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In this lab, we will look at several separate technologies that are used with According to the Apache web server to install, configure and run web applicationssamba.org website:
The basic purpose ''"Samba is the standard Windows interoperability suite of the Apache web server is to serve text pages, images, programs for Linux and other static filesUnix. You can format those web-pages to appear niceSamba is Free Software licensed under the GNU General Public License, but they would lack dynamic functionality (i.e. the ability to change colors or font-size when Samba project is a member of the mouse moves over a link, button, etc). In other words using Apache web-server as a sole application would not make your web-pages more interestingSoftware Freedom Conservancy."''
If we want to add more Although a Samba server can provide many features for our web-page (eg. dynamic functionalitysuch as printer sharing and backups, security, e-commerce, etc), your webserver would need additional help. To provide additional help requires several resources - more than just the web this lab's primary focus is to set up a Samba server on a Linux server itself. A popular acronym in order to represent these foundations and servers is referred allow MS Windows users to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''share common files from the Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'')s Samba server.
In your previous OPS235 courseThis lab will first install, your second assignment may have required you setup , and enable a similar series of services in order to run a Wiki Samba server. Then users will access files on one of your virtual the Linux Samba server from Linux and Windows client machines(both graphically and command line). === Online Resources===* (Course Notes on Samba Server)*[http://www.tomsitpro.com/articles/linux-server-configuration-guide-book-excerpt,2-777-2.html Samba Server Setup] (Simple setup guide for samba server] ==INVESTIGATION 1: INSTALLING & CONFIGURING A SAMBA SERVER== In this labinvestigation, we will set up another example of a '''"LAMP solution"Samba server''' on our '''VM2''' that machine. We will allow first install, configure and enable the user samba server on our virtual machine, and then we will quickly test to run webmail in a web-browser to send and receive e-mail messagessee if the Samba server works.
[[Image:lamp.png|thumb|right|300px|To provide additional help make your web resource more dynamic (for web apps such as webmail) several services are also required. A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is referred to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').<br><br>Image by Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian,<br>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28224098)<br>(via: [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]) ]]
* (Course Notes on In this investigation you will explore some of the Apache Web Server)* [http://www.hitmill.com/computers/apache.htm Apache Resources]* [http://www.liquidweb.com/kb/how-different ways to-install-apache-on-centos-7/ Installing Apache Webserver on Centos7]* [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial] access a shared directory from a Linux client machine (w3schools.comVM1)* [http://www.w3schools.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources] (w3schools.com)
=== Install, Configure & Run a Webserver (Apache) ===
Next we need to install, configure and run a webserver '''Perform the following steps on one of our Linux VMs.your VM1'''
{{Admon/tip |Apache Webserver Resources|Apache web#Install the '''samba-client''' and '''cifs-server configuration can be utils''' packages.#Use the "smbclient" command in a very complex topic (covering an entire course!)terminal window. Although this lab focuses only on one small application of a web<source> smbclient '\\vm2\home' -server, U <yourSenecaID></source>#After entering your password you can refer should get a prompt similar to :<source> smb: \></source>#Enter the following link ls command to refer to additional configuration helpsee a list of the files in your home directory: [http<source> smb:\> ls<//wwwsource>#Once you have access to the directory use the get and put commands (similar to ftp) to move files.hitmill#When you are finished close the connection.com# Try again using '''[homes]''' share instead<source> smbclient '\\vm2\homes' -U <yourSenecaID></computers/apache.htm Apache Resources].}}source>
