-linux-terminal-cheat-sheet-pdf Vi Reference Sheet]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture2.html Les Czegel's Week 2 Notes (HTMLPDF)]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Directory and '''File Management Commands:'''

*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[https://www.systutorials.com/docs/linux/man/1-tree/ tree]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mkdir.1.html mkdir]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/rmdir.1.html rmdir]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cp.1.html cp]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mv.1p.html mv]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/rm.1.html rm] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/rm.1.html rm -r]<br>

| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''Text Editors /<br>File Management CommandsContent:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/vi.1p.html vi] , *[https://linux.die.net/man/1/nano nano]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cat.1.html cat]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/more.1.html more] , [ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/less.1.html less]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/head.1.html head] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/tail.1.html tail]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/touch.1.html touch]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/file.1.html file]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/find.1.html find]<br>*[ http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/diff.1.html diff]<br>Text Editors*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/sort.1.html sort]<br>*[ vihttp://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/uniq.1.html uniq]<br>*[nanohttp://linuxcommand.org/lc3_man_pages/grep1.html grep]<br>

|colspan="1" styleKEY CONCEPTS="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|Brauer Instructional Videos:<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfAFAipked0&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=3 Basic File Actions (touch, ls -l, cp, cp -r, mv, mkdir, mkdir -p, rm, rmdir, rm -r), Relative-to-home Paths]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocU34PcYn2U&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=4 Reading/Writing to Files (echo, stdin, stdout, stderr, >, >>, 2>, cat, more, less, man, date, diff, diff -y, find, wc]</li></ul>

===Unix / Linux Directories=== [[Image:directory-structure-1.png|}thumb|right|350px|In Unix / Linux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:''').<br><br> All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called "the '''root''' directory".]]To better '''organize''' files (eg. text, images, documents, spreadsheets, programs) within your Matrix account, they should be stored in '''directories'''. To further organize <u>many</u> files, directories<br> may contain '''sub-directories'''.  The Unix / Linux file system is '''hierarchical''', like other operating systems such as '''Windows''', '''macOS''', etc. In Unix / Linux (as opposed to Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:'''). All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called the "'''root directory'''". Learning how to issue Linux commands for '''navigating''' and '''manipulating''' directory and files within the the Linux filesystem are '''essential skills''' for Linux users and Linux system administrators (i.e. ''sysadmins''). In the Linux (Unix) OS, the "'''root directory'''" / is the starting directory, and other "''child directories''", "'''grandchild directories'''", etc. can be created as required. The hierarchical structure resembles an "''upside-down tree''". There is actually a command called <code>tree</code> that displays a "'''directory tree diagram'''"!

===Unix / Linux File Management ConceptsDirectory Pathnames ===[[Image:path-name.png|thumb|right|180px|A pathname points to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy'''.]]''A '''pathname''' is used to specify a '''route to a file''' within the file system.

=INVESTIGATION 1The following table displays and defines '''commonly used directories''' (listed by directory pathname) for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=

[[Image:directory-structure-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Common directory pathnames'''<br>for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems.]]<table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Directory Pathname</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''/'''</td><td>Root directory (ancestor to all directories)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/home'''</td><td>Used to store users’ home directoriesIn this section</td></tr><tr><td>'''/home/username'''</td><td>A '''<u>specific</u>''' User's Home Directory</td></tr><tr><td>'''/bin'''</td><td>Common system binaries (commands) </td></tr><tr><td>'''/usr/bin'''</td><td>Common utilities (commands) for users. </td></tr><tr><td>'''/usr/sbin'''</td><td>Common utilities for system administration </td></tr><tr><td>'''/etc'''</td><td>System administration files (eg. passwd)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/var'''</td><td>Dynamic files (log and mail files)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/tmp , /var/tmp'''</td><td>Temporary files for programs</td></tr><tr><td>'''/dev'''</td><td>Device driver files (terminals, you will learn how to access your Matrix Linux account by two different methods:printers, etc.)</td></tr></table>

:* From a <u>workstation</u> '''within''' a '''Seneca College lab''':* From When you log into your Matrix account, you are automatically directed to your <u>own</u> computer '''within''' or '''outside''' '''Seneca Collegehome''' <br><br>directory. This directory is where the user can store files, and create subdirectories to organize their files.

