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Tutorial 1: Using Your Matrix Server Account

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:* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account from a '''remote ''' computer.

:* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.

:* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.

:* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account. :* Perform ~~the~~ '''the first ~~two sections on~~ section and half of the second section of online assignment #1~~''' to issue '''general Linux commands~~'''.

:* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice

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|colspan="2" |Slides:<ul><li>[https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/ULI101-Week1.pdf PDF] | [https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saul/uli101/ULI101-Week1.pptx PPTX]</li></ul>Tutorials:<ul><li>[[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (HTML)]</li></ul>Windows SSH client Software:<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[http://the.earth.li/%7Esgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |Matrix Account Access

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|Brauer Instructional Videos:<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=~~BEH6i_BKOBo&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2&t=0s~~ L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, Starting the Assignments, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10] </li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

|}

|-

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''my.senecacollege.ca'''

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades '' / ~~Notes /~~ ''Online Quizzes'')

|-

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''ict.senecacollege.ca'''

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |~~Main ICT Webserver~~Course website for same material as ULI101 WIKI (see below)

|-

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |~~Course WIKIs for Seneca College Students~~''Student Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Resources''

|-

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''matrix.senecacollege.ca'''

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Linux Account for ~~Student~~ "''hands-on Practice ''" and Assignment submission

|}

[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|A '''shell''' is an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]

Although you need to study concepts (slides) throughout this course, you will also need to ~~learn to~~ get '''~~issue simple~~ hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as ~~more advanced Linux commands~~performing online tutorials and performing and submitting online course assignments'''. This requires that you ~~practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working within the~~ '''~~Unix~~connect to a Linux server''' and become comfortable with '''issuing Linux ~~command-line environments~~commands'''.

~~For this course, it is important to learn how to '''open a command prompt in order to issue commands to perform common tasks'''.~~ In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface ~~/ interpreter~~ ''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a '''shell script''') later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and system administrator.

===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===

[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several ~~Virtual~~ Computers ~~all~~ connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux Cluster ''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to larger servers. ]]

The '''Matrix server ''' consists of '''several ~~Virtual Computers~~ computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux cluster ''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to buying larger servers.

All registered students in this course should have an account on the Matrix server. You will be using this account for the following reasons:

:* Performing '''Online Linux Assignments''' ('''3''')

===Connecting to the Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect Student VPN''' ]]

Seneca College is "rolling-out" additional measures to improve '''network security'''. One of these measures~~ ~~is to implement '''multi-factored authentication'''. As of '''September 2020''', all Seneca College students are required~~ ~~to connect to the '''Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account. ''Multi-factor authentication is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication You should have received an email message (also available in course announcements) regarding how to setup ~~you~~ your Smart Phone to connect and valid via the Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect Student VPN. '''NOTE:''' If you haven't done this yet, please perform the steps provided in the following link: https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77/it-services/wiki/view/3722/student-vpn

In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect''' to and '''login''' to your Matrix server account from a remote computer such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.

===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===

[[Image:cli-prompt.png|right|80px|]]

After connecting to the Seneca ~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect Student VPN, you can open a '''command terminal ''' in your '''Newer Windows 10''', '''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer~~ ~~and issue the following command: ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca

[[Image:ssh-application-icon.png|right|80px|]]

You can also click on the following link to '''download''' and '''install''' a graphical SSH application for your Windows machine: http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe

=INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=

~~You need~~ '''ATTENTION''': Depending on your ULI101 instructor, you may be required to ~~run an application (or command) called~~ complete this tutorial for '''~~SSH~~marks''' in ~~order to securely connect~~ this course. Please refer to your ~~Matrix Linux account~~instructor's course notes and lecture notes regarding evaluation for this course. so The due date for successfully completing this tutorial (i.e. '''tutorial 1''') is by '''Friday by midnight''' next week (i.e. '''Week 2'''). If your instructor has NOT assigned marks for completing this tutorial, you can ~~issue Linux commands,~~ perform ~~tutorials and online assignments~~it for '''practice'''.

