:* List and explain several '''addresses''' and '''instructions''' associated with the '''sed''' command.

:* List and explain several '''comparison operators''', '''variables''' and variables '''actions''' associated with the '''awk''' command.

|colspan="2" |Course Notes'''Slides''':<ul><li>Week 11 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [[Media:ULI101-Week11.1.pdf | PDF]] | [https://ictmatrix.senecacollege.ca/~murraychris.sauljohnson/ULI101/uli101ULI101-Week11.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 11 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [[Media:ULI101-Week11.2.pdf | PDF]] | [https://ictmatrix.senecacollege.ca/~murrayjason.saulcarman/uli101slides/ULI101-Week11.2.pptx PPTX]<br></li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Text Manipulation:'''

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Man Pages'''Commands:'''

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npU6S61AIko&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=14 Using the sed Utility]</li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV3XzjDYgJo&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=13 Using the awk Utility]</ul>

* The sed command reads all lines in the input file and will be exposed to the expression�expression<br>(i.e. area contained within quotes) one line at a time.

* Can use a line number, to select a specific line (for example: '''5''')* Can specify a range of line numbers (for example: '''5,7''')* Regular expressions are contained within forward slashes (e.g. /regular-expression/)* Can specify a regular expression to select all lines that match �a pattern (e.g '''/^[0-9].*[0-9]$/''') * When using regular expressions, you must use forward slash(es) /

[[Image:sed.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Common instructions''' to take action if text matches an address.]]

*Refer to table on right-side for list of some <br>'''common instructions''' and their purpose  '''Examples:''' <span style="font-family:courier;">'''sed -n '3 p' text.txt''' (print 3rd line)<br>'''sed -n '1-5 p' text.txt''' (print lines 1 to 5)<br>'''sed -n '4,7 p' text.txt''' (print only lines 4 and 7)<br>'''sed -n'/^Therefore/ p' text.txt''' (print lines that begin with the patterh "Therefore")<br><br>'''sed '/^#/ d' myscript.bash''' (remove comments at beginning of line)<br>'''sed '/exit/ q' text.txt''' (print all lines until line containing pattern: "exit")<br>'''sed 's/this/that/' text.txt''' (replace first occurrence of pattern "this" with "that")<br>'''sed 's/this/that/' text.txt''' (replace ALL occurrences of pattern "this" with "that")<br><br></span>

<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk options [-F] 'selection-criteria {action}’ file-name</span>

'''NotesHow It Works:'''

*The '''awk command reads '''command reads all lines in the input file''' and will be exposed to the expression (contained within quotes) for processing.*Expression The '''expression''' (contained in quotes) represents '''selection criteria''', and '''action ''' to execute (contained within braces) '''{}'''* if selection criteria is matched *If no pattern is specified, awk selects all lines in the input*If no then action (between braces) is specified, awk copies the selected lines to standard outputexecuted.*You The '''–F''' option can use parameters like be used to specify the default '''$1field delimiter''', (separator) character<br>eg. '''$2awk –F”;”''' to represent first field, second field, etc (would indicate a semi-colon delimited input file).*You can use the <br>'''-FSelection Criteria''' option with the awk command to specify the field delimiter.

* Action to be executed is contained within braces '''Patterns{}'''* The '''print''' command can be used to display text (fields).* You can use parameters which represent fields within records (lines) within the expression of the awk utility.* The parameter '''$0''' represents all of the fields contained in the record (line).* The parameters '''$1''', '''$2''', '''$3''' … '''$9''' represent the first, second and third to the 9th fields contained within the record. * Parameters greater than nine requires the value of the parameter to be placed within braces (for example: Regular Expressions '''${10}''','''${11}''','''${12}''', etc.)* You can use built-in '''variables''' (such as '''NR''' or "record number" representing line number)<br>eg. '''{print NR,$0}''' (will print record number, then entire record).

[[Image:awk.png|thumb|right|300px|'''Comparison operators''' used with the '''awk''' command.]]'''Patterns: Relational Operators''' *The following operators (in the table on the right-side) can be used with the awk utility to pattern searching. *Since those symbols are used within the expression, they are NOT confused with redirection symbols.  '''Examples:''' <span style="font-family:courier;">'''awk 'NR == 3 {print}' text.txt''' (print 3rd line)<br>'''awk 'NR >= 1 && NR <= 5 {print}' text.txt''' (print lines 1 to 5)<br>'''awk '/NOTE:/ {print]' text.txt''' (print lines that contain the pattern: "NOTE:")<br><br>'''awk -F";" '$1 ~ /ford/ {print}' cars.dat''' (print records (of semi-colon delimited file) whose 1st field matches: "ford")<br>'''awk -F";" '$1 ~ /ford/ {print $2,$4}' cars.dat''' (same as above, but only print 2nd and 4th fields)<br><br></span> =INVESTIGATION 1: USING THE SED UTILITY= <br>In this sectioninvestigation, you will learn how to manipulate text using the '''sed''' utility.

