Changes

=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT=<br>

:* List the steps to connect Learn how to access your '''Matrix server account in the <u>'''computer labs<server account (from home and/u> at or from Seneca College'''computer lab).

:* List the steps Learn several ways to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer <u>'''outside</u> of Seneca Collegeexit'''your Matrix Linux Account session.

:* Working with Understand the Linux '''Command PromptLinux command structure''' (Linux and how to get '''shellhelp''')with Linux command usage.

:* Changing your Matrix Account Become efficient with '''PasswordLinux command line editing'''by using '''short-cut keys'''.

:* Issue a '''Exitingchecking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix Linux Accountaccount.

:* Performing Perform '''Review QuestionsLINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for Additional Practiceadditional practice<br><br>

===Purpose of Having a Matrix AccountTutorial Reference Material===

[[Image:cli-prompt.png{|thumb|right|150px|A '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course, you will also need to learn to '''issue and memorize simple as well as more advanced Linux commands'''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working the Unix and '''Linux command-line environments'''.width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to '''open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasks'''. In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be user|-friendly.valign="top"

The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main |colspan="2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux serve'''r due to large number of users (students). Later in the course, your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing '''graphical versions of Linux''', and how to launch a shell terminal." style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br>

|colspan="2" style==Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image"font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:matrix0px;padding-layout.png|thumb|right|350pxleft:15px;"|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]Linux Command/Shortcut Reference<br>

All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;"

:* Issuing |colspan="2" |'''Linux commandsSlides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https:* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell''')//github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https:* Performing //github.com/ULI101/slides/raw/main/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Linux Practice Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li><li>[http:* Performing //czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (HTML)]</li></ul>''Linux Assignments''' (Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3''').2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https:* Practice Issuing '''Linux Command Review Questions''' //mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

In | style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix Account Access:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the next section, you will learn how to connect to -difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and login to your Matrix server account both at -Ctrl+D-in-the college and from a remote computer such as your home computer or your laptop computer-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style=INVESTIGATION "padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=//man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVD''' as ===Purpose of Having a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.Matrix Linux Server Account===

===Part 1While attending Seneca College, you will be using many different computer systems.Some of these servers include: Using VMware Workstation Pro to Create a New Virtual Machine (VM) ===

|-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca''<u>c7host VM Details'| style="padding-left:<15px;width:65%" |''Student Notes'' /u>''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Resources''

*'''Name|-| style="padding-left:''' c7host*'''Boot media / Installation0px;width:10%" |''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file)<span style="color:::*Download at Seneca College: <brblue;">https://mirrormatrix.senecacollege.ca</centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso:::*Download outside Seneca College:<brspan>http://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*'''Disk space| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Linux Account for "''' 238GB *'''CPUs:'hands-on Practice'' 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended)"

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|250px|'''Format drive window''' in order to format your new SSD as '''exFAT''' ('''Windows''')]]}

{{Admon/important[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|Confirm External SSD Device A '''shell''' is Recognized as an interface / interpreter to allow a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device user to communicate with a drive letter on your Windows machinethe Linux computer system. You may experience problems if ]]Although you are using the Kingston SSDneed to study concepts throughout this course (slides, etc. If so), then run you will also need to get '''hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as performing and submitting online tutorials'''diskmgmt.msc<br>This requires that you ''' in order connect to create a volume Linux server''' and format your disk1become comfortable with '''issuing Linux commands'''.}}

{{AdmonIn Unix/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computerLinux, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:shell''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have is simply an '''16GBinterface''' of RAMto allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Your home computer should Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a <u>sufficient amount period of RAM</u> in order to function efficientlytime.<br></li><li>You will be using the '''Bash Shell''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:which is considered to be ''user-friendly' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-XBy understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (requiredcalled a '''shell script''') later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}system administrator.

Before you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create The '''Matrix server''' consists of '''several computers connected together''' to form a storage container which '''cluster'''.<br>A '''Linux cluster''' is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you '''cost effective''' alternative to install your CentOS operating systembuying larger servers.

:'''Perform All registered students in this course should have an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will be using this account for the Following Stepsfollowing reasons:'''[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order to create a new '''Virtual Machine''' ('''VM''')]]

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in * Issuing '''WindowsLinux commands'''.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note * Becoming productive using the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open 'Linux 'My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select command prompt''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>shell''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select * Performing '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GBTutorials''' (i.e. '''8192 MB11''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.* Performing '''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called ''Linux Practice Questions'Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the * Performing '''HardwareReview Tutorial Questions''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '2''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.

