Changes

== OBJECTIVE & PREPARATION==

In this This lab, we will look at several separate technologies that are used with 's primary focus is to set up a Samba server on a Linux server in order to allow MS Windows users to share common files from the Apache web Linux's Samba server to install, configure and run web applications.

The basic purpose of the Apache web server is to serve text pagesThis lab will first install, imagessetup, and other static enable a Samba server. Then users will access files. You can format those web-pages to appear nice, but they would lack dynamic functionality on the Linux Samba server from Linux and Windows client machines (i.e. the ability to change colors or font-size when the mouse moves over a link, button, etcboth graphically and command line). In other words using Apache web-server as a sole application would not make your web-pages more interesting.

If we want to add more features for our web-page (eg. dynamic functionality, security, e-commerce, etc), your webserver would need additional help. To provide additional help requires several resources - more than just the web server itself. ==INVESTIGATION 1: INSTALLING & CONFIGURING A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is referred to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').SAMBA SERVER==

In your previous OPS235 course, your second assignment may have required you setup a similar series of services in order to run a Wiki on one of your virtual machines. In this labinvestigation, we will set up another example of a '''"LAMP solution"Samba server''' on our ''' that VM2''' machine. We will allow first install, configure and enable the user samba server on our virtual machine, and then we will quickly test to run webmail in a web-browser to send and receive e-mail messagessee if the Samba server works.

#Make certain you are in that both your '''VM1''' machineand '''VM2''' machines are running.#Install the Apache package (the name of Switch to your '''VM2''' machine as the package is: '''httpdroot''')user.#Start Issue the httpd service, and enable this service to start automatically upon system startup.#Using a text browser such as lynx on vm1 go following Linux command to localhost. You should get the "Fedora Test Page" which indicates your web install Samba server is running on the local virtual machine.utlity:<br>'''yum install samba samba-client'''<br>#Make certain to configure your firewall to allow access to Copy the httpd service (i.e. the Apache serves HTTP traffic which goes over TCP port file '''80/etc/samba/smb.conf''') and to update another filename by issuing the firewall_restore script to include itfollowing command:<br>'''cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.original'''#Open a web-browser in your Clear the contents of the configuration file by running '''hostcat /dev/null > /etc/samba/smb.conf''' machine and enter the following URL: #Edit '''vm1.youruserid/etc/samba/smb.orgconf'''.so that the file that contains the following lines: [global] workgroup = WORKGROUP server string = "put your real name here without the quotes" encrypt passwords = yes security = user passdb backend = tdbsam [home] comment = "put your real name here without the quotes" path = /home/<br /yourSenecaID>If you setup your Apache webserver correctly, you should be able to view the Apache Test page.#Although we will not be exploring webservers in depth, we will have you public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 [homes] comment = automatic home share public = no writable = yes printable = no create a simple webpage for testing purposes, then later setup a web resource for webmail.mask = 0765 browseable = no#The term<ol><li value="3">Append (add) the following parameter to the bottom of the '''DocumentRoot[global] section''' specifies where that will limit access to the Apache webserver share so that only machines in your virtual network will search for documents be able to serveaccess it:</li></ol> hosts allow = 192.168.x. 127.0.0. Create 1<ol><li value="4">Append (add) the following parameter to the file '''index.html[home] section''' in so that only your user account can access that share:</li></ol> valid users = <yourSenecaID><ol><li value="5">Create a Samba account and password for yourSenecaID by issuing the following command:<br>'''DocumentRootsmbpasswd -a <yourSenecaID>''' directory with the following contents (replace the date with the current one):</li></ol>

<pre>Hello{{Admon/tip|Changing Existing Samba Account Passwords|If you need to change a user's existing Samba account password, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org and you can issue the current time is Mar 28 22following command as root:16:27 EDT 2016!</pre>'''smbpasswd username'''.}}