# '''Login''' to your matrix account.<br><br># Issue a Linux command to <u>and confirm</u> you are located in your '''home''' directory.<br><br>

# Issue a Linux command to <u>change</u> to the '''sed''' directory.<br><br># Issue a Linux command to <u>and confirm</u> that you are located in the '''sed''' directory.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux command (to download the data.txt file<br>('''copy and paste''' to save time):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">wget <nowiki>https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/data.txt</nowiki></span><br><br># Issue the '''more''' command to quickly view the contents of the '''data.txt''' file.<br>When finished, exit the more command by pressing the letter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">q</span><br><br># The [[Image:sed-1.png|thumb|right|300px|Issuing the '''p''' command in sed is used instruction without using the '''-n''' option (to print or suppress original output) will display the contents of a text filelines twice.]]<br>Issue the following linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">The '''p''' instruction with the '''sed 'p' data.txt</span><br>' command is used to<br>You should notice that each line appears '''twiceprint'''(i. The reason why standard output appears twice is that the sed command (without the '''-n option'e. ''display'') displays all lines regardless if they had been specified as the contents of a patterntext file.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n 'p' data.txt | tee sed-1.txt</span><br><br>What do you '''NOTE: You should notice?<that each line appears twice'''.<br><br>You can specify an address (line #, line #s or range of line #s) when using the The reason why standard output appears twice is that the sed utility.command<br><br># Issue (without the following linux pipeline command:'''-n option''') displays all lines regardless of an address used.<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n br>We will use ''1 p' data.txt | tee sed-2.txtpipeline commands''' to both display stdout to the screen and save to files</spanbr>for <bru>confirmation<br/u>You should see the first line of the text file displayedrunning these pipeline commands when run a '''checking-script''' later in this investigation.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '2,5 p' data.txt | tee sed-31.txt</span><br><br>What is displayed? How do you change command to display lines 2 to 5notice?You should see only one line.<br><br>The You can specify an '''saddress''' command is used to substitute patterns (similar to method demonstratedin vi editor).display lines using the sed utility<br><br>(eg. ''line #'', '''line # Issue the following linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed s''' or range of '''2,5 line #s/TUTORIAL/LESSON/g' data'').txt | tee sed-4.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice? View # Issue the original contents of lines 2 to 5 in the 'following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '1 p'data.txt''' file in another shell to confirm that the substitution occurred| tee sed-2.txt</span><br><br>The '''q''' command terminates or '''quits''' You should see the execution first line of the sed utility as soon as it read text file displayed.<br>What other command is used to only display the first line in a particular line or matching pattern.file?<br><br># Issue [[Image:sed-2.png|thumb|right|500px|Using the following linux pipeline sed command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed to display a '''range''11 q' dataof lines.txt | tee sed-5.txt</span>]]# Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><br>What did you notice?<brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '2,5 p' data.txt | tee sed-3.txt</span><br><br>You can use regular expressions What is displayed? How would you modify the sed command to select lines that match a pattern. The rules remain display the same for using regular expressions as demonstrated in lab8 except the regular expression must be contained within delimiters such as the forward slash "/" when using the sed utility.line range 10 to 50?<br><br>The '''s''' instruction is used to '''substitute''' text<br>(a similar to method was demonstrated in the vi editor in tutorial 9).<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '2,5 s/^TheTUTORIAL/ pLESSON/g' data.txt | tee sed-64.txt| more</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue View the following linux pipeline command:original contents of lines 2 to 5 in the '''data.txt''' file<br>in another shell to confirm that the substitution occurred.<span style="colorbr><br>[[Image:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '/d$/ p' data3.txt png|thumb|right|500px| tee Using the sedcommand with the '''-7.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The q''' option to display up to a line number, then quit.]]The '''q''' instruction terminates or '''sedquits''' the execution of the sed utility can also be used as a filter to manipulate text that was generated from linux commandssoon as it is read in a particular line or matching pattern.<br><br># Issue the following linux Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls | sed -n '/11 q' data.txt$/ p' | tee sed-85.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice?How many lines were displayed<br>before the sed command exited?<br># Issue the following linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"You can use '''regular expressions''' to select lines that match a pattern. In fact,<br>who | the sed -n '/^[a-m]/ p' | tee sed-9.txt | morecommand was one of the <u>first</span><bru>Linux commands that used regular expression.<br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue The rules remain the following to run a checking script:same for using regular expressions as demonstrated in '''tutorial 9'''<br><span style="colorexcept the regular expression must be contained within '''forward slashes'''<br>(eg. <span style="font-family:bluecourier;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home">/murray.saulregexp/scripts/week11-check-1</span>).<br>br><br>[[Image:sed-4.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the sed command using regular expressions with '''anchors'''.]]# Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '/^The/ p' data.txt | tee sed-6.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sed -n '/d$/ p' data.txt | tee sed-7.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The '''sed''' utility can also be used as a '''filter''' to manipulate text that<br>was generated from Linux commands.<br><br>[[Image:sed-5.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the sed command with '''pipeline''' commands.]]# Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">who | sed -n '/^[a-m]/ p' | tee sed-8.txt | more</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls | sed -n '/txt$/ p' | tee sed-9.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the following to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week11-check-1</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script<br># If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>