In this investigation, you will learn how to connect and login to your Matrix account by issuing a command from your computer's text-based terminal and/or by downloading, installing a running a graphical Windows SSH graphical application.

===CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM A COMMAND LINE TERMINAL===

[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''~~Global Portal~~GlobalProtect Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]

You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''ssh command'''.

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Before proceeding, make certain that your '''Seneca ~~Global Portal~~ GlobalProtect Student VPN is connected'''. If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions; https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77/it-services/wiki/view/3722/student-vpn '''NOTE:''' You only have to connect to your Seneca ~~Global Portal~~ GlobalProtect student VPN once during the day, or while you are logged into your computer. # Determine which '''operating system ''' that your computer is using. # Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table ''' below based on your '''current operating system'''.

</td>

<td>

*~~Launch~~ Click ''Launchpad'~~Terminal~~'icon, type '' ~~from the~~ 'terminal''~~finder~~' and press '''ENTER''' ~~utility~~

*In the terminal, enter the following command: ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca

</td>

<td>

*From the menu, choose: '''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''.

*In the terminal, enter the following command: ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca

</td>

</tr>

</table>

<ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box ''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users) '''FYI:~~'''~~ To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.'' </li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key. Next, a '''dialog box ''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be '''blocked-out ''' or '''hidden ''' to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password </li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER''' </li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'') If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: [https://employees.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/contact-its '''IT service desk''']. </li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands. The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''. </li><li>To '''exit ''' your Matrix session, type the command exit followed by '''ENTER''' '''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command. </li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': exit followed by '''ENTER''' '''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''. </li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process. You will now learn an '''alternative method ''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine) by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol>

===CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM A GRAPHICAL WINDOWS APPLICATION===

You can also install and run a free '''MS Windows graphical SSH application''' in order to connect to your Matrix account. You may find it useful when running a graphical SSH application to '''copy and paste text'''. There are several applications that you can download and install, but we will be using the SSH Secure Shell Client application for this tutorial.

# Click the '''Login''' button to proceed.

# When prompted, enter your your Seneca College email address.

# You will be taken to the ''authentication dialog box'': enter your Seneca College username and password. <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ma_4.png|thumb|right|150px|Click on on the blue area.]]</td><td>[[Image:ma_5.png|thumb|right|150px|Click on '''Next''' to install the streaming application.]]</td><td>[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Application Window ]]</td></table># A '''dialog box ''' appears to offer a choice of actions. You need to install an application to support the Apps Anywhere streaming service. Click on the blue area to install the application.

# Click '''Next''' to proceed with installing the streaming application. '''NOTE''': You may be require to '''authenticate''' using your computer account's password. Also, you may be required to '''restart''' your computer after the application has been installed. If you restarted your computer, then launch a '''web-browser''' and click on the following '''link''' to resume: https://myapps.senecacollege.ca/ You may be required to login and validate like you did in previous steps.

# You should notice that the '''AppsAnywhere''' main application window appears. '''NOTE:''' You may see a '''Validation in Process''' (or a '''validation successful''') message appear . Although your applications are displayed, you cannot launch them until the validation process is successful. <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ma_validation.png|thumb|right|175px|Validation in Process Message in AppsAnywhere. ]]</td><td>[[Image:ma_system_tray.png|thumb|right|175px|Starting '''Cloudpaging''' Service in your '''System Tray'''. ]]</td><tr></table>You can tell if the system is still validating if an red exclamation mark ! appears in the application icon. If the validation process is taking a long time, try opening the '''Cloudpaging''' service in the '''system tray''' located in the right side of the taskbar (you may need to click to display ALL services and then '''double-click''' the '''Cloudpaging''' application to launch).

# After your AppsAnywhere session has been validated, click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the AppsAnywhere window and type the word: ssh [[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. ]]

# Several SSH applications will appear. '''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account. We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial. '''NOTE:''' If you encounter an error trying to launch the SSH application via AppsAnywhere, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: [https://~~inside~~employees.senecacollege.ca/~~its~~spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/~~service~~contact-~~catalogue/contacts.html~~ its '''IT service desk'''].

# Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program. '''TIP:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster to access this application in the future. '''NOTE #1''': If you experience a problem launching any of your applications, you should note that there is a '''Cloudpaging Player''' application that lists applications launched. If your application did '''NOT''' launch properly, '''right click''' on each listed application and select '''remove''' from the menu. Then re-launch your application from the AppsAnywhere page (the IT service desk indicated that this can occasionally occur).

-->

# '''Click''' the following '''link''' to download and install the free SSH Secure Shell application on your Windows computer: http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe '''NOTE:''' If you can't download or run this link, check to see if you computer allows downloads from this site. <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-application-icon.png|thumb|right|75px|Double-click SSH icon on desktop to launch application]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]</td></table># After the application has been installed, an application icon should appear on your desktop. '''Double click''' the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application iconto run this application. The main SSH Client window will appear. Let's learn how to connect to and login to our Matrix account~~ ~~using this graphical SSH application. # Click the '''Quick Connect''' button. '''NOTE:''' The ''Connect dialog box '' allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''~~ ~~to allow you to connect to the server. [[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''Hostname''' and type the text: matrix.senecacollege.ca '''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' ~~since~~ if you are ~~located '''inside'''~~ at Seneca~~'s network~~college. If you where located outside Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecacollege.ca''' You will be using the latter hostname since you will be connecting to your Matrix account remotely and not within the college. [[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''User Name''' and type your Seneca username (i.e. same as your Seneca userid).

# Click the '''Connect''' button.

# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box ''' will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network~~ ~~(i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users). # Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key. '''NOTE:''' In subsequent logins to your Matrix account, you may experience a ''welcome dialog box'' - simply click '''OK''' to proceed. # Next, a '''dialog box ''' will appear prompting you for your '''Matrix account password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]</td></table>

# '''Enter your password''' and click '''OK'''. [[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]

# Click '''OK''' at the '''Authentication Responsedialog box''~~' dialog box~~. '''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol> If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: [https://~~inside~~employees.senecacollege.ca/~~its~~spaces/122/support/wiki/view/3524/~~service~~contact-~~catalogue/contacts.html~~ its '''IT service desk''']. [[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]

#If you followed the login steps correctly, the '''SSH Linux shell should appear''' where you enter Linux commands. The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).

'''Configuring your Graphical Windows SSH Application'''

You can '''configure''' your Windows graphical SSH application to adjust elements such as '''text font type''' and ~~text~~ '''text font size'''. [[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]] We will now show you how to configure just your '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application, (FYI: other SSH applications available in the '''Week 1 reference section''' also have the ability to configure settings).

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Try moving your mouse pointer to the bottom right-hand corner of the SSH application window, then '''click and drag''' outwards to make the application window larger.

# To exit your Matrix session, type the command exit followed by '''ENTER''' '''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.

# After you have disconnected from your account, '''close''' the SSH Secure Shell Client application window. '''NOTE:''' ~~It is~~ You are '''~~highly recommended~~STRONGLY ADVISED''' to ~~using~~ use the '''exit''' command to properly terminate your Matrix session ~~as opposed~~ '''PRIOR''' to closing the SSH or terminal application window! In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''issue Linux commands''' , issue a '''checking program''' to confirm that you logged into your Matrix account, and how to~~ ~~setup and perform the '''first two sections of the online ULI101 assignment #1'''.

=INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL / ONLINE ~~ASSIGNMENTS~~ EVALUATION =

In this ~~section~~investigation, you will learn how to use the Linux Shell. Topics in the section include:

:* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments '' and ''options''):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands ~~with manpages~~ via the '''online manual''' (i.e. '''man''' command).:* ~~Learn~~ Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program''' to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account:* Learn how to ~~perform~~ setup '''online ~~assignments~~assignment 1'''.:* Perform the '''first ~~two sections~~ section''' and 3 parts of the '''second section''' of '''online assignment #1'''.

