Changes

:The '''first investigation''' in this lab will focus on '''Data Structures'''. Each data structure has its own advantages and limitations. This lab will provide you will additional scripting tools to help us write even more effective Python scripts to be applied to practical application involving VM management and deployment in future labsemphasize the most important differences between them.

:The '''first investigation''' in this lab will focus on '''Data Structures'''. In Wikipedia (http://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/data-structure)<br>''"A data structure is defined as a specialized format for organizing and storing data. Any data structure is designed to organize data to suit a specific purpose so that it can be accessed and worked with in appropriate ways."'' :Each data structure has its own advantages and limitations. This lab will emphasize the most important differences as they relate to Python scripting.  :The '''second investigation''' will focus closely on strings. You have been using and storing strings since our first class, however in this lab we will dive into the more complex nature of string manipulation. Finally, this lab will cover how to use a variety of different regular expression functions, for searching and input validation.

:As you develop your Python scripting skills, you may start to be "overwhelmed" with the volume of information that you have absorbed over these labs. One way to help, is to write what you have learned in your labs into your lab logbook. Also, in programming, it is important learn to use online references effectively in order to obtain information regarding Python scripting techniques and tools.

:In this investigation, you will learn several tools when using data structures commonly used in Python scripting.:These tools include '''tupleslists''', '''setstuples''', '''dictionariessets''', and more '''advanced list functionsdictionaries'''.

:Many often confuse a '''tuple''' with a '''list''' (which you learned about in a previous lab). A '''tuple''' is a type of list whose values cannot be changeschanged. In fact, the structure of nothing in a tuple cannot can be changed after it's created (like adding, removing list elements).

::*'''Data protection''' (eg. values are are NOT allowed to change like income tax rate, social insurance number, etc)::*The data structure in a tuple cannot be changed (eg. '''structure cannot be corrupted''so you won't modify them accidentally)

:Term The term to indicate that a data structure cannot be changed is called '''immutable''' (as opposed to ''"mutable"'' which means the data structure can be changed).

:#Launch your ipython3 shell:<source>ipython3</source>Let's create two tuplesin a temporary Python file, so we can learn how to use them and learn how they differ from lists.<br><br>Note: '''tuples are defined by using parenthesis ( )''' as opposed to '''lists which are defined by using square brackets [ ]'''<br><br>:#Issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

:#Values from a tuple can be retrieved in the same way as a list. For example, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(t1[0])print(t2[2:4])

:#You can also check to see whether a value exists inside a tuple or not. To demonstrate, issue the followingtry:<sourcelang="python">print('Ix' in t1)print('Geidi' in t1)</source>Let's now see how a tuple differs from a list. We will now create a list and note the difference between them.<br><br>:#Issue the following to create a list:<sourcelang="python">

:#See if you can change the value of your list by issuing the following:<sourcelang="python">

print(list2[0])

</source>.You should have been successful in changing the value of your list.<br><br>:#Now, try changing the value of your previously-created tuple by issuing:<sourcelang="python">

:#To create The following creates a new tuple, issue (t3) with a contents from a slice of the t2 tuple. Slicing works the followingsame way for tuples as for lists:<sourcelang="python">

:#You can use most of the basic operations with tuples as you did with lists.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>len(t1) # list the length of the tuplet1 * 3 # repetitiont1 + t2 # concatenation, remember this is creating a new tuple, not modifying</source>:#Also, as with lists, you can use for loops with to iterate the values of tuples. Issue the following to demonstrate:<sourcelang="python">

:Since new duplicate entries will be automatically removed when using sets, they are very useful for performing tasks such as '''comparisons''': '''finding similarities or differences in multiple sets'''. Also, sets are considered to be fast!

