Changes

=UNIX / LINUX FILE MANAGEMENMANAGEMENT CONCEPTS=

:* xUnderstand the purpose of '''directories''' and '''directory pathnames'''.

:* xUse common '''Unix / Linux commands''' to perform '''directory management''' tasks.

:* xUse '''Text Editors''' to create and modify text files

:* xUse Common Unix / Linux commands to '''manage''' and '''manipulate''' text files. :* x :* x :* x<br><br>

|colspan="21" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

|colspan="21" |Course NotesSlides:<ul><li>[https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/notes/Week02ULI101-Week2.pdf PDF] | [https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/notes/Week02ULI101-Week2.pptx PPTX]</li></ul>Tutorials:<ul><li>[http://www.cheat-sheets.org/saved-copy/Nano_Cheat_Sheet.pdf Nano Reference Sheet (PDF)]</li><li>[https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/05/vi-editor-linux-terminal-cheat-sheet-pdf Vi Reference Sheet(PDF)]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture2.html Les Czegel's Week 2 Notes (HTML)]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Directory and File Management Commands

| style="padding-left:15px;"|Text Editors /<br>File Management CommandsContent*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/vi.1p.html vi] , *[https://linux.die.net/man/1/nano nano]<br>

===Unix / Linux File Management Concepts==KEY CONCEPTS=

The ===Unix/Linux file system is hierarchical, similar to other operating systems such as Windows, Mac OSX, etc.Files are organized in directories. Directories may contain sub-directories.===

[[Image:directory-structure-1.png|thumb|right|350px|In Unix / Linux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:'''). <br><br> All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called "the '''root ''' directory".]]To better '''organize''' files (eg. text, images, documents, spreadsheets, programs) within your Matrix account, they should be stored in '''directories'''. To further organize <u>many</u> files, directories<br> may contain '''sub-directories'''.

Learning how to issue The Unix/Linux commands for navigating the file system is '''hierarchical''', like other operating systems such as '''Windows''', '''Mac OSX''', etc.In Unix / Linux filesystem (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:''').<br>All files and manipulating directories appear under a single ancestor directory called the "'''root directory and files that are contained in those directories'''".

In the Learning how to issue Linux (Unix) OS, commands for '''navigating''' and '''manipulating''' directory and files within the "root directory" / is the starting directory, Linux filesystem are '''essential skills''' for Linux users and other "child directories", "grandchild directories", etcLinux system administrators (i.e. are createdThe hierarchical structure resembles an "upside- down tree"''sysadmins''). There is actually a command called tree that can display a "tree diagram"!

xA pathname '''points''' to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy''' expressed in a string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting character, represent each directory. The '''delimiting character''' is most commonly the slash ("'''/'''").</i> Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing) The following table displays and defines '''commonly used directories'''<br>(listed by directory pathname) for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems:<br> <br><br> [[Image:directory-structure-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Common directory pathnames'''<br>for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems.]]<table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Directory Pathname</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''/'''</td><td>Root directory (ancestor to all directories)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/home'''</td><td>Used to store users’ home directories</td></tr><tr><td>'''/home/username'''</td><td>A '''<u>specific</u>''' User's Home Directory</td></tr><tr><td>'''/bin'''</td><td>Common system binaries (commands) </td></tr><tr><td>'''/usr/bin'''</td><td>Common utilities (commands) for users. </td></tr><tr><td>'''/usr/sbin'''</td><td>Common utilities for system administration </td></tr><tr><td>'''/etc'''</td><td>System administration files (eg. passwd)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/var'''</td><td>Dynamic files (log and mail files)</td></tr><tr><td>'''/tmp , /var/tmp'''</td><td>Temporary files for programs</td></tr><tr><td>'''/dev'''</td><td>Device driver files (terminals, printers, etc.)</td></tr></table><br>  When you log into your Matrix account, you are automatically directed to your '''home''' directory.<br>This directory is where the user can store files, and create subdirectories to organize their files. =INVESTIGATION 1: CREATING &amp; MANAGING DIRECTORIES= <span style="color:red;">'''ATTENTION''': Depending on your ULI101 instructor, you may be required to complete this tutorial for '''marks''' in this course.<br>Please refer to your instructor's course notes and lecture notes regarding evaluation for this course.<br><br>The due date for successfully completing this tutorial (i.e. '''tutorial 2''') is by '''Friday by midnight''' next week (i.e. '''Week 3''').<br>If your instructor has NOT assigned marks for completing this tutorial, you can perform it for '''practice'''.</span><br><br> In this investigation, you will learn how to '''create''', '''navigate''', '''list directory contents''' and '''remove''' directories in your Matrix account.  '''Directory File Naming Rules''' Before you learn how to create directories, it is important to understand what represents an appropriate '''directory filename'''. Listed below are some common '''file-naming rules''': * Unix/Linux characters are '''case sensitive'''. It is recommended to be consistent (e.g. use all lowercase letters)* Adopt a '''consistent directory naming scheme''' (this will help you to navigate within your directory structure)* Make your directory names '''meaningful'''* '''Avoid non-alphanumeric characters''', as they may have a special meaning to the system that will make your work more difficult when changing to directories, etc.* '''Avoid using spaces''' for directory names (consider periods, hyphens, and underscores instead)  ===Part 1: Creating Directories === [[Image:directory-structure-3.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Tree Diagram''' of Directory Structure to Create in your '''Home''' Directory (displayed in blue text).]]Creating subdirectories within your home directory makes it more '''efficient''' to<br>save and access files on your Linux server. A comparison would be rooms in a '''house'''. If there were no rooms, just one large room in a 3,000 square foot house, it would be "messy" and difficult to locate items. Each '''room''' in a house is used to for a<br>'''specific purpose''' to be more productive to perform a task such as a kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, etc.