In this sectioninvestigation, you will learn how to use the awk utility to manipulate text and generate reports. 

# Change to your '''home''' directory and issue a command to '''confirm''' <br>you are located<br>in your ''home'' directory.<br><br>

# Issue a Linux command to <u>change</u> to the '''awk''' directory.<br><br># Issue a Linux command to <u>and confirm</u> you are located in the '''awk''' directory.<br><br>Let's download a database file that contains information regarding classic cars.<br><br>

# Issue the '''morecat''' command to quickly view the contents of the '''cars.txt''' file.<br>When finished, exit the more <br>The "'''print'''" action (command by pressing ) is the letter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">q<u>default</spanu>action of awk to print<br><br>The "all selected lines that match a '''printpattern'''" action (command) is the .<ubr>default</ubr> This '''action of awk to print all selected lines that match a pattern.<br>This action ''' (contained in braces) can provide more options <br>such as printing '''specific fields ''' of selected lines (or records) from a database.<br><br>[[Image:awk-1.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk command to display matches of the pattern '''ford'''.]]# Issue the following linux command all to display all lines (i.e. records ) in the "'''cars.txt" ''' database that contain matches the pattern (or "make ") called '''ford"''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '/ford/ {print}' cars.txt</span><br><br># Issue the following linux We will use '''pipeline command all commands''' to both display records in stdout to the "cars.txt" database that contain the make "ford":screen and save to files for <bru>confirmation<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"/u>awk of running these pipeline commands when run a ''/ford/' cars.txt | tee awkchecking-1script''' later in this investigation.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?# Issue the following linux pipeline command all to display records<br><br>You can use variables with in the "print" action for further processing'''cars. We will discuss txt''' database that contain the following variables in this tutorial:<br><br>pattern (i.e. make) '''$0ford''' - Current record (entire line):<br>'''$1''' - First field in record<br>'''$n''' span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font- nth field in record<brfamily:courier;">awk '/ford/''NR''' cars.txt | tee awk- Record Number (order in database)1.txt</span><br> <br>What do you notice? You should notice ALL lines displayed <u>without</u> using '''''NFsearch criteria''' - Number of fields in current record.<br><br>For a listing of more variables, please consult your course notes.<br><br>The You can use ''builtin''tilde character''' variables'''~with the ''' is used to search print''' command for a pattern or display standard output for a particular fieldfurther processing.<br><br># Issue We will discuss the following linux pipeline command to display the model, year, quantity and price variables in the "cars.txt" database for makes of "chevy"this tutorial:<br><span style="colorbr>[[Image:blue;fontawk-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">2.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk '/chevy/ {command to print $2,$3,$4,$5}search results by '''field number''' cars.txt | tee awk]]'''$0''' -2.txt</span>Current record (entire line)<br>'''$1''' - First field in record<br>Notice that a space " " is the delimiter for the fields that appear as standard output.<br><'''$n''' - nth field in record<br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display all plymouths '''NR''' - Record Number (plymsorder in database) by model name, price and quantity:<br>'''NF''' - Number of fields in current record<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"br><br>awk '/chevy/ {print $2For a listing of more variables,$3,$4,$5}' carsplease consult your course notes.txt | tee awk-3.txt</span><br><br>You can also use comparison operators <br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to specify conditions for processing with matched patterns when using the awk command. Since they are used WITHIN the awk expressiondisplay the '''model''', they are not confused with redirection symbols<br><br> Comparison Operators:<br><br>'''<year''', '''quantity'' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less than' and price<br>in the '''<=cars.txt''' &nbsp;&nbsp;Less than or equal<br>database for makes of '''chevy'>''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Greater than:<br>'''><span style=''' &nbsp"color:blue;&nbspfont-weight:bold;Greater than or equal<br>'''==''' &nbspfont-family:courier;&nbsp;Equal<br">awk '/chevy/ {print $2,$3,$4,$5}'cars.txt | tee awk-2.txt</span><br><br>Notice that a '!=''space''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Not equalis the delimiter for the fields that appear as standard output.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command The '''tilde character''' '''~''' is used to search for a pattern or display display the car make, model number, quantity and price of all vehicles that are prices less than $5,000:standard output for a particular field.