:'''Perform the Following Steps:''':#Within your ipython3 shell, create a few Create some sets to work with by issuing the followingin a temporary Python file:<sourcelang="python">

</source>Note: '''Sets are defined by using braces { }''' as opposed to tuples that which use parenthesis ( ), or lists that which use square brackets [ ]'''<br/><br/>:#Try to issue the following to access a set through the index.:<sourcelang="python">print(s1[0])</source>This should have created caused an '''error''', this is not how to . You cannot access data inside a set this way because they the elements inside are '''un-orderedunordered'''. Instead, you should use the '''in''' method (used in the previous section) to check to see if whether a value is contained within in the set.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print('Ix' in s1)print('Geidi' in s1)

:#Issue Print the following, contents of the sets and note the items (and values) that are common to the following sets:<sourcelang="python">print(s2)print(s3)

:#Now, issue the following to return This is how you get a set containing only UNIQUE values (no duplicates) from both sets:<source>print(s2 | s3 ) # returns a set containing all values from both setsprint(s2.union(s3)) # same as s2 | s3</source>Notice that both methods above provides have the same result, but the first method requires less keystrokeswhich one you choose depends purely on your style.<br><br>Instead of combining sets, we can display '''values that are common to both sets'''. This is known in mathematical terms as an '''intersection''' between the lists.<br><br>:#To demonstrate intersection between sets s2 and s3, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(s2 & s3 ) # returns a set containing all values that s2 and s3 shareprint(s2.intersection(s3)) # same as s2 & s3

:#Sets can also have their values compared against other sets. First find out what items are in '''s2''' but not in '''s3'''. This is also called a '''difference'''. But notice that it only shows values that '''s2''' contains, specifically values that '''s3''' doesn't have. So this isn't really the <u>true</u> difference between the sets.:<sourcelang="python">print(s2)print(s3)print(s2 - s3 ) # returns a set containing all values in s2 that are not found in s3print(s2.difference(s3)) # same as s2 - s3

:#In order to see <u>every</u> difference between both sets, you need to find the '''symmetric difference'''. This will return a set that shows all numbers that both sets do not share together.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(s2 ^ s3 ) # returns a set containing all values that both sets DO NOT shareprint(s2.symmetric_difference(s3)) # same as s2 ^ s3</source>These powerful features Note: the '''set()''' function can be useful and efficient. Unfortunately, lists <u>cannot</u> perform these operations, unless we have to convert the lists into sets. In order to that, you should first perform a comparison, then convert and the list to a set.<br><br>There are two problems with performing the above-mentioned technique:::::*Sets are '''un-orderedlist()''' so if the list order is important function can convert sets into lists. The operations in this will cause problems and remove order::::*Sets '''cannot contain duplicate values''', if the list contains any duplicate values they will section can only be deleted. :::Howeverapplied to sets, so if the list does not have any of the above requirements this is you need to perform a great solution union, intersection, or difference between lists, you need to convert them to some problems.  :::10sets first. To demonstrate, issue the followingFor example:<sourcelang="python">

new_list temporary_set = list(set(l2).intersection(set(l3))new_list = list(temporary_set) # '''set() ''' can make lists into sets. '''list() ''' can make sets into lists.print(new_list)

'''=== Create a Python Script Demonstrating Comparing Sets'''===

::#Create the '''~/ops435/lab4/lab4a.py''' script. The purpose of this script will be to demonstrate the different way of comparing sets. There will be three functions, each returning a different set comparison. ::#Use the following template to get started:<sourcelang="python">

def join_sets(set1s1, set2s2): # join_sets will return a set that has contains every value from both set1 s1 and set2 inside its2

def match_sets(set1s1, set2s2): # match_sets will return a set that contains all values found in both set1 s1 and set2s2

def diff_sets(set1s1, set2s2):

:::*The match_setsjoin_sets() function should return a set that contains all values found in from both sets:::*The diff_setsmatch_sets() function should return a set that contains all values which are not shared between found in both sets:::*The join_setsdiff_sets() function should return a set that contains all values from which are not shared between both sets:::*All three functions should accept '''two arguments''' both are sets:::*The script should show the exact output as the samples:::*The script should contain no errors