===Part INVESTIGATION 1: Access your Matrix Account from a Seneca College Lab ==CREATING &amp; MANAGING DIRECTORIES=[[Image{{Admon/caution|This weekly tutorial must be completed by Friday in Week 3 by 11:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]You will learn how to connect 59pm to your Matrix Linux account from obtain a workstation in your computer labs at Seneca collegegrade of 2% towards this course.|}}

This would be useful if In this investigation, you do not have a notebook computer will learn how to '''create''', '''navigate''', '''list directory contents''' and are required to use one of the workstations available '''remove''' directories in your Seneca computer labMatrix account.

'''MyAppsDirectory File Naming Rules''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can be used on computers in classrooms, labs, and the Computing Commons.

Reference: https://insideBefore you learn how to create directories, it is important to understand what represents an appropriate '''directory filename'''.senecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/

You * Unix/Linux characters are '''case sensitive'''. It is recommended to be consistent (e.g. use all lowercase letters)* Adopt a '''consistent directory naming scheme''' (this will now use MyApps on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow help you to connect and login to navigate within your directory structure)* Make your Matrix server account.directory names '''meaningful'''[[Image:apps* '''Avoid non-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications alphanumeric characters''', as they may have a special meaning to the system that will appearmake your work more difficult when changing to directories, etc. We will use the application called * '''SSH ClientAvoid using spaces''' for this practice tutorial. ]]directory names (consider periods, hyphens, and underscores instead)

[[Image:directory-structure-3.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Tree Diagram''' of Directory Structure to Create in your '''Home'''Perform the Following Steps:Directory (displayed in blue text).]]Creating subdirectories within your home directory makes it more '''efficient'''to save and access files on your Linux server.

# Start your workstation A comparison would be rooms in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the a '''MyAppshouse''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not openthere were no rooms, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]# Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located just one large room in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the applicationa 3,000 square foot house, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a be "public keymessy" with your Matrix account in order and difficult to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (ilocate items.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>Each '''FYI:room''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password house is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen used to obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the ''a 'name of the server''specific purpose'</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect more productive to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you encountered an error logging in, issue the same steps to connect to your Matrix account,<br>but carefully check your server name, username and your password. If you continue to experience the same problems,<br>you can go to the computer help desk in the learning commons to get help.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' perform a task such as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>Later in the coursekitchen, bedroom, your instructor may demonstrate other ways of accessing '''graphical versions of Linux'''bathroom, and how to launch a shell terminal.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-windowetc.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

You can '''configure''' the SSH application to adjust elements such as will be creating the following '''window sizedirectory structure''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. We will be showing you how within your home directory (refer to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but diagram on the other applications can allow you to configure their settingsright side).<br><br>

# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''SettingsNOTE:''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To change the size For several of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' sectionfollowing commands, click '''Appearanceyou will be using '''<bru>your<br/u># Change the Seneca username''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br># To change replace the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:your-seneca-id''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from " in a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the processpathname.<br><br>

In the next sectionFor example, if your Seneca user ID was '''mkhan''' then you will learn how to connect to would display the pathname ''/home/your Matrix server account from a different computer<br>(for example-seneca-id'' as: your laptop computer at Seneca College or your computer at '''/home).<br><br>/mkhan'''