===Part 2: Install CentOS on your Newly-Created VM Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Student VPN''' ]]

The next step Seneca College is to perform a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using the CentOS 7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "bootrolling-out" additional measures to allow you to complete the installation process to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine. :improve '''Perform the following steps:network security'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The One of these measures is to implement '''Installation Summarymulti-factored authentication''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: As of '''Install CentOS 7September 2020'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In all Seneca College students are required to connect to the first screen, select language '''EnglishSeneca Student VPN''' with subselection in order to be able to connect to their '''English-CanadaMatrix''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installationLinux account.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::''<b>DATE & TIME:Multi-factor authentication</b><ul><li>Click on the Map is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to select Toronto area a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (you may also select from the drop-down menu sectionor factors)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the top-left corner to finish user and return to only the Installation Summary screenuser knows).</li></ul><br>'' Reference:https:<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b><en.wikipedia.org/li><li>Click the <b>DONE<wiki/b> button at the topMulti-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.factor_authentication<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME You should have received an email message (you may need to scroll downwardsalso available in course announcements):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side regarding how to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review setup your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner Smart Phone to finish connect and return to valid via the Installation Summary screenSeneca Student VPN.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fatNOTE:''' / If you haven'''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system typest done this yet, it is good to know a few common file system types please perform the steps provided in Linux for comparisonthe following link:<br><ul><li><b>xfshttps:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)<students.senecacollege.ca/li><li><b>ext2:<spaces/b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)<186/li></ul>|}}|it-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http:services/wiki/matrix.senecac.on.caview/~murray.saul1025/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')student-vpn<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li> <li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point'''next investigation, click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return will learn how to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partitionconnect''' to and <u>not</u> ''LVM'login'.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add to your Matrix server account from a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.remote computer<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4such as your ''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/homedesktop computer''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GBlaptop''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type or '''LVMtablet''')computer.</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3: Completing the Installation Connecting to Your Matrix Account===There are two basic methods to connecting to your Matrix account:

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|[[Image:completedcls-shell.png|thumb|right|500px100px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. Connect to Matrix via'''ssh''' command]]|}:'''Method 1: Run ssh Command from command prompt:'''

:After connecting to the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can open a '''command terminal'''<br>in your '''Newer Windows 10''', '''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:<br><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via '''graphical''' SSH Program ]]:'''Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:''':If you are in a Seneca computer lab, you can use MyApps to run a '''Perform graphical SSH application''' for your Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the Following Stepsstudent VPN.<br><br>'''NOTE:'''You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your Matrix account (if interested, refer to the optional tutorial at the end of this semester).<br><br><br>

#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password).#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacingINVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT="0"

|- valign<span style="topcolor:red;">'''ATTENTION''': Effective '''May 9, 2022''' - this online tutorial will be required to be completed by<br>'''Friday in week 2 by midnight''' to obtain a grade of '''2%''' towards this course</span><br><br>

|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is completesection, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li><li>Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain learn how to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from access your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed Matrix Linux account by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now runtwo different methods:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>

:* From your '''home computer''' <br>:* From a '''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) workstation in your a Seneca College''' lab log book.via '''MyApps'''

{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Image:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The '''VM Workstation taskbar''' is useful when in full-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]|- valign="top"|[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|[[ImageMETHOD 1:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in '''full screen mode'''. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <u>toggle</u> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|}===Managing your Virtual MachineCONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===

In future labs, you [[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]You will have now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to run your VMware Workstation application to bootMatrix account by opening<br>a text-up your CentOS 7 host VM.Usually, you are NOT required to use this menu based '''terminal''' (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from in any OS) and issuing the OS'''ssh command'''.<br><br>

On '''Perform the other handFollowing Steps:''' # If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day, there <br>or while you are useful shortlogged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Newer Version of Windows 10:'''</th> <th>'''MacOSX:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-cut weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should useappear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>

'''ALT-CTRL-ENTER'''===METHOD 2:Toggles the VM Workstation application window between '''full screen mode''' and '''window mode'''.CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===

'''ALT<span style="color:red;font-CTRL'''weight:bold;">NOTE:Return focus from your c7host VM This section requires you have access to your a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don'''host t have access to a Seneca computer system'''. lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>

[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps'''('VMware Tools''AppsAnywhere' is '') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''not''' have a collection of utilities home (notebook) computer and have access to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating systema Seneca computer lab workstation. Some features include:<br><br>

:* Faster Graphics:* Allow applications running in a VM to '''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can be accessed used on computers in classrooms, labs, and the host machine (unity interface):* Sharing folders between host and VM:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs:* Clock synchronization among host and VMsComputing Commons.