::::'''Sample Run 1:'''<source>run ./lab4a.py

::::'''Sample Run 2 (with import):'''<source>

print(lab4a.join_sets(set1,set2))# Will output {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}print(lab4a.match_sets(set1,set2))# Will output {1, 2}print(lab4a.diff_sets(set1,set2))# Will output {-2, -1, 0, 3, 4, 5}

<ol><li value='3' style="margin-left:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download 25px;">Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.:<sourcelang="bash">

ls CheckLab4.py || wget matrix.senecachttps://raw.ongithubusercontent.cacom/~acoatleySeneca-willisCDOT/ops435/master/LabCheckScripts/CheckLab4.py

</source></li><li style="margin-left:::4. 25px;">Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4a.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding - proceed to the next step.</li></ol>

'''=== Create a Python Script Demonstrating Comparing Lists'''===

::#Create the '''~/ops435/lab4/lab4b.py''' script. The purpose of this script will be to improve the previous script to perform the same joins, matches, and diffs, but this time on lists. ::#Use the following as a template:<sourcelang="python">

def join_lists(list1l1, list2l2): # join_lists will return a list that contains every value from both list1 l1 and list2 inside itl2

def match_lists(list1l1, list2l2): # match_lists will return a list that contains all values found in both list1 l1 and list2l2

def diff_lists(list1l1, list2l2):

:::*The match_lists() function should return a list that contains all values found in both lists:::*The diff_lists() function should return a list that contains all values which are not shared between both lists:::*The join_lists() function should return a list that contains all values from both setslists:::*All three functions should accept '''two arguments''' both are lists:::*The script should show the exact output as the samples:::*The script should contain no errors::::'''Sample Run 1:'''<source>run ./lab4b.py

match: [8, 9, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

::::'''Sample Run 2 (with import)under interactive python shell:'''<source>

print(lab4b.join_lists(list1,list2)))# Will output [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -2, -1]print(lab4b.match_lists(list1,list2) ) # Will output [81, 9, 5, 6, 72]print(lab4b.diff_lists(list1,list2) ) # Will output [1, 20, 3, 4, 105, 11-2, 12, 13, 14-1]

:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<sourcelang="bash">

:::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4b.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding - proceed to the next step.<br><br>

::By now, you have probably been exposed to database terminology. For example, a '''database''' is a collection of ''related records''. In turn, '''records''' are a collection of ''related fields''. In order to access a record in a database, you would need to access it by '''key field(s)'''. In order words, those key field(s) are a '''key that unlocks the access to a record''' within a database. ::In Python, a '''dictionary''' is a set of key-value pairs. Dictionaries are '''unordered''', like sets, however any value can be retrieved from a dictionary if you know the key. This section will go over how to create, access, and change dictionaries, providing giving you a new powerful tool to store and manipulate data.

::#Launch the ipython3 shell:<source>ipython3</source>::#Let's begin by creating a new dictionary (for practice)in a temporary Python file:<sourcelang="python">

</source>You should note that the syntax to define a dictionary is similar to defining sets (i.e. using '''{}''').<br>Unlike , but unlike sets, dictionaries use '''<code>key:value</code>''' pairs within the dictionary, each ''key:value'' pair in turn, are is separated by commas.<br><br>You can get help associated with your dictionary by using functions such as '''dir()''' and '''help()'''.<br><br>::#Issue All the following and note all the available functions available and how to obtain assistance with values in a dictionary objects:<source>dir(dict_york)help(dict_york)</source>All values can be viewed retrieved by using the '''dictionary.values()''' function. This particular function provides a '''list''' containing all values.<br><br>::#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">helpprint(dict_york.values()dict_york.values()</source>All keys to access the ''key:pair'' values within a dictionary can be viewed by retrieved using the '''dictionary.keys()''' function. This function provides a '''list''' containing all keys<br><br>::#To demonstrate this, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">help(dict_york.keys)