# '''Login''' to your matrix account (you should know how to do this from performing [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT Tutorial 1 INVESTIGATION 1]]).<br><br># Issue a command to '''confirm''' that you are located in your home directory<br>(you should know how to do this from performing [[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_2:_USING_THE_LINUX_SHELL_.2F_ONLINE_ASSIGNMENTS Tutorial 1 INVESTIGATION 2]]<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br>(remember: use <u>your</u> Seneca username instead of "your-seneca-id")<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should always confirm that you have created a directory.<br>This can be done by issuing the '''ls''' command.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-4.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Creating''' and '''Confirming''' the Creation of a Directory.]]# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>There are no contents that are contained in this newly-created directory; therefore, no contents appear. A useful option '''-d''' can be used to confirm that the actual <u>directory</u> has been created as opposed to viewing the contents of the directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -d /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>You should now see just the directory listed. You can also combine the '''-d''' and '''-l''' options to provide more detail regarding the newly-created directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -d -l /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>How can you confirm from the output of this command that the file uli101xx is a directory?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>Is the output from this command the same was the output from the previous command?<br>If so, what does this say about how to use multiple options for Linux commands?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the '''acp100xx''' and '''xyz100xx''' directories:<br><span style=Part 2"color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir /home/your-seneca-id/acp100xx /home/your-seneca-id/xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can create multiple directories by issuing the '''mkdir''' command with <u>multiple arguments</u>.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld /home/your-seneca-id/acp100xx /home/your-seneca-id/xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''Using a FULL pathname starting from the root directory (i.e. /) requires is a LOT of typing!.<br>Since we are already located in our home directory, we don't have to start from<br>the root directory called a "relative" pathname.'''<br><br># We will now create the subdirectories that are contained in the '''uli101xx''' directory.<br>Issue the following Linux command to move to the '''uli101xx''' directory using a '''relative''' pathname:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd uli101xx</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that your current location is in the ''uli101xx'' directory.<br>You should know how to issue this command from a previous tutorial.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the directories called '''notes''', '''tutorials''' and '''samples''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family: Creating courier;">mkdir notes tutorials samples</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created<br>(you should already know how to do this).<br><br>There are better ways to create the same directory structure without using the '''cd''' command.<br><br>Issuing the '''cd''' command '''<u>prior</ Copying u>''' to issuing other commands indicates to others that you are a novice or "'''newbie'''".<br>You can actually '''lose marks''' on quizzes or tests if you issue multiple Linux commands to performed tasks that can be performed<br>using a single Linux command with '''pathnames'''.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd</ Moving span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that you are now located in your home directory.<br><br>Although we will teach you how to '''remove''' directories and their contents in another investigation,<br>let's remove the created directory structure' and '''recreate''' the same directory structure<br>using just <u>one</ Removing Files u> command using pathnames.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove all of the directories that you have created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -r uli101xx acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that the '''uli101xx''', '''acp100xx''' and '''xyz100xx''' that been removed.<br><br># Issue the following single Linux command to create the entire directory structure:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p uli101xx/notes uli101xx/tutorials uli101xx/samples acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''-p''' option allows "parent" directories to be automatically created first to then create their subdirectories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that all of the directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld uli101xx/ uli101xx/notes uli101xx/tutorials uli101xx/samples acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''Running a Shell Script to Check your Work'''

xAlthough you are being asked to create the directory structure, you might have made some mistakes:<br>For Example:<br>

=INVESTIGATION 2'''Perform the Following Steps: USING TEXT EDITORS TO CREATE / MODIFY TEXT FILES ='''

===Part 2:* x:* x:* x:* x:* xViewing Directory Contents / Copying & Moving Directories===

Since IT students will be working in the Unix / Linux command line environment, it is useful to learn a least two common command-line '''Perform the following steps:text editors'''.

For each of the following questions, use a pathname starting from the '''root''' directory (i.e. “/”).<br><br> [[Image:tree-diagram.png|right|350px|thumb|]]# Write a single Linux command to create the directory structure starting from your home directory from the diagram displayed on the right. # Write a Linux command to display a detailed listing of '''history''' directory.<br>How would this command differ if you wanted to also view hidden files as well?<br># Write a Linux command to change to the '''project''' directory.<br>What command would you issue to return to your home directory?<br># Write a Linux command to copy the '''project''' directory and its contents to the '''history''' directory.# Write a Linux command to move the directory called '''directories''' to the '''history''' directory.# xWrite a Linux command to remove both directories named '''1''' and '''2'''.# Write a Linux command to remove the '''concepts''' directory and its contents.# Write a Linux command to remove the '''concepts''' directory and prompt the user if they want to remove this directory’s contents.<br><br># xWrite a single Linux command to create the following empty files in the concepts directory:<br>'''myfile.txt'''<br>'''yourfile.txt'''<br>'''thefile.txt'''<br># xWrite a Linux command to view the contents of the myfile.txt text file to prove it is empty.<br>What is the difference between the commands: '''cat''', '''more''' and '''less'''?# xWrite a Linux command to sort the contents of a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# xWrite a Linux command to display the first 4 lines of a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# xWrite a Linux command to display the last line of a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# xWrite a Linux command to match a line containing the pattern '''Linux''' in a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# xWrite a Linux command to display unique occurrences of consecutive lines in a file called '''practice/customers.txt'''# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, useful options that were mentioned in the online assignment #1 and command purpose for are displayed near the following Linux commandstop of this tutorial labelled: '''Tutorial Reference Material'''