#Make certain you are in your '''VM1''' machine.#Install the Apache package (the name of the package is: '''httpd''').#Start the httpd service, and enable this service to start automatically upon system startup.#=== Using a text browser such as lynx on vm1 go to localhost. You should get the "Fedora Test Page" which indicates your web server is running on the local virtual machine.#Make certain to configure your firewall to allow access to the httpd service (i.e. the Apache serves HTTP traffic which goes over TCP port '''80''') and to update the firewall_restore script to include it.#Open a webmount -browser in your t cifs'''host''' machine and enter the following URL: '''vm1.youruserid.org'''.<br />If you setup your Apache webserver correctly, you should be able to view the Apache Test page.#Although we will not be exploring webservers in depth, we will have you create a simple webpage for testing purposes, then later setup a web resource for webmail.#The term '''DocumentRoot''' specifies where the Apache webserver will search for documents to serve. Create the file '''index.html''' in your '''DocumentRoot''' directory with the following contents (replace the date with the current one):<br><source>Hello, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org and the current time is Mar 28 22:16:27 EDT 2016!</source><ol><li value="9">If you refresh your web-browser page in your browser, you should see the contents of your ''index.html'' document. If you wish, you can specify the filename index.html in the address, but it is not necessary, since the file index.html is automatically loaded by default when the URL refers to that directory containing that file.</li></ol>==
{{Admon/tip |Using the '''index.html''' file|It is considered to be a "best practice" to create '''index.html''' files for newly-created subdirectories within the '''DocumentRoot''' (or users' '''public_html''' directories) to force a display of a web-page, instead of viewing the directories "index" listing of files (from "curious eyes"): that is why the name of the file is called ''"index.html"''.}}
=== Creating a PHP Script ===
In order to Note that this tool would leave the directory mounted until the machine rebooted or it was manually unmounted. It would also allow us other users access to run a webserver application in a web-browserthe directory, we need a scripting language that will allow as it effectively became part of the web-browser to function dynamically (ilocal filesystem.e. being able It could even be added to change frequently, as opposed fstab to being "static" or unchanging). In be mounted on boot (though this section, would require another configuration file we will demonstrate how a scripting language (PHPdon't cover) can be used for the web-browser to react in a more dynamic fashion.
{{Admon/tip |PHP Scripting Language|PHP code is considered === Using Nautilus to be a language that runs on the web-server (i.e. "server-side programming"). PHP code can be embedded in an HTML document (HTML code), and use the resources on the "server-side" to make the web document or resource more dynamic (eg. database access, etc). Although it is not the purpose of this course to learn about and create PHP documents, here is a quick resource on PHP: [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial]}}browse Samba shares ===
'''Perform the following steps:'''Instead of accessing your file share via CLI, you can also connect, navigate and access your file share via a graphical application such as a file browser or a web-browser.
#Copy the '''index.htmlPerform the following steps on your HOST machine:''' file to '''index.php''' and modify it to contain:<br><source>Hello, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org and the current time is <?php system("date"); ?>!</source>
<ol><li value="2">On your host machine, again refresh your web-browser. Notice that in a web browser #Install the ''index.php'samba-client'' file isn't treated as a default page and '''cifs-utils''' packages.#Use the contents don"Places" menu from the desktop and open 'Browse Network't contain .#From the date, but instead are displaying the text menu in the php code you entered into side-bar of the indexfiles tool, choose 'Other Locations'.php file (refer to above code).</li><li>The reason this occurs is that #In the PHP interpreter hasnbar titled 't been installed on your vm by default.<Connect to Server' enter '''smb://vm2/li><li>Install home''' as the php package on your vm1 machinelocation, and restart enter your webserver. NOTE: The php package comes with a working default Apache configuration so you don't need to enable it manually.samba password in the prompt</libr><li>Refresh (Where vm2 is the name of the webpage for your web-browser on your host machine. You should now notice that you see server, and home is the date instead name of the call to the date commanddirectory it is sharing). Refresh #After you have checked that you can access your webpage several times to see how files, unmount the share by right-clicking its icon in the time changesside-bar and clicking 'Unmount'. This is simply a "trivial example" of dynamic web content does it does provide a simple demonstration of how scripting languages can be used to create more dynamic webpages.</li></ol>
=== Controlling Access to Pages ===
For security, it is important to allow access to general areas of your webpage, but :You can also limit access to other sub-directories use a web browser with support for the SMB protocol such as Konqueror (Note that contain other webpages or documents. Penetration Tester or hackers may be able to navigate your file systems within your html directory to obtain unauthorised information. firefox does not have such support)