</source>Armed with this information, We can retrieve <u>individual</u> values from a dictionary by provide providing the key associated with the key:pair value<br><br>::#For example, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(dict_york['Address'])print(dict_york['Postal Code'])

::#Dictionary keys can be any '''immutable''' values (i.e. not permitted for value to be changed). Types of values include: '''strings''', '''numbers''', and '''tuples'''. Trying ::#Try adding a couple new keys key and values value to the dictionary by issuing:<sourcelang="python">

print(dict_york)print(dict_york.values())print(dict_york.keys())

::#Let's add another key:value pair to our dictionary to change the province key:pair value to BC:<sourcelang="python">

print(dict_york)print(dict_york.values())print(dict_york.keys())</source>'''WARNING: Dictionary keys must be unique'''. Attempting to add a key that already exists in the dictionary will <u>overwrite</u> the existing value for that key!<br><br>::#To demonstrate, issue the followingFor example:<sourcelang="python">

print(dict_york)print(dict_york.values())print(dict_york.keys())</source>You should notice that key value for the 'Province' key has been changed back to 'ON'.<br><br>These The lists that contain the values and keys of the dictionary are not <u>real</u> python lists - they are "views of the dictionary" and therefore are <u>immutable</u>. You could change these views into usable lists by using the '''list()''' function (where the index can be used to access individual values).<br><br>::#For example, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

print(list_of_keys[0]</source>::#In addition, lists can be changed into sets if we would like to perform comparisons with another set. To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>set_of_keys = set(dict_york.keys())set_of_values = set(dict_york.values())set_of_keys | set_of_values

::#Lists can be used with '''for loops'''. To Demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

for value in dict_york.values():

::#Looping using indexes is not the best way to loop through a dictionary. A new dictionary could be created using this method, but this is '''not good''':<source>list_of_keys = list(dict_york.keys())list_of_values = list(dict_york.values())new_dictionary = {}for index in range(0, len(list_of_keys)): new_dictionary[list_of_keys[index]] = list_of_values[index]</source>::#The above method uses a lot of memory and loops. The best method to create a dictionary from two lists is to use the zip() function:<source>list_of_keys = list(dict_york.keys())list_of_values = list(dict_york.values())new_dictionary = dict(zip(list_of_keys, list_of_values))</source>::#Looping through the keys in a dictionary also provides a easy way to get the value for each key at the same time:<source>for key in dict_york.keys(): print(key + '--->' + dict_york[key])</source>::#An alternative (possibly more efficient) method would be to cause both the key and its value to be extracted into a single (using a for loop, and using a special object):<source>for key, value in dict_york.items(): print(key + ' | ' + value)</source>'''Create a Python Script for Managing Dictionaries'''===

::#Use the following as a template:<sourcelang="python">

# Place code here- refer to function specifics in section below

# Place code here- refer to function specifics in section below 

:::*The script should contain '''threetwo''' functions:::::*:'''create_dictionary():'''<ddol><dlli>'''accepts''' two lists as arguments keys and values, '''combines''' these lists together to '''create''' a dictionary<br>('''Tip:''' use a while loop to access elements in both the keys and values lists at the same time)</dlli><dlli>'''returns a dictionary''' that has the keys and associated values from the lists</dlli></ddol>::::*:'''split_dictionaryshared_values():'''<ddol><dlli>'''accepts''' a single dictionary two dictionaries as a argument arguments and '''splitsfinds''' all values that are shared between the dictionary into two lists, keys and valuesdictionaries</dl><dlbr>('''returns two listsTip:''': return keysgenerate sets containing only values for each dictionary, then use a function mentioned in a previous section to store the valuesthat are common to <u>both</dlu>lists)</ddli><li>:::*shared_values() accepts two dictionaries as arguments finds all values that are shared between the two dictionaries:::*shared_values() '''returns a set''' containing '''ONLY values ''' found in '''BOTH dictionaries'''</li></ol>