<ol><li value="96">If Confirm the user you refresh your webcreated has been added using the following command:<br>'''pdbedit -L -browser page in v'''</li><li>Test and review your browser, you should see configuration with the command:<br>'''testparm'''</li><li>Use the contents of your ''index.html'systemctl''' documentcommand to start the smb. service and enable the service to run on boot-up</li><li>If you wishhave SELinux set to enforcing, you can specify 'll will need to tell it to allow samba access to home directories by running: <br> '''setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1'''</li><li>Use the filename index'''ss -nautp''' command to see with port Samba is running on.html </li><li>Use the information in the addressprevious step to modify the firewall on VM2 machine to allow samba traffic.</li><li>Test to see that you can connect to your Samba server (locally) by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbclient -U <yourSenecaID> -L 127.0.0.1'''</li><li>When prompted, but it is not necessaryenter your Samba account password.</li><li>The output from that issued command show appear similar to example displayed below:</li></ol> Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- home Disk Your Name IPC$ IPC IPC Service ("Your Name") Domain=[WORKGROUP] OS=[Windows 6.1] Server=[Samba 4.2.3] Server Comment ------ ------- WorkGroup Master --------- ------ <ol><li value="13">To access the Samba client shell on your local Samba share, since issue the file indexfollowing command:<br>'''smbclient '\\127.0.0.html is automatically loaded by default when 1\home' -U <yourSenecaID>'''</li><li>Enter your Samba account password.</li><li>Issue the URL refers help command to note common commands (''dir'', ''cd'', ''ls'', ''put'', ''get''). Note how similar they are to that directory containing that file''sftp'' commands.</li><li>Enter '''exit''' to terminal your local Samba session.</li></ol>

{{Admon/tip |Using the '''index.html''' file|It is considered to be a "best practice" to create '''index.html''' files for newlyRecord steps, commands, and your observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in your OPS335 lab log-created subdirectories within the '''DocumentRoot''' (or users' '''public_html''' directories) to force a display of a web-page, instead of viewing the directories "index" listing of files (from "curious eyes"): that is why the name of the file is called 'book'"index.html"''.}}

<ol><li value="10">Refresh your web-page by issuing the keycombination: '''ctrl-r'''. Notice that the time doesn't change as In this investigation you refresh the page. This indicates that will explore some of the page is static different ways to access a shared directory from a Linux client machine (not dynamic) indicating that the page does not change (i.e. boring!VM1).</li></ol>

=== Creating a PHP Script Installing and Using smbclient ===

{{Admon/tip |PHP Scripting Language|PHP code is considered to be a language that runs on the web-server (i.e. "server-side programming"). PHP code can be embedded in an HTML document (HTML code), and use the resources on the "server-side" to make the web document or resource more dynamic (eg. database access, etc). Although it is not '''Perform the purpose of this course to learn about and create PHP documents, here is a quick resource following steps on PHP: [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial]}}your VM1'''

#Install the '''samba-client''Perform ' and '''cifs-utils''' packages.#Use the following steps"smbclient" command in a terminal window.<source> smbclient '\\vm2\home' -U <yourSenecaID></source>#After entering your password you should get a prompt similar to:<source> smb: \></source>#Enter the ls command to see a list of the files in your home directory:<source> smb: \> ls</source>#Once you have access to the directory use the get and put commands (similar to ftp) to move files.#When you are finished close the connection.# Try again using '''[homes]'''share instead<source> smbclient '\\vm2\homes'-U <yourSenecaID></source>

#Copy the '''indexNote that this tool only gave temporary access with a limited set of commands.html''' file to '''index.php''' and modify it to contain:

<ol><li value="2">On your host machine, again refresh your web-browser. Notice that in a web browser Instead of always having to use the ''index.php'' file isn't treated as a default page and the contents don't contain the date, but instead are displaying the text in the php code you entered into the index.php file (refer smbclient command to connect to above code).</li><li>The reason this occurs is that the PHP interpreter hasn't been installed on your vm by default.</li><li>Install the php package on your vm1 machinenetwork share, and restart your webserver. NOTE: The php package comes with a working default Apache configuration so you don't need to enable it manually.</li><li>Refresh can have the webpage for share automatically mounted upon your webfile server boot-browser on your host machine. You should now notice that you see the date instead of the call to the date command. Refresh your webpage several times to see how the time changes. This is simply a "trivial example" of dynamic web content does it does provide a simple demonstration of how scripting languages can be used to create more dynamic webpagesup.</li></ol>

*Now, as root on your gateway/host, try to forward incoming http connections that arrive on your host to the web server on vm1. Use an iptables command something like this:<pre>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *yourinterface* -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.X.2</pre>*You will also need to create a rule in the FORWARD chain in the default table to accept connections to port 80.*To test this setup you'll need to ask a classmate on another PC to try to use a browser to view your web page. S/he'll have to enter your host's external interface IP number in their browser's address window.*Have them view both index.html and index.php*create a new directory inside Perform the following steps on your VM1'''DocumentRoot''' and move index.php inside it.*Have your partner view both files again.*We will now modify the settings on the web-server to prevent machines outside our network from accessing the private directory.*Add the following directory statement to your apache configuration (making sure to replace the X with your own network octet):<pre><Directory "/var/www/html/private"> AllowOverride None Require ip 192.168.X.0/24</Directory></pre>*This sets up separate rules and access permissions for that subdirectory.*Your partner should no longer be able to access any pages in the private directory (or any sub-directories of it), but your other internal machines (including your host) should still have access.

#Issue the following commands to create a mount-point and to mount your home directory from your vm2 machine:<source> mkdir /tmp/vm2-home mount -t cifs //vm2/home /tmp/vm2-home -o username=== Install<yourSenecaID> ls /tmp/vm2-home</source>#Create a file in that directory, Configure and Run MySQL Database Server ===then switch to '''vm2''' to confirm that it was created.#Use umount on '''vm1''' to unmount that directory.

MySQL is used Note that this tool would leave the directory mounted until the machine rebooted or it was manually unmounted. It would also allow other users access to allow storage and retrieval the directory, as it effectively became part of structured datathe local filesystem. SQL is a command language (used by scripting languages such as PHP) It could even be added to allow programmers fstab to access databases contained within a server be mounted on boot (or other servers via a networkthough this would require another configuration file we don't cover) to be used within web-based applications via the web-browser.

{{Admon/tip |MySQL / SQL Language Resources|Again, MySQL can be This investigation will configure your VM2 machine to act as a complex topic: Seneca has an entire course that concentrates on using SQL commands! Here is a link Samba File server to allow Windows OS Users access to MySQL / SQL Language resources: [http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources]the Linux Samba server files.}}

#Install '''mariadb-With some additional "tweaking" to your Linux Samba server'''.<br /><br /> The MySQL and MariaDB are actually two <u>separate</u> projects run by different groups, yet they are compatible; thereforeconfiguration file, you can use documentation from one should be able to configure the other. <br><br>#'''NOTE:''' When installing mariadb, make certain access files on that you have not just the '''client''' but also the '''server software'''.#When you start the MySQL service, check the system log file for instructions regarding how to set the root password. Even though we will not configure our MySQL service to be accessible over from a Windows machine on the same network, it is accepted as a "best practice" configuring for network access for each MySQL installation.#Note that the MySQL service has two root passwords:<ul><li>For the localhost</li><li>For external requests</li></ul>#Refer to the log file to learn how to run the two commands in order to generate the appropriate passwords.<br><br>NOTE: Use a password you make up yourself, but do <u>not</u> generate a secret password, since you You will be storing that password in creating a plain text file Samba share for later reference.#Start the service and ensure that it will start automatically every time the machine bootsyour home directory of your regular user account.