# '''Login''' to your matrix account (you should know how to do this from performing [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT Tutorial 1 INVESTIGATION 1].<br><br># Issue a command to '''confirm''' that you are located in your home directory<br>(you should know how to do this from performing [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_2:_USING_THE_LINUX_SHELL Tutorial 1 INVESTIGATION 2]<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br>(remember: use <u>your</u> Seneca username instead of "your-seneca-id")<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should always confirm that you have created a directory.<br>This can be done by issuing the '''ls''' command.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-4.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Creating''' and '''Confirming''' the Creation of a Directory.]]# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>There are no contents that are contained in this newly-created directory; therefore, no contents appear. A useful option '''-d''' can be used to confirm that the actual <u>directory</u> has been created as opposed to viewing the contents of the directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style=Part 2"color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -d /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>You should now see just the directory listed. You can also combine the '''-d''' and '''-l''' options to provide more detail regarding the newly-created directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -d -l /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>How can you confirm from the output of this command that the file uli101xx is a directory?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>Is the output from this command the same was the output from the previous command?<br>If so, what does this say about how to use multiple options for Linux commands?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the '''acp100xx''' and '''xyz100xx''' directories:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir /home/your-seneca-id/acp100xx /home/your-seneca-id/xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can create multiple directories by issuing the '''mkdir''' command with <u>multiple arguments</u>.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family: Access courier;">ls -ld /home/your Matrix Account From -seneca-id/acp100xx /home/your own computer within -seneca-id/xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''Using a FULL pathname starting from the root directory (i.e. /) requires is a LOT of typing!.<br>Since we are already located in our home directory, we don't have to start from<br>the root directory. This is called a "relative" pathname.'''<br><br># We will now create the subdirectories that are contained in the '''uli101xx''' directory.<br>Issue the following Linux command to move to the '''uli101xx''' directory using a '''relative''' pathname:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd uli101xx</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that your current location is in the ''uli101xx'' directory.<br>You should know how to issue this command from a previous tutorial.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the directories called '''notes''', '''tutorials''' and '''samples''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir notes tutorials samples</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created<br>(you should already know how to do this).<br><br>There are better ways to create the same directory structure without using the '''cd''' command.<br><br>Issuing the '''cd''' command '''<u>prior</u>''' to issuing other commands indicates to others that you are a novice or outside "'''newbie'''".<br>You can actually '''lose marks''' on quizzes or tests if you issue multiple Linux commands to performed tasks that can be performed<br>using a single Linux command with '''pathnames'''.<br><br># Issue the Seneca College Network following Linux command to return to your home directory: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that you are now located in your home directory.<br><br>Although we will teach you how to '''remove''' directories and their contents in another investigation,<br>let's remove the created directory structure' and '''recreate''' the same directory structure<br>using just <u>one</u> command using pathnames.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove all of the directories that you have created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -r uli101xx acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that the '''uli101xx''', '''acp100xx''' and '''xyz100xx''' directories have been removed.<br><br># Issue the following single Linux command to create the entire directory structure:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p uli101xx/notes uli101xx/tutorials uli101xx/samples acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''-p''' option allows "parent" directories to be automatically created first to then create their subdirectories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that all of the directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld uli101xx/ uli101xx/notes uli101xx/tutorials uli101xx/samples acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''Running a Shell Script to Check your Work'''

You will learn how Although you are being asked to connect to your Matrix Linux account from your own computer whether it be a '''laptop''' computer or your '''home computer'''.create the directory structure, you might have made some mistakes:<br>For Example:<br>

This would be useful if you want * Forgetting to access your Matrix Linux account on your own computer to practice Linux commands create a directory.* Making syntax errors (eg. spelling or perform your assignment outside of the scheduled class-timemixing up character case)* Not creating subdirectories within specified directories.

:'''Perform the following steps:'''# Click on the following link to download the Putty executable file:<br>http://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe[[Image:putty-application-icon.png|thumb|table align="right|70px|Putty Application Icon ]]<br"><br>'''NOTE:''' If you are interested in downloading and installing other SSH applications (including the<br>SSH Secure Shell Client application used in part 1), refer to week 1 links in the ULI101 Weekly Schedule.<br><br># The putty executable file does <u>not</u> install the Putty program: Instead, run this program, by opening a file manager, moving to the '''Downloads''' directory and double-clicking on the '''putty.exe''' file.<brtr valign="top"><brtd>[[Image:puttyscript-configurationcheck-window1.png|thumb|right|250px|Putty Configuration Window ]]# The Putty configuration window will appear.<br><br>You can '''configure''' the SSH application to adjust elements such as the '''window size''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. We will be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell ClientIf all checks pass, but the other applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br># To change the size of your shell window, click '''Window'''<br><br># Change the '''rows''' and '''columns''' to larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Window'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># In the left window under '''Font Settings''', click the '''Change''' button.<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' then user performed task correctly and click '''Apply'''<br><br># You will return to the Putty Configuration window.<br><br># To login to your Matrix Linux account, click on '''Sessions'''<br><br># In the Host Name sectionand enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's networkcontinue.<br>If you where located <u>outside]]</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<brtd><brtd>[[Image:puttyscript-logincheck-window2.png|thumb|right|350px450px|Login If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to Matrix Server user to correct and re-run checking script.]]# Click on the '''Open''' button and the Putty session window should appear.<br/td><br/table># Enter your '''username''' when prompted.<br><br># Enter your '''password''' when prompted.<br><br>[[Image:putty-public-key.png|thumb|right|250px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely from the putty application To check for the '''first time'''mistakes, a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br># Click the '''Yesshell script''' button has been created to share check your public keywork.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter the checking shell script detects an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect then it will provide feedback and offer constructive feedback on how to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password fix that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you encountered an error logging in, issue the same steps to connect to your Matrix account,<br>but carefully check your server name, username and your password. If you continue to experience the same problems,<br>problem so you can go to re-run the computer help desk in the learning commons to get help.<br><br>[[Image:putty-checking shell-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Putty Shell Command Line Interface ]]# If you followed the login sequence correctly, the Putty Shell window will appear where you can issue Linux commands.<br><br># To exit scripts until your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the Putty application window will disappear.<br><br># It work is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the processcorrect.<br><br>