run ./lab4c.py

::::'''Sample Run 2(with import):'''<source>

york = lab4c.create_dictionary(list_keys, list_values) york{'Address': '70 The Pond Rd', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M3J3M6', 'Province': 'ON'} keys, values = split_dictionary(dict_newnham) keys['Country', 'Postal Code', 'Address', 'Province', 'City'] values['Canada', 'M2J2X5', '1750 Finch Ave E', 'ON', 'Toronto'] keys, values = split_dictionary(york) keys['Country', 'Postal Code', 'Address', 'Province', 'City']

valuesprint(york)[# Will print: {'CanadaAddress': '70 The Pond Rd', 'M3J3M6City': 'Toronto', 'Country': '70 The Pond RdCanada', 'Postal Code'ON: 'M3J3M6', 'TorontoProvince': 'ON']}

common = lab4c.shared_values(dict_york, dict_newnham)

print(common)# Will print: {'Canada', 'ON', 'Toronto'}

:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<sourcelang="bash">

ls CheckLab4.py || wget matrix.senecachttps://raw.ongithubusercontent.cacom/~acoatleySeneca-willisCDOT/ops435/master/LabCheckScripts/CheckLab4.py

:::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4c.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding proceed to the next step.<br><br>

== PART 4 - List Comprehension =INVESTIGATION 2: STRINGS =:We've already covered lists to Strings are basically a degree. Lets move into more advanced functions to use and generate listslist of characters (bits of text). This is a very common practice section will investigate strings in Pythonmore detail such as '''cutting strings into sub-strings''', understanding how to generate'''joining strings''', manipulate'''formatting strings''', '''searching through strings''', and apply functions '''matching strings against patterns'''.<br><br>Strings are '''immutable''' data objects - this means that once a string is created, it <u>cannot</u> be modified. In order to items make a change inside a list can be incredibly usefulstring, you would first make a copy of the part of the string (i.e. List comprehension is a way to build new lists from existing list and to do it faster than simply looping over listssub-string) for manipulation.

== PART 1 - Strings and Substrings ==:'''Perform the Following Steps'''This first part will explain basic concepts of using strings, printing strings, and manipulating sub-strings.