=== Test Connection to MySQL Database Server ===*While the web server (with php), and MySQL server may be working individually, we need to ensure that they can connect to each other.*Since this test will involve storing the database password in a plain-text html file, we want to make sure no one else can access it.*Modify the Directory statement for your private directory to prevent any machine other than your vm1 from accessing it.*Re-start the web-server and try to access the page from another machine. Make sure that you can '''not''' do so before you continue.*Install the '''php-mysql''' module so that Perform the installation of php your web server is using can execute sql statements. You will have to restart the service after installing it.*Create a page like the one described [httpfollowing tasks://php.net/manual/en/mysqli.quickstart.connections.php here] to test that your web server can connect to the database (replace the user, password, and database with values appropriate for your machine). Note that only the first connection (using '''localhost''') on that page should be able to connect.*Once that page shows a successful connection on your VM ('''Localhost via UNIX socket''') this step is complete.*You have now established that the web server is able to run code which can interract with the database. This will allow dynamic pages to make use of information stored there when providing resources to your users.

# Make certain that your '''VM2'''Record stepsmachine is running, commandsis still allowing samba traffic through the firewall, and your observations is still running the samba service.# Use the Windows machine you are already running Vmware on . If you have a Linux host - good for you, you can either use a Windows VM or skip this investigation in part.# Add the prerouting and forwarding rules to your host's iptables necessary to redirect samba traffic from outside your OPS335 lab lognetwork to your VM2, making sure to replace the X with your own network address.::<code>iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp --bookdport 139 -d 192.168.X.3 -j ACCEPT</code>::<code>iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp --dport 445 -d 192.168.X.3 -j ACCEPT</code>::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 139 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.X.3</code>::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 445 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.X.3</code>OR with specifing the interface (whichever works):::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *externalinterface* -p tcp --dport 139 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.X.3</code>::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *externalinterface* -p tcp --dport 445 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.X.3</code>where *externalinterface* is an interface name (e.g. ens33)<br>'''NOTE:''' when you restart libvirtd, it will move your FORWARD rules to the end of the chain, invalidating them.# Modify the '''hosts allow''' setting on your '''vm2''' to also accept connections from the windows machine you are using.# Open the Windows File Explorer application.# At the top of the application, enter the following:<br>'''\\EXTERNAL_IPADDR_OF_HOST\home'''

<!--== INVESTIGATION 2: INSTALL, CONFIGURE &amp; RUN WEBMAIL APPLICATION (Roundcube Mail) =={|cellpadding="15" width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"

||width="10%" | [[Image:Roundcubesamba-login.png|thumb|right|200px300px|You will be prompted (once only) for the Samba user-name and password for your '''RoundcubeVM2''' webmail application Logo<br>GPL,<br> https://commonsmachine).wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1772791]]||width="10%" |[[Image:roundcubesamba3-picmap-drive.png|thumb|right|300px|Screencapture of You can create a '''roundcubemapped network drive (z:)''' webmail application running in order to send and receive mail messages via a web-browserfor your Linux Samba server network share).]]  

In <ol><li value="5"> You will be prompted to enter your samba username and password (one time only). Refer to screenshot on right.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' It may take approximately 30 seconds to display the file contents.<br><br></li><li>Were you successful? You should have received an error stating the your credentials are incorrect. You will notice that it adds SENEDS to the beginning of your user name, as the Seneca machine is pre-configured to be part of that workgroup.</li><li>Change the investigationworkgroup parameter in smb.conf on VM2 to match the seneca domain SENEDS, we will simply installand try to connect again.</li><li>Were you successful? If not, try to troubleshoot the problem first, then ask your lab assistant or instructor for assistance.</li><li>Close the Windows File Explorer application window.</li><li>Click on the '''START''' menu, configure and run click on '''This PC'''.</li><li>Click on the Map Network Drive button, and create a '''mapped network drive'''roundcube(called it drive ''' webmail applicationZ:''') which is a Samba share of your VM2 machine for the home directory.</li><li>When finished, click on '''Network''' in Windows file manager to confirm that the network share is present.</li><li>Try to create a file on Windows on your Linux Samba machine. Were you able to create a save a file?</li><li>Switch to your VM2 machine and check to see if that file was created in your home directory.</li></ol>