It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your systemReference: https://inside. Click the '''VM''' menu and select '''Install VM Tools'''. The installation program will run in the background until the install is completesenecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/

===Part 1'''Perform the Following Steps: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver==='''

Your system automatically enables a # Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps'''icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen"requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-saverwindow.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application , you can add this to your '''favourites''' which is will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a useful security tool "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized viewing of information access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a terminal after '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a certain amount of inactivitydialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. TurningAs you type the password, the text will be blocked-off out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the locked screento obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-saver error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for this several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (and othersame username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca) virtual machine can </li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be useful when waiting for '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your instructor '''password''' (same password that you connect to come over my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to "signexperience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-off" window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your computer lab without having password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to relarge number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-issue user passwordssettings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

You can '''configure'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform SSH application to adjust elements such as the following steps:'''window size''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. We will be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but the other applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br>

#Click on the '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the window'''.#Click the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench icon.#Click the '''Power''' icon located in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in Perform the Following Steps:'''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box.

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing In the next investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the Administration Account command prompt (root)| Many administrative tasks require referred to as the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password"shell")</li><li>Switch User , learn how to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directoryget help with Linux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, does not and run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in order to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s)get marks for this online tutorial.</li></ul></libr></ulbr>}}|}

=INVESTIGATION 2:'''Perform the following steps:'''USING THE LINUX SHELL =

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the command <bbr><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the '''root account'''. From thereIn this investigation, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created will learn how to record use the installation of your c7host machineLinux Shell. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" Topics in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-sizesection include:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>

===Part 3: Disable SELinux===* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands via the '''online manual''' (i.e. '''man''' command).:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program''' to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account<br><br>

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux The Bash shell in the real world| It is highly discouraged and unsafe Matrix allows you to disable SELinux on a public-facing serverinteract with your Matrix account by issuing commands. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}

SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced The General LinuxCommand Structure is as follows:'''<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 . It is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default''' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.</span>

:Some Linux commands can be issued by entering the Linux command line without arguments (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''),<br>but many Linux commands can be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''Perform the following Steps:ls -l -a /bin''' ).<br><br>'''What Does an Argument Represent?'''

# Make sure youAn 're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/configargument'''can respresent: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set * a '''SELINUXfile pathname''' to :* a command '''<u>disabled</u>option''' :* a series of characters (from i.e. ''enforcing'text''') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at that the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>can use

Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping your computer secure and stable. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updates. Package managers not only perform installations, but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on '''Perform the system for easy management. For CentOS, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used.Following Steps:'''

# Make certain that you are logged into your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location'''in the Matrix server.<br>This represents a ''Perform 'directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>If there were any files in your home directory, just their file names would be displayed.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Issue the following stepsLinux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>The '''-l''' option with the '''ls''' command provides a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of files providing more information on a separate line for each file.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span><br><br> # Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>What do you notice?<br><br>What makes this command with that argument useful if you are current located in your home directory?<br><br># Issue a Linux command that you have already learned to change to your '''home''' directory<br>and to '''confirm''' that you have returned to your home directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span><br><br>What do you notice? How would this command be helpful?<br>'''FYI:''' The short-cut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell is: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span><br><br>What information does this command show?<br><br>This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix server as yourself.<br>'''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not display<br>all users that are logged onto those other machines within that cluster!<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span><br><br>What does this command display? What do you think is the purpose of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2021</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command using this argument?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2021</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command using those two '''numbers''' as arguments?<br><br>'''Getting Help with Linux Commands'''

# Open TerminalWith the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or <br>Linux system administrator (sysadmin) to learn about how to use commands “on-the-fly”.<br><br># Login as root: The '''man''' command can provide information on how to use a command<br>(i.e. '''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''').<bbr><codebr># Issue the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1bold">man man</span><br><br>You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.<br><br># Type the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.3em<br><br>How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''',<br>'''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?<br><br>'''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to <br>help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):<br><br><table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">su Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</spanth></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</codetd></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table><br># TypePress the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight: bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<bbr><codebr># Issue the following Linux command to get help with the ls command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:bold">man ls</span><br><br># Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls''' Linux command and note the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:1<br><ul><li>"'''use a long lising format'''"</li><li>"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e.3em;hidden files)</li><li>"'''sort by file size'''"</li>yum update<li>"'''append indicator (one of */span=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)</codeli></bul><br># Follow Exit the man utility for the prompts''ls'' command.<br><br># If there Issue the '''ls''' command for <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how this command differs for each option.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern<br>that is contained within the help screen for a kernel updateLinux command.<br><br># '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing,<br>the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8"<br>(The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, reboot administration commands).<br><br>We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.<br><br># Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span><br><br>How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?<br><br># If you wish to change your systempassword, you can change it by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span><br>What option for the passwd command can be used to change user info (such as name)?<br>'''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Do '''NOT''' run the ''passwd'' command. (There usually Unique for this college, your Matrix password<br>is on a first update after OS installationchanged automatically when you change your '''myseneca''' password.<br><br><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br>You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing'''<br>to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.)<br><br>

'''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.Command Line Editing'''[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]

Therefore, it makes sense Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to also have be more productive as a record of the installed computer software ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as well: '''Linux sysadmin'''). This <br><br><br>Let's learn a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can contain information regarding the Linux operating system, installed software, and network connectivity informationaccess online help for additional shortcuts (if required).