=INVESTIGATION 2'''Perform the Following Steps: USING THE LINUX SHELL / ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ='''

===Part 2:* Learn Viewing Directory Contents / Copying & Moving Directories=== Now that you have learned how to efficiently create your directory structure, you will now learn how to issue Linux commands<br>to '''view directory contents''' as well as '''copy''' and '''move''' directories.  '''Perform the Following Steps:'''<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:directory-structure-5.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''tree'''Linux command to display directory structure.]]</td><td>[[Image:directory-structure-6.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''ls -R''' (arguments and options)command to display directory structure.]]</td></table># Issue the following Linux command:* Learn how <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should see the directory structure that you created in the previous investigation. You can also issue the '''tree''' command using a directory pathname to get display the directory structure for a specific scope.<br><br>You can also use the '''help-R''' option for the '''ls''' command to display all directories and subdirectories for a specified directory path (referred to as a '''recursive directory listing''').<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR </span><br><br>What directories do you see?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR uli101xx</span><br><br>Note the differences between both of these commands with manpages (i.e. using and <u>not</u> using a pathname).<br><br>You can copy and move entire directories (and their contents) to other directories.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:directory-structure-7.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''mantree''' commandto confirm copy of '''uli101xx''' directory (and contents)to the '''xyz100xx''' directory.]]</td><td>[[Image:* Learn directory-structure-8.png|thumb|right|300px|Output of the '''tree'''Basic Shell Editingcommand to confirm movement of ''':* Learn how acp100 directory''' directory (and contents) to perform the '''online assignmentsxyz100xx'''diredtory.]]</td></tr></table># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp -R uli101xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you copied the uli101xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree </span><br><br><br><br><br><br># Issue the following Linux command:* Perform <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mv acp100xx xyz100xx/uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you moved the acp100xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree </span><br><br>Let's run a checking script to see if you moved and copied the directories correctly.<br><br># Make certain that your current directory is '''first two sections of online assignment #1your home directory'''.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command run checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week2-check-2</span><br><br># If you encounter errors. make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next investigation.<br><br>

===Part 13: Using the Linux Shell Removing Directories ===

The Bash shell in Matrix allows you In this investigation, we will learn how to interact with your account by issuing commands'''safely remove''' directories and their contents.

'''Linux Command StructurePerform the Following Steps:'''

# Confirm that you are located in your home directory.<br><br>The '''rmdir''' command is used to remove <u>empty</u> directories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove the empty directory called '''tutorials''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rmdir uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br># Issue a command to confirm that you removed the '''tutorials''' directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command argument1 argument2 to remove the empty directory called '''uli101xx''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rmdir uli101xx</span><br><br>NOTE: You should get an '''error message''', since the '''uli101xx''' directory is '''NOT''' empty.<br><br>To remove non-empty directories, you can use the '''rm -r''' command.<br>The '''-r''' option stands for recursive, which can travel down the directory paths and their contents. <br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove the '''uli101xx''' directory and its contents: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -r uli101xx</span><br><br># Issue the '''tree''' command to confirm that the uli101xx directory (contained in your home directory) and its contents have been removed.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To <u>safely</u> remove non-empty directories, you can add the '''-i''' option which will prompt the user if they wish to remove contents as it your travel recursively down a directory to remove directories and their contents.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command (entering "y" when prompted): <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -ri xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should have removed all directories that you have created.<br><br>Let's run a checking script to confirm that you have correctly removed all of those directories.<br><br># Issue the '''tree''' command to confirm that all of those recently created directories have been removed.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script to confirm removal of those directories:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week2-check-3</span><br><br># If you encounter errors, make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next INVESTIGATION.<br><br>

An =INVESTIGATION 2: MANAGING TEXT FILES=<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:nano-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|250px|The '''argumentNano Text Editor''' can be a is Easy to Operate for Novice Users.]]</td><td>[[Image:vi-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|300px|The '''pathnamevi Text Editor''', '''although taking longer to master, has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productive with editing text'''files.]]</td></tr></table>Since IT students will be working in the Unix / Linux command line environment, it is useful to learn a least two common command-line '''optiontext editors''', etc.

For example:* The Although '''lsprogramming students''' command displays a listing of filenames in the current directory* The can use '''graphical IDE'ls /bins''' command displays a listing of filenames in the /bin directory (as opposed to your current directory)* The code and compile programs, they can '''ls -lcreate source code''' command displays using a detailed listing of filenames text editor and '''compile their source code''' in the current directory* The '''ls -l /binMatrix''' command displays a details listing of files in the /bin directoryserver to generate executable programs (without having to transfer them for compilation or execution).