There are many common-sense safeguards<ol><li value="6">If Konqueror is not installed then install it with the command: <source> yum install kdebase</source></li><li>Start Konqueror, such as creating an index.html the web/file browser, and in the address bar enter the following:<br>'''smb://vm2/home'''</li><li>Enter your default directory that will display username and password when prompted.</li><li>Double click on a webpage instead of file you have some text in.</li><li>Open it with gedit, make some changes, and save it.</li><li>When prompted, choose to upload the directory indexfile. On </li><li>Close Konqueror.</li><li>cat the other hand, there are also safeguards that you can setup to provide additional protection to your data file on your web serverVM2 to ensure the changes were properly uploaded.</li></ol>
'''Perform the following steps:'''
# As the root user on your gateway/host'''Record steps, commands, try to forward incoming http connections that arrive on and your host to the web server on vm1. Use an iptables command something like observations from this:<br><source>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *yourinterface* -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.X.2</source># You will also need to create a rule INVESTIGATION in the FORWARD chain in the default table to accept connections to port 80.# To test this setup you'll need to ask a classmate on another PC to try to use a browser to view your web page. That person will have to enter your host's external interface IP number in their browserOPS335 lab log-book's address window. Have that person view both '''index.html''' and '''index.php'''# Create a new directory inside your '''DocumentRoot''' and move index.php inside it.# Have your partner view both files again.<br><br>You will now modify the settings on the web-server to prevent machines outside our network from accessing the private directory.<br><br># Add the following directory statement to your apache configuration (making sure to replace the X with your own network octet):<source><Directory "/var/www/html/private"> AllowOverride None Require ip 192.168.X.0/24</Directory></source>
This sets up separate rules and access permissions for that subdirectory. Your partner should no longer be able to access any pages in the private directory (or any sub-directories of it), but your other internal machines (including your host) should still have access.==INVESTIGATION 3: CONNECTING TO A SAMBA SERVER FROM A WINDOWS CLIENT==
=== Install, Configure and Run MySQL Database Server ===This investigation will configure your VM2 machine to act as a Samba File server to allow Windows OS Users access to the Linux Samba server files.
We complete the last piece of the puzzle by installing, configuring and running ===Accessing Files on a database server to support your webmail application that will be installed and setup in a later lab.Linux Samba Server via Windows Explorer ===
MySQL is used With some additional "tweaking" to allow storage and retrieval of structured data. SQL is a command language (used by scripting languages such as PHP) to allow programmers your Linux Samba server configuration file, you should be able to access databases contained within a server (or other servers via files on that file from a Windows machine on the same network) to . You will be used within web-based applications via the web-browsercreating a Samba share for your home directory of your regular user account.
We won't spend much time learning ''Perform the details of MySQL configuration but you need a basic server set up. You may remember when setting up MySQL from OPS235 - it is basically the same concept.following tasks:'''
{{Admon/tip |MySQL / SQL Language Resources|Again# Make certain that your '''VM2''' machine is running, is still allowing samba traffic through the firewall, MySQL can be and is still running the samba service.# If you are using a complex topic: Seneca has an entire course that concentrates on drive in the removable bay, power up a Windows system in the lab and login. If you are using SQL commands! Here is a link USB SSD drive, use the Windows machine you are already on.# Add the prerouting and forwarding rules to MySQL / SQL Language resources: [http://wwwyour host's iptables necessary to redirect samba traffic from outside your network to your VM 2.w3schools# Modify the hosts allow setting on your '''vm2''' to also accept connections from the windows machine you are using.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources]# Open the Windows File Explorer application.}}# At the top of the application, enter the following:<br>'''\\IPADDR_OF_HOST_MACHINE\home'''
'''Perform the following steps:'''{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
#Install '''mariadb|-server'''.<br /><br /> The MySQL and MariaDB are actually two <u>separate</u> projects run by different groups, yet they are compatible; therefore, you can use documentation from one to configure the other. <br><br>valign="top"|#'''NOTE[[Image:''' When installing mariadb, make certain that you have not just samba-login.png|thumb|right|300px|You will be prompted (once only) for the Samba user-name and password for your '''clientVM2''' but also the machine). ]]|[[Image:samba3-map-drive.png|thumb|right|300px|You can create a '''server softwaremapped network drive (z:)'''.#When you start the MySQL service, check the system log file for instructions regarding how to set the root password. Even though we will not configure our MySQL service to be accessible over the network, it is accepted as a "best practice" configuring for your Linux Samba server network access for each MySQL installationshare).]]#Note that the MySQL service has two root passwords:<ul><li>For the localhost</li><li>For external requests</li></ul>#Refer to the log file to learn how to run the two commands in order to generate the appropriate passwords.<br><br>NOTE: Use a password you make up yourself, but do <u>not</u> generate a secret password, since you will be storing that password in a plain text file for later reference.#Start the service and ensure that it will start automatically every time the machine boots.|}