:'''Perform the Following Steps:''':#Create some strings in a temporary Python file:<source lang="python">course_name = 'Open System Automation'course_code = 'OPS435'course_number = 435</source>Strings can contain any '''characters''' inside them, whether they are '''letters''', '''numbers''', or '''symbols'''.:#Strings can also be '''concatenated''' (i.e. "combined together") by using the '''+''' sign, just make sure string are only concatenating strings with strings (no lists, no numbers, no dictionaries, etc.):<source lang="python">print(course_name)print(course_code)print(str(course_number))print(course_name + ' ' + course_code + ' ' + str(course_number))</source>When using the '''print()''' function, you can display '''special characters'''. One such special character is the is the newline character (denoted by the symbol: '''\n'''). This allows you to separate content between new lines or empty lines:<source lang="python">print('Line 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\n')</source>:#Strings have many built-in functions that we can use to manipulate text. [https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods Here's a list].:#Lets start try out several different functions:<source lang="python">print(course_name.lower()) # Returns a string in lower-case lettersprint(course_name.upper()) # Returns a string in upper-case lettersprint(course_name.swapcase()) # Returns a string with upper-case and lower-case letters swappedprint(course_name.title()) # Returns a string with creating upper-case first letter of each word, lowercase for remaining textprint(course_name.capitalize()) # Returns a string with upper-case first letter only, lowercase for remaining text</source>:#These values can be saved inside new strings and then reused:<source lang="python">lower_name = course_name.lower() # Save returned string lower-case string inside new string variableprint(lower_name)</source>:#If a string contains many values separated by a single character, such as a space, the string can be split on those values and create a list and applying some of values<source>lower_name.split(' ') # Provide the split() function with a character to each split on</source>The above example will return a list of strings, which we can access just like all of lists. <br><br>:#Let's practice more string manipulation:<source lang="python">list_of_strings = lower_name.split(' ') # Split string on spaces and store the list in a variableprint(list_of_strings) # Display listprint(list_of_strings[0]) # Display first item in list</source>Since lists are actually a list of '''strings''', you should be able to use any function that works with a string on a list:<source lang="python">list_of_strings[0].upper() # Use the function after the index to affect a single string within a listfirst_word = list_of_strings[0]print(first_word)</source>The '''index''' that is used to access <u>items</u> within a list, can also be used to access <u>characters</u> within a string. The below will For practice, let's create a new string, and start accessing the strings index:<source>course_name = 'Open System Automation'course_code = 'OPS435'course_number = 435print(course_code[0]) # Print the first character in course_codeprint(course_code[2]) # Print the third character in course_codeprint(course_code[-1]) # Print the last character in course_codeprint(str(course_number)[0]) # Turn the integer into a string, return first character in that string, and print itprint (course_code[0] + course_code[1] + course_code[2])</source>:#You can use a technique that uses index numbers of a string to '''cut-out the square ''' or '''"parse"''' smaller portions of each itemtext within a string. This term is referred to as a '''substring'''.We can use this to create a new string or display only a small portion of it:<sourcelang="python">l1 = print(course_name[0:4]) # Print the first four characters (values of index numbers 0,1, 2, and 3) first_word = course_name[0:4] # Save this substring for later useprint(course_code[0:3]) # Print the first three characters (values of index numbers 0, 41, and 2)</source>:# The index allows a few '''extra functions''' using the same parsing technique:<source lang="python">course_name = 'Open System Automation'print(course_name[12:]) # Print the substring '12' index until end of stringprint(course_name[5:]) # Print the substring '5' index until end of stringprint(course_name[-1]) # Print the last characterfor item in l1</source>With '''negative indices''', '''-1''' would represent the '''last''' character, '''-2''' index would represent the '''second last''' character, etc.:<source lang="python">course_name = 'Open System Automation'print(course_name[-1]) print(item ** course_name[-2])

:#To store these squares for later use, create a new list and append Practice some of the squares to it. This will generate a new list skills that contains squared values you have learned in the same positions of the first list. This is using an existing list to create a new list.this section:<source>l1 course_name = 'Open System Automation'print(course_name[1, 2, 3, -10:]) # Return the last ten charactersprint(course_name[-10:-6]) # Try and figure out what this is returning print(course_name[0:4, 5]+ course_name[-10:-6]) # Combine substrings togetherl2 substring = course_name[0:4]+ course_name[-10:-6] # Save the combined substring as a new string for item in l1:later l2.appendprint(item ** 2substring)l1l2

:#Move The real power found in substrings goes beyond just manually writing index values and getting back words. The next part of this investigation will cover how to search through a string for a specific word, letter, number, and return the index to that search result.  '''Create a Python Script Demostrating Substrings''':'''Perform the Following Instructions''':#Create the squaring of numbers out into it's own separate function''~/ops435/lab4/lab4d.py''' script. While the squaring example The purpose of this script is to demonstrate creating and manipulating strings. There will be four functions each will return a simple function, this example could include a more complex function that does more processing on each item in single string.:#Use the list.following template to get started:<source>#!/usr/bin/env python3# Strings 1 str1 = 'Hello World!!'str2 = 'Seneca College' num1 = 1500num2 = 1.50 def squarefirst_five(number): return number ** 2# Place code here - refer to function specifics in section below

l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]l2 = []for item in l1def last_seven(): l2.append(square(item))# Place code here - refer to function specifics in section below

l1l2</source>:#The map function can be used to apply a function on each item in a list. This is exactly what happened above, however it gives much better syntax, removes the loop, including the variable that was created inside the loop. This will make the script a little more efficient while performing the same task.<source>def squaremiddle_number(number): return number ** 2# Place code here - refer to function specifics in section below

l1 = [1,2,3,4,5]l2 = list(mapdef first_three_last_three(square, l1)): # Place code here - refer to function specifics in section below