The two most readily-available command line text editors in Linux are '''Nano'''and ''Getting Help with Linux Commands'vi'''. The Nano text editor would seem like an easier-to-use text editor, but vi (although taking longer to learn) has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productive with editing text files.

The You will now learn basic editing skills using the '''manNano''' command can provide information on how to use a command (i.e. text editor including '''usagecreating''', '''argumentsediting''', and '''optionssaving''', '''examples''').<br>The commands are classified into sections or “volumes”text files.

# Make certain that you are logged into located in your Matrix accounthome directory.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-10.png|right|150px|thumb|]]# '''Create''' the following directory structure (displayed on the right side) by issuing a '''single Linux command'''<br>(You should know how to do this from the previous INVESTIGATION).<br><br># Issue a Linux command to check that you correctly created those directories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux commandto edit a text file called '''mytext.txt''' in the '''linux/practice''' directory: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">man mannano textedit/practice/mytext.txt</span><br>How many volume numbers are contained in the man pages (like <br>'''executable commands/programsNOTE:''', When using the '''gamesNano'''text editor, or you are placed in '''system administrator commandsINPUT''')?mode, so you can enter text immediately.<br><br># Press the letter <span style="color[[Image:blue;fontnano-text-editor-weight:bold">q</span> to exit 2.png|right|400px|thumb|Enter the man commandfollowing text that appears in this diagram.<br><br>]]# Issue Enter the lines shown in the other diagram of the Linux command to get help with nano text editor on the command: '''ls'''right side.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the following short-cut keys within the man command Refer to <br>help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below)for a list of common '''Nano''' navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br><table cellpadding="35"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard ShortcutKey(s)</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;SPACEBAR&gt;''',<br>'''ENTER&lt;esc&gt;&lt;6&gt;'''</td><td>Move down forward/backward one lineword</td></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;a&gt;''',<br>'''SPACEBAR&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;e&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen downto beginning/end of line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;fk&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen upCut line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''/pattern/&lt;esc&gt;6'''</td><td>Search for PatternCopy Line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''q&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;u&gt;'''</td><td>quit man utilityPaste Cut/Copied Text</td></tr></tabletr><brtd style="font-family:courier"># Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;g&gt;''' Linux command and note the option letters that correspond to the following:<br/td><ultd>Display help screen (ctrl-x to exit help screen)<li/td>Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot</litr><litr>List in long format</litd style="font-family:courier"><li>Recursively list subdirectories encountered'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;x&gt;'''</litd><litd>Sort files by sizeSave editing changes and exit</litd><li>Display a slash (`/') immediately after each pathname that is a directory</litr></ultable><br># Exit Referring to the man utility table above, practice navigating and editing your entered lines for the ls commandpractice.<br><br># Issue the ls command for each of those option letters you wrote down to see how this command differs for each option.<br><br>NOTE: The To '''man''' utility can be used with the save'''your editing session, press: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;x</span><br><br># Although we You will not be learning about pipeline commands (using prompted to modify your file: type the | character) until later, try issuing the following pipeline command: letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k copy | grep 8y</span><br>How this this pipeline command make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?for '''yes'''.<br><br># If you wish to change your passwordThe name of the file will be displayed, you can change it by issuing the command: Press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">passwdENTER</span>.to save editing changes for that file name.<br><br>What option '''NOTE:''' This prompt for the passwd command can be used file name allows you to change user info (such as the name)?of the file if you wish.<br>By pressing '''Hint:ENTER''' use , it will accept the manpages for default filename.<br><br># Perform some more editing operations based on the passwd commandediting chart above.<br><br># '''NOTE:Save''' You are NOT required to change your Matrix password for this tutorial. The Matrix server is "synched" with the my.senecacollege.ca server, so it is better to have editing session and '''exit''' your Matrix password changed at the same time that you change your myseneca passwordtext editor.<br><br> ===Part 2: Creating Text Files Using The vi Text Editor===[[Image:vi-screen.png|right|300px|thumb|Using the '''vi''' text editor.]]You will now learn basic editing skills using the '''vi''' ('''vim''') text editor including '''creating''', '''editing''', and '''saving''' text files.

The '''Command Line Editingvi'''('''vim''') text editor (although taking longer to learn) has outstanding features to increase coding productivity.