To be completed by an instructor who uses in-class submissions.==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==
==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==
→Using 'mount -t cifs'
[[Category:OPS335]][[Category:OPS335 Labs]]
== OBJECTIVE & PREPARATION==
'''Perform the following steps:''' #Make certain that both your '''VM1''' and '''VM2''' machines are running.#Switch to your '''VM2''' machine as the '''root''' user.#Issue the following Linux command to install Samba server utlity:<br>'''yum install samba samba-client'''<br>#Copy the file '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' to another filename by issuing the following command:<br>'''cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf.original'''#Clear the contents of the configuration file by running '''cat /dev/null > /etc/samba/smb.conf'''#Edit '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' so that the file that contains the following lines: [global] workgroup =WORKGROUP server string ="put your real name here without the quotes" encrypt passwords = Online Resourcesyes security =user passdb backend = tdbsam [home] comment = "put your real name here without the quotes" path = /home/<yourSenecaID> public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 [homes] comment = automatic home share public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 browseable = no<ol><li value="3">Append (add) the following parameter to the bottom of the '''[global] section''' that will limit access to the share so that only machines in your virtual network will be able to access it:</li></ol> hosts allow = 192.168.x. 127.0.0.1<ol><li value="4">Append (add) the following parameter to the '''[home] section''' so that only your user account can access that share:</li></ol> valid users = <yourSenecaID><ol><li value="5">Create a Samba account and password for yourSenecaID by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbpasswd -a <yourSenecaID>'''</li></ol> {{Admon/tip|Changing Existing Samba Account Passwords|If you need to change a user's existing Samba account password, you can issue the following command as root: '''smbpasswd username'''.}} <ol><li value="6">Confirm the user you created has been added using the following command:<br>'''pdbedit -L -v'''</li><li>Test and review your configuration with the command:<br>'''testparm'''</li><li>Use the '''systemctl''' command to start the smb.service and enable the service to run on boot-up</li><li>Since we set SELinux to enforcing, we will need to tell it to allow samba access to home directories: '''setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1'''</li><li>Use the '''ss -nautp''' command to see with port Samba is running on.</li><li>Use the information in the previous step to modify the firewall on VM2 machine to allow samba traffic.</li><li>Test to see that you can connect to your Samba server (locally) by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbclient -U <yourSenecaID> -L 127.0.0.1'''</li><li>When prompted, enter your Samba account password.</li><li>The output from that issued command show appear similar to example displayed below:</li></ol> Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- home Disk Your Name IPC$ IPC IPC Service ("Your Name") Domain=[WORKGROUP] OS=[Windows 6.1] Server=[Samba 4.2.3] Server Comment ------ ------- WorkGroup Master --------- ------ <ol><li value="13">To access the Samba client shell on your local Samba share, issue the following command:<br>'''smbclient '\\127.0.0.1\home' -U <yourSenecaID>'''</li><li>Enter your Samba account password.</li><li>Issue the help command to note common commands (''dir'', ''cd'', ''ls'', ''put'', ''get''). Note how similar they are to ''sftp'' commands.</li><li>Enter '''exit''' to terminal your local Samba session.</li></ol> You can use smbclient to access, browse and share files within other Linux and Windows servers using a variety of tools which will be demonstrated in Investigations 2 and 3. '''Record steps, commands, and your observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in your OPS335 lab log-book''' ==INVESTIGATION 2: CONNECTING TO A LINUX SMB SERVER FROM A LINUX CLIENT==
== INVESTIGATION 1: SETTING UP A LAMP SOLUTION = Installing and Using smbclient ===
Did it work even though you didn't specify ''Perform the following steps:'path=/home/<yourSenecaID>''' under '''[homes]'''?<br /><br />Note that this tool only gave temporary access with a limited set of commands.
Instead of always having to use the smbclient command to connect to your network share, you can have the share automatically mounted upon your file server boot-up.