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Study Type the following Linux commands command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and their purpose to note computer software information select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for your installed c7hostVMMac OSx). You should take <br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time '''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to issue each <u>left</u> of these commands to view the outputcursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and record this chart in your lab1 logbookpress '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key.What happens?<br><br># Login to your c7hostVM, open a Bash Shell terminal, and login as root by issuing Type the following command:<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <bspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><codebr># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br>#3366CCPress the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:1bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination.2emWhat happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">su up arrow</span> key combination, and see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span>, <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</codespan>and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</bspan>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Make certain Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to '''clear the line.<br><br># Press the <uspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">record outputctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u>''' from these commands (except for the as opposed to '''ps ctrl-efl''' output) ?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in your lab1 logbookcase you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]<br><br>'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''

These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections.<table cellspacing=br>Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students<br>gain "0" cellpadding=hands-on"5experience as well as " width="50%" style="bordertrouble-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"><caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign="top>shooting experience.

<tr valigntable align="topright"> <td widthtr valign="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;top"><btd><code><span style="pointer[[Image:script-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcheck-size:1.2em;">ifconfigpng|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</spantd></codetd></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer[[Image:script-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcheck-size:12.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointerpng|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1run checking script.2em;">nslookup]]</spantd> (at prompt, enter command: server) </code></b></tdtable> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS'''If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''Netmaskerror''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the default '''Domain Name Server'''checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.</td> </tr></table>

'''Perform the Following Steps:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.'''

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li><li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font!-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to that newly-created '''bin''' directory</li></ol>

===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===

<ol><li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) In this investigation, you will learn to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission* Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li><li>Copy and paste the text below into * '''Verify''' that you successfully completed both sections* '''Exit''' your vi editing session for your file reportonline assignment #1.bash<br> (how do you copy and paste efficiently in Linux?)<br></li></ol>

<ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view '''Perform the following steps:'''report[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.txt'' contents (are you using tip that was given png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to save time?)Select Correct Course Section.</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<b><codebr><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2embold;font-family:courier">ps aux~uli101/a1</span></codebr><br># Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen.<br></bbr> and # A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<bbr><codebr><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2emred;">ifconfig'''WARNING''': You need to select the </spanu>'''CORRECT'''</codeu>section for the course which you belong to.</bbr> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember to redirect that output to add to the bottom of the file!If you do </liu>NOT<li/u>Saveselect your correct section, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr>What would be the use of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></olbr># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<olbr><li value="14"br>Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform # Select the same task. Although you are not require '''3 letter code''' corresponding to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.</liu>correct<li/u>The '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>wget''' and '''professor''' and press </codespan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</bspan> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><bbr># After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr>[[Image:assn-section-completion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Verify that the file '''text-report.bashNOTES:''' was downloaded to your current directory.</liul><li>Assign read Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and execute permissions for '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this file by issuing the commandcorrect section letter. If you have selected the WRONG section, type <span style="color:blue;font-weight: <bbold">C<code/span>in the menu selection area and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the command: <b><code><span style="color:due date for assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i./e not in reverse text-report).bash</spanbr></code></bbr>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>Check If you want to see if verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it created a report in shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your current directorycorrect course section. What is the purpose of the report?<br><br></li><li/ul>Use # At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <bspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">vi1</bspan> text editor in the menu selection area to view begin the contents of the file first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.<br><bbr>text-report# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">2</lispan>in the menu selection area and perform the first 3 parts only<libr>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr><codebr>wget# When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</codebr>View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this section.<br></bbr> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to downloaduse reference sheets for course evaluations, studyit is recommended to create one for your personal use, and run the following shell scripts on-line:write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr>

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]

Shell scripting Here is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that link to the MS Word Document of ALL of the questions displayed below but with extra room to answer on the document tosimulate a student must download and run in order to check their work.quiz:

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get a series of <b><code><span style="colorhttps:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1//github.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span><com/code><ULI101/b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;<labs/span><raw/code><main/b> message will appear with general suggestions that you will need to fix on your c7hostVM in order to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next labuli101_week1_practice.docx

:'''Perform Your instructor may take-up these questions during class. It is up to the Following Steps:'''student to attend classes in order to obtain the answers to the following questions. Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (eg. e-mail, etc).

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''