:#Using the list comprehensions above our code will be faster and more efficient than using multiple variables and loops.::'''Sample Run 2 (with import)'''<source>import lab4d

str1 = INVESTIGATION 2: STRINGS 'Hello World!!'str2 = 'Seneca College'num1 =1500:Strings are in their most basic form a list of characters, or a bit of text. Strings store text so that we can use them later. In this section we will cover more than just displaying that text to the screen. Here, we will go over cutting strings into sub-strings, joining strings together, searching through strings, and matching strings against patternsnum2 = 1.50

== PART 1 - String Basics ==print(lab4d.first_five(str1))<!--# Will output 'Hello':We can concatenate strings using the plus signprint(lab4d. Combining strings together to create a brand new string, strings are immutable just like tuplesfirst_five(str2))# Will output 'Senec'print(lab4d. This means everytime you change a string, you are actually creating a new stringlast_seven(str1))# Will output 'World!!'print(lab4d.last_seven(str2))<source># Will output 'College'str1 = print(lab4d.middle_number(num1))# Will output 'Paul50'str2 = print(lab4d.middle_number(num2))# Will output 'Atreides.5'str3 = print(lab4d.first_three_last_three(str1 + , str2))# Will output ' Helege' + print(lab4d.first_three_last_three(str2, str1))str3# Will output 'Send!!'

 Repetition is also a useful tool that can be used with strings::3. Repetition repeats Download the string over checking script and over a specific amount of timescheck your work. This is useful anytime you would manually be typing Enter the following commands from the same thing over againbash shell.<source>str1 = 'Paul'cd ~/ops435/lab4/str2 = 'Atreides'pwd #confirm that you are in the right directorystr3 = str1 + ' ' + str2 + ' ' + 'I'ls CheckLab4.py || wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Seneca-CDOT/ops435/master/LabCheckScripts/CheckLab4.pystr3str3 = str1 + ' ' + str2 + ' ' + 'I'*3str3python3 ./CheckLab4.py -f -v lab4d

::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify all errors in lab4d.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK -->== PART 2 - String Manipulation == == PART 3 - Regular Expressions ==proceed to the next step.

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> xOutput of: <code>./CheckLab4.py -f -v</code>::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> x:Output of:<span style="color:green;font-size:1code>cat lab4a.py lab4b.py lab4c.py lab4d.5em;">&#x2713;py</spancode> Lab4 logbook notes completed = LAB REVIEW =

# What is the purpose of a '''tuple'''? How does a tuple differ from a list?# How do you define elements within a tuple?# Write Python code to confirm if the string ''''OPS435'''' exists within the tuple called '''courses'''.# What is the purpose of a '''set'''? How do sets differ from lists or tuples?# How do you define elements within a set?# Assuming you have defined two sets called '''set1''' and '''set2'''. Write Python code to:<ol type= Practice For Quizzes"a"><li>Return a set containing all values of both sets</li><li>Returns a set containing all values in set1 that are not found in set2</li><li>Return a set containing all values that both sets DO NOT share</li></ol># What is the purpose of a dictionary?# How do you define elements within a dictionary?# Write Python commands to display for a dictionary called '''my_dictionary''' the dictionary key called '''my_key''' and a dictionary value for that key?# What is the purpose for the '''range()''', Tests'''len()''', Midterm &amp; Final Exam '''append()''', and '''map()''' functions for a dictionary?# List and briefly explain the following functions (methods) that can be used with strings:<br>'''lower()''' , '''upper()''' , '''swapcase()''' , '''title()''' , '''captilize()''' , '''split()'''# Assume you issued the following command in your ipython3 shell:<br>'''course_name = 'Programming with Python''''<br>What will be the output for each of the following Python commands?<ol type="a"><li>'''course_name[3:11]'''</li><li>'''course_name[10:]'''</li><li>'''course_name[-1]</li></ol>