'''Perform the following steps on your VM1'''
#Issue the following commands to create a mount-point and to mount your home directory from your vm2 machine:<olsource> mkdir /tmp/vm2-home mount -t cifs //vm2/home /tmp/vm2-home -o username=<li value="10"yourSenecaID>Refresh your web ls /tmp/vm2-page by issuing the keycombination: home</source>#Create a file in that directory, then switch to '''ctrl-rvm2'''to confirm that it was created. Notice that the time doesn#Use umount on '''vm1'''t change as you refresh the page. This indicates that the page is static (not dynamic) indicating to unmount that the page does not change (i.e. boring!)directory.</li></ol>
<ol><li value=== Test Connection "5"> You will be prompted to MySQL Database Server ===*While the web server (with php), enter your samba username and MySQL server may be working individually, we need to ensure that they can connect to each other.*Since this test will involve storing the database password in a plain-text html file, we want to make sure no (one else can access ittime only).*Modify the Directory statement for your private directory Refer to prevent any machine other than your vm1 from accessing itdiagram on right.*Re-start the web-server and try to access the page from another machine. Make sure that you can <br><br>'''notNOTE:''' do so before It may take approximately 30 seconds to display the file contents.<br><br></li><li>Were you continue.*Install successful? You should have received an error stating the '''php-mysql''' module so that the installation of php your web server is using can execute sql statementscredentials are incorrect. You will have notice that it adds SENEDS to restart the service after installing itbeginning of your user name, as the Seneca machine is pre-configured to be part of that workgroup.*Modify </li><li>Change the indexworkgroup parameter in smb.php page in your private directory conf on VM2 to match the code below. This will test that your web server can connect to the database (replace the user, passwordseneca domain SENEDS, and database with values appropriate for your machine)try to connect again.<pre/li><li>Were you successful?php$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost"If not, "user"try to troubleshoot the problem first, "password", "database");if ($mysqli-then ask your lab assistant or instructor for assistance.</li>connect_errno) { echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli-<li>connect_errno Close the Windows File Explorer application window. ") " . $mysqli-</li>connect_error;}echo $mysqli-<li>host_info Click on the '''START''' menu, and click on '''This PC'''. "\n";?</li></preli>*Once that page shows Click on the Map Network Drive button, and create a successful connection on your VM '''mapped network drive''' (called it drive '''Localhost via UNIX socketZ:''') this step which is completea Samba share of your VM2 machine for the home directory.*You have now established </li><li>When finished, click on '''Network''' in Windows file manager to confirm that the web server network share is present.</li><li>Try to create a file on Windows on your Linux Samba machine. Were you able to run code which can interract with the database. This will allow dynamic pages create a save a file?</li><li>Switch to make use of information stored there when providing resources your VM2 machine and check to see if that file was created in your usershome directory.</li></ol>
{{Admon/important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST perform a '''full backup''' of ALL of your VMs whenever you complete your '''OPS335 labs''' or when working on your '''OPS335 assignments'''. You should be using the dump command, and you should use the Bash shell script that you were adviced to create in order to backup all of your VMs.}}
'''Record steps, commands, and your observations on from this investigation INVESTIGATION in your OPS335 lab log-book'''
== COMPLETING THE LAB ==In completing this lab you have gained experience using a service that allows remote access to files stored on a Linux server. You now have also learned how to use several different tools to access those files, both from a complete LAMP stack Linux and could host a variety of web-pages that could include dynamically generated content and database accessWindows client..
'''Depending on your professor you will either be asked to submit the lab in class, or online. Follow the appropriate set of instructions below.'''
===Online Submission (Peter Callaghan's Classes only)===
Follow the instructions for lab 5 on moodleblackboard.
===In Class Submission(Murray Saul's Classes only)==='''Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:''' ::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Proof of network share of VM2 machine from Windows VM via Windows Explorer application::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall settings on your Windows VM to allow Linux Samba network share::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Display contents of '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' file on VM2 machine::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall exceptions (both machines) to allow Samba traffic::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Download the labcheck5.bash checking bash shell script by issuing the command:<br><br>'''wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~peter.callaghan/files/OPS335/labcheck5.bash'''<br><br>set execute permission and run the shell script on your '''c7hosthost''' machine.
::*For '''Peter's classes''', follow his Online Submission instructions in Moodle.
::*For '''Murray's classes''', run command the bash script on host and vm2 (piping to the '''more''' command) and show output to instructor.
::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Completed Lab5 log-book notes.
# What does the term LAMP SMB stand for?#What does CIFS stand for? Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following items in LAMP.# What is the major difference between a static web document and a dynamic documentpurpose of the '''testparm''' command?# What does the term text inside square brackets in the '''smb.conf''' file mean? (e.g., "server-side programming[home]" mean?).# What is Explain the purpose meaning of creating and using an indexthe line "create mask = 0765" in the smb.html conf file?# What is does the purpose of creating and using an index.php file'''smbpasswd''' command do?