===Part 1: Using the Linux Shell ===

'''The General Linux Command Structure is as follows:''' command argument1 argument2 ...

Some Linux commands can be issued by entering the Linux command line without arguments (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''), but ~~some~~ many Linux commands can be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -lal -a /bin''' ).

'''What Does an Argument Represent?'''

An '''argument''' can respresent:

:* a '''file pathname'''

:* a command '''option'''

:* a series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use

An '''argument''' is separated from a command (or from other arguments) by a '''SPACE''', '''~~multiple spaces~~MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB'''.

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

# Make certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.

# Issue the following Linux command: pwd The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location ''' in the Matrix server. This represents a '''directory pathname ''' to your home directory. We will discuss ~~this~~ ''pathnames'' later in ~~a future tutorial~~this course.

# Issue the following Linux command: ls What do you notice? If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be displayed.

# Issue the following Linux command: cd /bin

# Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: pwd

# Issue the following Linux command: ls What do you notice?

# Issue the following Linux command using an '''option''': ls -l What do you notice? The '''-l''' option with the '''ls''' command provides a '''detailed ''' ("''long''") listing of files providing more information on a separate line for each file.

# Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: cd

# Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: pwd # Issue the following Linux command: ls /bin # Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: pwd What do you notice? What makes this command with that argument useful if you are current located in your home directory? # Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to change to your '''home''' directory and to '''confirm ''' that you have returned to your home directory. # Issue the following Linux command: clear What do you notice? How would this command be helpful? '''FYI:''' The short-cut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell is: ~~'''~~ctrl-l~~'''~~

# Issue the following Linux command: who What information does this command show? This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself. '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not display all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!

# Issue the following Linux command: whoami What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of this command?

# Issue the following Linux command: cal What is the purpose of this command?

# Issue the following Linux command: cal 2021 What is the purpose of this command using this argument?

# Issue the following Linux command: cal 1 2 2021 What is the purpose of this command using those two '''numbers''' as arguments?

'''Getting Help with Linux Commands'''

With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or Linux system administrator (sysadmin ) to learn about how to use commands “on-the-fly”. The '''man''' command can provide information on how to use a command (i.e. '''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''')~~. The commands are classified into sections or '''volumes'''~~. # Issue the following command: man man You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''. # Type the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen. How many '''volume numbers ''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands~~/programs~~''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')? '''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below): <table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''<ctrl>'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table>

# Press the letter q to exit the man command.

# Issue the following Linux command to get help with the ls command: man ls '''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below): <table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''<ctrl>'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table>

# Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls''' Linux command and note the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions: <ul><li>"'''use a long lising format'''"</li><li>"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)</li><li>"'''sort by file size'''"</li><li>"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)</li></ul>

# Exit the man utility for the ''ls '' command.

# Issue the '''ls''' command for each of those option letters you noted in '''step 4''' to see how this command differs for each option. '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.

# ~~Although we~~ '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will ~~not~~ be ~~learning about~~ issuing, the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter''(i.e. '~~pipeline commands~~'trap'' ) only output that matches the pattern "8" (~~using~~ The number "8" refers to the ~~| character~~category of type of command - in this case, administration commands) ~~until~~ . We will learn more about pipeline commands later,in this course. ~~try issuing~~ # Issue the following Linux pipeline command: man -k ~~copy~~ user | grep 8 How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command? # If you wish to change your password, you can change it by issuing the command: passwd What option for the passwd command can be used to change user info (such as name)? '''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''. # Press the letter q to exit the man command. '''NOTE:''' ~~You are~~ Do '''NOT ~~required to change your Matrix password~~ ''' run the ''passwd'' command. Unique for this ~~tutorial. The Matrix server is "synched" with the my.senecacollege.ca server~~college, ~~so it is better to have~~ your Matrix password ~~changed at the same time~~ ~~that~~ is changed automatically when you change your '''myseneca''' password. You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing''' to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.

'''Command Line Editing'''

[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]

Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as: '''Linux sysadmin'''). Let's learn a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can access online help for additional shortcuts (if required).

Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a Linux user or Linux sysadmin. Let's learn a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can access online help for additional shortcuts (if required).

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''

[[Image:~~command~~meta-~~line-editing~~key.png|thumb|right|~~520px~~370px|~~Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys~~To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''. ]]# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER '' key: ~~ls -l -a~~ cd /bin # Press the ctrl-a key combination. What happens? '''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''. # Press the alt-f key combination '''two times''' (OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx). What happens? '''NOTE:''' This short-cut key should work if you issued the ssh command within a terminal. If you are using a graphical windows SSH application, would would need to configure the application to understand the ''META'' (alt) key for shortcut commands (i.e. not shortcuts for the ''application menu''). # Press the alt-b key combination ~~once~~'''one time'''. (OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx). ~~What happens?~~ <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to left of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the ctrl-w shortcutkey. What happens?

# Type the following command: ls

# Press the ctrl-e key combination ~~and press~~ What happens? # Press the ENTERkey to execute the command. # Press the up arrow key. What happens?

# Press the ctrl-u key combination. What happens?

# Press the up arrow key combination, and see what happens when you press BACKSPACE , <ctrl><BACKSPACE> and <ctrl><h>. Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?

# Press the ctrl-u key combination to clear the line.

# Press the ctrl-l key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''? :The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing. Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested: [https://ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts] '''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation''' Some professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for marks (within a deadline). In order to confirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, you will be required to run a program (or in later tutorials, several programs) to prove that you successfully completed tasks in a tutorial. These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "hands-on" experience that will help them complete the online assignments. Students whose professors do NOT assign marks for these online tutorials are encouraged to perform them for "hands-on" practice. The checking program for this tutorial is just showing proof that you were able to connect to your Matrix account from your home computer. <table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:script-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</td></table>If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''error''', then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task. '''Perform the Following Steps:''' # Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory''' By entering the following Linux command: cd #Issue the following command to run a checking script : ~uli101/week1-check The beginning character "'''~'''" is called '''tilde'''. You get this character by pressing '''SHIFT''' + '''`''' (which is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard). # Your screen should clear and indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in. # An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''confirmation''' in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials. Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.

===Part 2: Performing Online Assignments ===

You are required to perform '''3 online assignments''' ~~during~~ throughout this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce ~~Linux commands are techniques as well as using~~ Linux commands to ~~perform tasks~~ gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1''' (midterm) and ~~tests students on their knowledge of issuing Linux commands~~'''test 2''' (final).

In this ~~section~~investigation, you will learn to :* '''~~select~~ Select the correct section''' for ~~your online assignments, how to perform~~ assignment submission* Perform the '''first ~~two sections~~section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #1~~, how to~~ * '''~~verify~~Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections~~, and how to~~ * '''~~exit~~Exit''' your online assignment #1.

[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]

# In your Matrix account, issue the following command: ~uli101/assign1

# Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen. # A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear. '''WARNING''': You need to select the '''CORRECT''' section for the course which you belong to. If you do NOT select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks! # Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable. # Select the '''3 letter~~(s)~~code''' corresponding to the correct '''ULI101 section''' and '''professor''' and press ENTER

# After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding. Please take a few moments to read those notes and press ENTER to proceed. [[Image:assn-section-completion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed. ]]

# The assignment main menu will then be displayed. '''NOTES:'''<ul><li>Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this the correct section letter. If you have selected the WRONG section, type C in the menu selection area and press ENTER. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section. </li><li>Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text~~ ~~(i.e not in reverse text). [[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section. </li></ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu ~~assignment #1 window~~, enter 1 in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.

# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window. View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.

# When you have time this week, enter 2 in the menu selection area and perform the first 3 parts only ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').

# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window. View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section. '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to create one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.

# In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter q

# ~~Run~~ Re-run the command ~~to restart your assignment~~ that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''. What do you notice? If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video. This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment(i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).

# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.

# Proceed to the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The more practice questions you perform, the better mark you will achieve for this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.

Msaul

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