<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"br>awk '$5 # Issue the following linux pipeline command to display all '''plymouths''' ('''plym''')< 5000 {print $1,$2br>by '''model name''',$4,$5}' cars.txt | tee awk-4.txt</span>''price''' and '''quantity''':<br><br>What do you notice?<brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display display the car makeawk '$1 ~ /plym/ {print $2, model number$3, quantity and price of all vehicles that are prices less than $54,000:$5}' cars.txt | tee awk-3.txt</span><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk br>You can also use '''comparison operators''$5 < 5000 {print $1,$2,$4,$5}' cars.txt | tee awk-5to specify conditions for processing with matched patterns<br>when using the awk command.txtSince they are used WITHIN the awk expression,</spanbr>they are not confused with redirection symbols<br><br>The symbol tilde [[Image:awk-3.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk command to display results based on '''~comparison operators''' is used to match a pattern for a particular field number.]]'''<''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Less than<br>'''<br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the car make, year and quantity of all car makes that begin with the letter =''f':<br><span style="color:blue&nbsp;font-weight:bold&nbsp;font-family:courier;"Less than or equal<br>awk '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $1,$2,$4}' cars.txt | tee awk-6.txt</span>'>''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Greater than<br><br'''>Compound criteria symbols can be used to join search statements together<br><br>Compound Operators:<br><br>'''&&'=''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(and)Greater than or equal<br>'''||==''' &nbsp;&nbsp;Equal<br>'''!=''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(or)<brNot equal<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to list all "fords" that are greater than $10display display the '''car make''',000 in '''model''', '''quantity''' and '''price:<br>''' of all vehicles whose '''prices are less than $5,000''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$5 < 5000 {print $1 ~ /ford/ && ,$2,$4,$5 > 10000 {print $0}' cars.txt | tee awk-74.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to run a checking script:display display '''price''',<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"'''quantity''', '''model''' and '''car make''' of vehicles whose '''prices are less than $5,000''':<br>bash /home/murray.saul/scripts/week11<span style="color:blue;font-checkweight:bold;font-2</spanfamily:courier;">awk '$5 <br5000 {print $5,$4,$2,$1}' cars.txt | tee awk-5.txt</span><br><br># If you encounter errors, make corrections and Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the '''re-runcar make''' the checking script until you,<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>:: After you complete the Review Questions sections to get additional practice, then work on your '''online assignment 3,year'''and ''<br>'quantity''sections 4 to 6'of cars that '' labelled: 'begin''More Scripting (add)'with the '', 'letter 'f'Yet More Scripting (oldfiles)''', and '''sed And :<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk'$1 ~ /^f/ {print $1,$2,$4}''cars.txt | tee awk-6.txt</span><br><br>[[Image:awk-4.png|thumb|right|400px|Using the awk command to display combined search results based on '''compound operators'''.]]Combined pattern searches can be made<br>by using '''compound operator''' symbols:<br><br>'''&&''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(and)<br>'''||''' &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(or)<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to list all '''fords'''<br>whose '''price is greater than $10,000''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /ford/ && $5 > 10000 {print $0}' cars.txt | tee awk-7.txt</span><br><br># Issue the following linux command ('''copy and paste''' to save time):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">wget <nowiki>https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/cars2.txt</nowiki></span><br><br># Issue the '''cat''' command to quickly view the contents of the '''cars2.txt''' file.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the '''year'''<br>and '''quantity''' of cars that '''begin''' with the '''letter 'f'''' for the '''cars2.txt''' database:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $2,$4}' cars2.txt | tee awk-8.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>The problem is that the '''cars2.txt''' database separates each field by a semi-colon (''';''') <u>instead</u> of '''TAB'''.<br>Therefore, it does not recognize the second and fourth fields.<br><br>You need to issue awk with the -F option to indicate that this file's fields are separated (delimited) by a semi-colorn.<br><br># Issue the following linux pipeline command to display the '''year'''<br>and '''quantity''' of cars that '''begin''' with the '''letter 'f'''' for the '''cars2.txt''' database:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">awk -F";" '$1 ~ /^f/ {print $2,$4}' cars2.txt | tee awk-9.txt</span><br><br>What did you notice this time?<br><br># Issue the following to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week11-check-2</span><br><br>If you encounter errors, make corrections and '''re-run''' the checking script until you<br>receive a congratulations message, then you can proceed.<br><br>