Learning The major different between nano and vi is that '''shortcut keysvi starts in COMMAND LINE mode''' in any OS terminal will allow you . You need to issue letter commands to be more productive as a sysadminenter text. You will focus on learning a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keysand learn where Also you can access online help for additional shortcuts (if required)press colon “: ” in COMMAND mode to enter more complex commands.

# Type Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command, but DON’T press to edit a text file called '''othertext.txt''' in the ENTER key'''linux/practice''' directory: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd vi textedit/binpractice/othertext.txt</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' When using the '''vi''' text editor, you are placed in '''COMMAND''' mode,<br>so you need to issue a command to switch to ''INPUT'' mode.<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-a.png|right|200px|thumb|Enter the following text that appears in this diagram.]]# Press Type the following key to enter ''INPUT'' mode: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl-ai</span> key combination<br><br>You should notice you are in ''INSERT'' mode by seeing the notification '''-- INSERT --'''<br>at the bottom left-hand side of the application screen.<br><br># Enter the line shown in the other diagram of the vi text editor on the right side. What happens?<br><br># Press While on the first line, press the following key to enter ''COMMAND'' mode: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">alt-FESC</span> key combination <br><br>You should see the ''-- INSERT --'' notification disappear indicating that you are in ''COMMAND'' mode.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Refer to the table below for a list of<br>the most common '''vi''' (ESC+F for Mac OSx'''vim'''). What happens?navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br># Press the <span table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Key(s)</th><th style="colorborder-bottom:blue1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ctrl'''i'''</td><td>Enter '''INPUT''' mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-wfamily:courier">'''&lt;esc&gt;'''</td><td>Return to '''COMMAND''' MODE</td></spantr><tr><td style="font-family:courier"> shortcut. What happens?'''x'''<br/td><brtd># Type Delete text to the following commandright in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''W'''</td><td>Move forward one word in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''B'''</td><td>Move back one word in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: courier">'''dd'''</td><td>Cut line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><span td style="colorfont-family:blue;courier">'''yy'''</td><td>Copy Line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ls'''p / P'''</td><td>Paste Cut/Copied Text below/above line in COMMAND mode</spantd><br/tr><brtr># Press the <span td style="colorfont-family:blue;courier">'''u'''</td><td>Undo previous editing command</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ctrl''':help'''</td><td>Display help screen in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-efamily:courier">''':x'''</spantd><td> key combination Save editing changes and press exit (in COMMAND mode)</td></tr><tr><span td style="colorfont-family:courier">''':blue;w name'''</td><td>Save editing changes to "name" in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:boldcourier">ENTER''':q!'''</td><td>Abort editing session and exit (in COMMAND mode)</td></tr></spantable><br>Once you can get used to working in INPUT and COMMAND mode, it is easier to perform<br># Press the up arrow key. What happens?text editing operations in '''vi''' via ''COMMAND'' mode as opposed to nano!<br><br># Press Type the following keys to <u>copy</u> the current line: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl-uyy</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br># Press Type the following key to <u>paste</u> the copied line: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">up arrowp</span> key combination, and see what happens when <br><br>What did you press notice?<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">BACKSPACEu</span> , <br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;3p</span> <br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-b.png|right|200px|thumb|Use a combination of '''arrow''' keys and the '''w''' and '''b''' keys while in COMMAND mode to change the correct words for the '''third''' and '''fourth''' lines.]]# Use the up or down '''arrow''' keys to move to the second line.<br><br># Type either the '''w''' and /or '''b''' keys to move the cursor to the beginning of the word: '''first'''.<br><br># Type the '''x''' keys to remove the word called '''first'''.<br><br># Type the '''i''' key to enter INSERT mode.<br><br># Type the word: '''second'''<br><br># Press the '''ESC''' key to enter COMMAND mode.<br><br># Repeat steps '''11''' to '''16''' to change the words for line number for lines '''3''' and '''4'''.<br><br># Move to the 4th line (i.e. last line).<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;dd</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>Let's save editing changes and exit the vi text editor. Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl:x</span> and press '''ENTER'''<br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the same command that you performed in '''Step #2''' to confirm that you had properly edited that file.<br><br># '''Save''' and '''exit''' your vi editing session.<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-2.png|right|250px|thumb|The online vi-tutorial provides users "hands-on" experience of using the vi text editor.]]An '''online tutorial''' has been created to give you "hands-on" experience on how to use vi text editor. It is <u>recommended</spanu> key combination that you run this online tutorial in your Matrix account to learn how to clear create and edit text files with the linevi text editor.<br><br># Press Issue the following to run the vi online tutorial:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ctrl/home/jason.carman/vi-ltutorial<br><br># In the tutorial menu, select the first menu item labelled "'''USING THE VI TEXT EDITOR'''"<br><br>#Read and follow the instructions in the tutorial. Eventually, it will display a '''simulated''' vi environment</spanbr> key combinationand will provide you with "'''hands-on'''" practice using the vi text editor. What happens? What As far as this author is aware,<br>there is NO "hands-on" tutorial for the advantage of using nano text editor in this key combination then issuing particular format.<br><br># When you have completed that section, you will be returned to the main menu.<br>If you want to get extra practice, you can select the menu item labelled "'''clearREVIEW EXERCISE''' command?".<br><br># When you want to exit the tutorial, select the menu option to exit the tutorial.<br><br> : It is recommended to try both text editors, and choose the text editor that you feel that is easier to use.<br><br>