{{Admon/important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST perform a '''Perform the following steps:full backup''' of ALL of your VMs whenever you complete your '''OPS335 labs''' or when working on your '''OPS335 assignments'''. You should be using the dump or rsync command VMs.}}

#Perform a search on the roundcube application in order to access the website.#Either Download the "zipped tarball" from their website from a direct link or use the wget command to download directly from a download link (This part may take some effort depending on the Sourceforge website).#Extract the "zipped tarball" and rename the generated directory that contains download source code to: '''webmail'''.#In the directory now named "webmail"Record steps, commands, there will be a file named '''INSTALLand your observations from this INVESTIGATION in your OPS335 lab log-book''' which will walk you through the rest of the Roundcube installation.<br><br>Some installation tips to consider:

::* Be careful about copying &amp; pasting the MySQL setup part: take time and pay attention to detail: do not try ==COMPLETING THE LAB==In completing this lab you have gained experience using a service that allows remote access to "rush it"files stored on a Linux server.::* You will need have also learned how to install use several additional Apache modules including: '''php-xml''', '''php-pdo'''different tools to access those files, both from a Linux and '''php-mysql'''Windows client.::* Don't forget to set the password in the roundcube configuration.

<ol><li value="3">Note that both of your IMAP and SMTP servers are ==Online Submission===Follow the instructions for lab 5 on different machines (iblackboard.e. not on vm1). Therefore, you will need to set the following options for Roundcube:</li></ol>!-- ::* '''$config['smtp_server']'''::* '''$config['default_host']'''::* '''$config['default_port']''===Andrew's sections===

You may choose to:::* Submit screenshots of your work on Blackboard, in which case you don'''NOTE:''' The last <u>two</u> entries above refer t need to come to the lab.* Or come to the lab, show me your IMAP serverwork, and talk to me about it. I want to hear what you've learned and answer any questions you have.

<ol><li value="4">You should be able 'll get the same grade regardless of how you choose to test the configuration in submit your Roundcube installer after completing Step 3.</li><li>Try to test if the roundcube webmail application is working by sending and receiving e-mail messageswork.</li></ol>

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof of network share of VM2 machine from Windows VM via Windows Explorer application::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Firewall settings on your Windows VM to allow Linux Samba network share::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Display contents of '''Record steps, commands, /etc/samba/smb.conf''' file on VM2 machine::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Firewall exceptions (both machines) to allow Samba traffic::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span>Download and your observations in INVESTIGATION 2 in your OPS335 lab run '''https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~andrew.smith/ops335/labcheck5.bash'''::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span>Completed Lab5 log-book'''notes.

== COMPLETING THE LAB EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==You now have a complete LAMP stack and could host a variety of web-pages that could include dynamically generated content and database access. '''Depending on your professor you will either be asked to submit the lab in class, or online. Follow the appropriate set of instructions below.''' ===Online Submission===Follow the instructions for lab 5 on moodle. ===In Class Submission===Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''. '''Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''

# What does the term LAMP SMB stand for? Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following items in LAMP.<!--# How What does a webmail application differ from using another MUA like ThunderbirdCIFS stand for?--># What is the major difference between a static web document and a dynamic documentpurpose of the '''testparm''' command?# What does the term "server-side programming" mean?# What is text inside square brackets in the purpose of creating and using an index'''smb.html conf''' filemean?(e.g., "[home]").# What is Explain the purpose meaning of creating and using an indexthe line "create mask = 0765" in the smb.php conf file?<!--# List the additional Apache modules that are required in order to run What does the Roundcube web application'''smbpasswd''' command do?-->