===Part 23: Performing Online Assignments Manage &amp; Manipulate Text File Content===

You are required We conclude this tutorial by learning to perform '''3 online assignmentsmanage''', '''view''' or ''' during this coursemanipulate the <u>display</u>''' of text files. This online assignment is used HIGHLY ADVISED in case you only want to teach view contents and reinforce Linux commands are techniques as well as using Linux commands to perform tasks and tests students on their knowledge '''NOT''' edit text file contents which can cause accidental erasure of issuing Linux commandsdata.

In this section, you will learn to '''select Perform the correct sectionFollowing Steps:''' for your online assignments, how to perform the '''first two sections''' of assignment #1, how to '''verify''' that you successfully completed both sections, and how to '''exit''' your online assignment #1.

# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br># Refer to the following table of '''Perform the following stepsText File Management Commands:'''[[Image<br><br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" width="20%">Linux Command</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td style="font-family:assigncourier">'''touch'''</td><td>Create empty file(s) / Updates Existing File's Date/Time Stamp</td></tr><tr><td style="font-initialfamily:courier">'''cat'''</td><td>Display text file's contents without editing (small files)</td></tr><tr><td style="font-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]# In your Matrix accountfamily:courier">'''more , issue the following commandless'''</td><td>Display / Navigate within large text files without editing</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''cp'''</td><td>Copy text file(s)<br/td></tr><tr><span td style="colorfont-family:blue;courier">'''mv'''</td><td>Move / Rename text files</td></tr><tr><td style="font-weightfamily:bold;courier">'''rm'''</td><td>Remove text file(s)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">~uli101'''sort'''</td><td>Sorts (rearranges) order of file contents when displayed. Content is sorted alphabetically by default. The '''-n'''''Italic text'' option sorts numerically, '''-r''' performs a reverse sort</assign1td></spantr><tr valign="top"><brtd style="font-family:courier">'''head''' , '''tail'''</td><brtd># A screen similar to Displays the one displayed on first / last 10 lines of a text file by default. An option using a value will display the right number of lines (e.g. <span style="font-family:courier">head -5 filename</span> will display first 5 lines, <span style="font-family:courier">tail -5 filename</span> will appeardisplay last 5 lines).<br/td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">'''grep'''</td><td>Displays file contents that match a pattern</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td style="font-family:courier">'''uniq'''</td><td>Displays identical consecutive lines only once</td></tr><brtr valign="top"><span td style="colorfont-family:red;courier">'''WARNINGdiff'''file1 file2</td><td>Displays differences between 2 files</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family: You need to select courier">'''file'''</td><td>Gives info about the CORRECT section for contents of the course which you belong tofile (e.g.file with no extention)</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''find'''<br/td><td>If you do NOT select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marksTo find files matching specified characteristics: <!-- <table><tr><td width="30%">'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -name "file*"</span>'''<br/td><td>List pathname of any filenames beginning with "file",<br># Select from the current directory and any subdirectories</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''letter(s)<span style="font-family:courier">find . -size +50k</span>''' corresponding to </td><td>List pathname of any files larger than 50 kb, from the current directory and any subdirectories<u/td>correct</utr><tr valign="top"><td> '''ULI101 section<span style="font-family:courier">find . -mmin -5</span>''' and </td><td>List files modified less than 5 minutes ago</td></tr><tr> valign="top"><td>'''professor<span style="font-family:courier">find -P .</span>''' and press </td><td>Lists file pathnames in the current directory</td></tr></table> --> </td></tr></table><br># Issue the following Linux command to create three <u>empty</u> text files in your current directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTERtouch a.txt b.txt c.txt</span><br><br># After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<br>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTERls -l a.txt b.txt c.txt</span> <br><br>Check the size in the detailed listing to proceedconfirm that these newly-created files are empty.<br><br>[[Image:assnvi-sectionscreen-completion40.png|thumbright|right300px|250pxthumb|Main Assignment Window Nano text editor containing numbers '''1 to View Which Sections Need to be Completed40'''<br>on separate lines. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayedUse the '''nano''' text editor to edit the empty file called '''a.txt'''.<br><br>Type the number "'''1'''" and press '''ENTER'''. On the second line, type the number "'''NOTES:2'''" and press '''ENTER'''.<ulbr>Continue entering increasing number values until you reach the number '''40''' on line 40<libr>Near (refer to the bottom of diagram on the right).<br><br># '''Save''' and '''exit''' your editing session.<br><br># Issue the window, following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cat a.txt</span><br><br>Can you will see all of the contents?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">more a.txt</span><br><br>'''"You are currently registered to"NOTE:''' followed by the The '''section lettermore''' and command uses the same navigation keys as with the '''instructor nameman'''command<br>(refer to week 1 notes for reference). DoubleTry using keys that you used to navigate the man pages.<br><br>What is the advantage of using the more command?<br><br># Type the letter "<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-check your course timetable family:courier;">q</span>" to confirm that this exit the correct section letter''more'' command. If you have selected <br><br># Issue the WRONG section, type following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">Cless a.txt</span> in <br><br>Is there any difference between the menu selection area '''more''' and '''less''' commands?<br>(again press '''q''' to quit)<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTERsort a.txt</span>. You will return back to <br><br>Why does the original window to select your correct course section.output not look what you expected? Why?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sort -n a.txt</lispan><libr>Near <br>Try the top of same command using both the window displays the sections '''-n''' and '''-r''' options to complete in see what happens.<br><br># issue the assignmentfollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head a. You are NOT required to complete all sections at txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br><br># issue the same timefollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head -7 a. You can check txt</span><br><br>What is the assignment output from this command display?<br><br>#1 link on issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tail a.txt</span><br><br>What is the ULI101 main WIKI page output from this command display?<br>How would you issue this command to note display only the due date for assignment #1. Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue backgroundlast line'''. On contained in that file?<br><br># Issue the other hand, when you compete following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep 2 a section, then the section will appear as regular text.txt</span><br><br>What type of output appear? Why did these lines appear (i.e not what do they all have in reverse textcommon).?<br><br>[[Image:assnend-completedof-windowline.png|thumbright|right200px|250pxthumb|Main Assignment Window Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completedthe bottom 5 new lines each consisting of the <u>same</u> text: "'''end of line'''". ]]# Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to the bottom 5 new lines each consisting<br>of the </liu>same<li/u>If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text : "'''end of line'''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"(refer to diagram on right).<br><br># '''Save''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished editing session and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected '''exit''' your correct course sectiontext editor.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">uniq a.txt</lispan><br><br>What do you notice happened to those newly created lines?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp a.txt a.txt.bk</ulspan><br><br># At Issue the menu assignment following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp a.txt b.txt</span><br><br>#1 window, enter Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">1mv a.txt aa.txt</span> in <br><br># Issue a Linux command to view the menu selection area directory contents.<br><br>What happened to begin the first section file called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"a.txt'''.? Why?<br><br># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to Issue the main windowfollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">file b.txt</span><br>View the contents <br>What sort of this window to confirm that you completed this section.information did it provide?<br><br># When you have time this week, enter Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">2diff aa.txt b.txt</span> in <br><br>Was there any output? If not, why?<br><br># Issue the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''following Linux command: <span style="Basic Unix Commandscolor:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"'''>diff aa.txt c.txt</span><br><br> What do you think is the purpose of this output?<br><br># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to Issue the main windowfollowing Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">find -P .</span><br><br>View What is the contents output of this window to confirm that you completed this sectioncommand?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm aa.txt b.txt a.txt.bk c.txt</span><br><br># Issue the '''NOTE:ls''' Although you are NOT allowed command to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to create one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final examverify that these files have been removed.<br><br># Proceed to Complete the next section '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' to perform get additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The more practice questions you perform, the better mark you will achieve for this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.<br><br>

* https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101files/uli101_week1_practiceuli101_week2_practice.docx

'''Review QuestionsAuthor:''' Murray Saul

# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?License: LGPL version 3# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that serverLink: https://www. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Linux server account from a '''workstation''' in a computer lab at Seneca College.# List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''gnu.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application)org/licenses/lgpl.# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an argument?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) is used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, useful options that were mentioned in the online assignment #1 and command purpose for the following Linux commands: '''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''html