== Objectives OBJECTIVE & PREPARATION ==Install Host Machine (Centos 6.5)Install 3 Virtual Machines (Fedora 20)Prepare for lab exercises.

== Required materials ==*Centos 6.5 Installation DVD*One SATA hard disk in This lab is a repeat of a removable drive tray portion of lab1 (minimum 160GBand some of lab2) - It is strongly advised that you dedicate a drive for already performed in OPS235 plus some newer content that relates to this course onlyweek's notes.*Recommended You are expected to be able to complete all this using your existing skills and knowledge or refer back to your OPS235 lab- USB drive (8 GB+) for creating and storing backups (Virtual Machines, configuration files)book or OPS235 WIKI notes.

=== Installation instructions for Centos 6.5 Required materials ===#Download a copy of the *Centos 6.5 installation DVD (64 bit edition) from the Centos web site or burn the DVD using Seneca's Freedom Toaster which is located in the Open Lab on the 2nd floor of the TEL building. Note: we'll be using the 64 bit version of Centos because all of our lab computers are equiped with Intel 64 bit mainboards and CPUs. We'll also be using a Fedora iso for installing the virtual machines, but you will not need to burn that to a disc. It is faster to download the ISO and install directly from it. Finally, if you're going to burn your 7 Full Installation DVD using the Freedom Toaster then be sure to use a blank DVD-R disc. DVD+R discs sometimes fail to burn successfully.#* '''Seneca's mirror of Centos:''' http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos <br />One Solid State Drive (This is very fastSSD), but is only accessible from within Seneca's network - you can't access this from home. You can burn this disc on the machines in the Open Lab.)<br />#* '''Centos mirror list:''' httpmininmum capacity://isoredirect.centos.org/centos/6/isos/x86_64/<br />240 GB (Accessible from any Internet connectionUSB 3.0)<br />#Insert your HDD into the docking bay of . It is strongly advised you dedicate a PC in the lab and boot the computer using your installation DVD. If possible try to use the same PC drive for this course for the rest of the semester. Some PCs may be configured with slight hardware variations from others which may cause problems when moving your HDD from one system to another. #Perform your installation following these guidelines:#*wherever possible select the default options#*set your hostname to your learn ID.#*set Toronto as your time zone#*When given the option, click 'review and modify partition layout'. A typical installation devotes most of the available space to a logical volume for /home. You will have very fewer users and more virtual machines than a typical installation. Reduce the size of lv_home (minimum 10GB), and create a new logical volume for /var (called lv_var) and give it the space made available by shrinking lv_home (You will need enough space for 6 virtual machines at 8GB each).#*set the root password#After completing the installation, remove the DVD and reboot from your HDDonly.

=== Booting your system ===#create a user named with your learn ID#Login as the user you created and open a terminal window. Then use 'su' to become root and run the 'yum update' command. Logout when done. Note, you may have to reboot after all updates have completed. Now that your system is up to date, again login using your learnid and do the following*[https:#*Verify that your system date and time are correct. If not then set the correct system date and time.#*Verify that your network is functioning.#*Run and record the output of the 'df -hT' command.#*Run and record the output of the 'cat /etc/fstab' commandwiki.centos.#*Run and record the output of the 'cat org/etc/issue' command.TipsAndTricks#*Run and record the output of the 'uname head-a' command.4c9ee55a5c9dc051bd32e795b46a3856e41a0335 Centos7 Install Tips]<br>

==INVESTIGATION 1: HOST INSTALLATION=Configuring a Linux Gateway===At this point you have a basic Centos 6.5 installed and updated. This will serve as a host for the virtual machines where you will do the majority of the work in this course. All the rest of our labs will assume you have this basic system running. If, for any reason, your system becomes corrupted during the semester, you'll have to redo this lab to be able to continue with the remaining uncompleted labs. You are responsible for YOUR system. If you do not perform back-ups you have taken this risk on yourself. Poor planning on your part does not constitute an emergency for anyone else.

=== Installation instructions for CentOS 7 ===# It may be advisable to obtain the <u>latest version</u> of the CentOS 7 Full Installation DVD since there may be improvements since the last version from when you took OPS235.<br><br># Download and burn on a DVD a copy of the CentOS 7 installation DVD (64 bit edition) from the CentOS web site or the Belmont server.<br>'''Note:''' we'll be using the 64 bit version of CentOS because all of our lab computers are equipped with Intel 64 bit mainboards and CPUs, and any computer you bought in the last few years for yourself will be 64bit as well.<br><br>#*'''Seneca's mirror of CentOS:''' https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-2009.iso <br>This is very fast, but is only accessible from within Seneca's network - you can't access this from home. You can burn this disc on the machines in the Open Lab.)<br><br>#* '''Outside Seneca College link (available from any Internet connection):<br>''' https://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7.9.2009/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-2009.iso<br /><br># You will need to refer to your OPS235 notes in order to install some your host machine.<br>Here is a direct link:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/OPS245_Lab_1 OPS245 - Lab1] <ol><li value=4>Customize your installation following these guidelines:<ul><li>'''Turn on networking''' and use '''host''' as the '''hostname'''.<li>Under software selection, choose '''Gnome desktop'''.<li>The partition setup is similar to allow what you had in OPS235:<ul><li>Delete any old partitions.<li>Select the hard disk and indicate "I will configure partitions" and click done.<li>Click the link to '''create them (partitions) automatically''' (this will give a typical layout with /, /boot, /boot/efi, /home, etc).<li>Free up at least '''100GB''' of disk space by shrinking the '''/home''' partition (At least '''40 GB''' for root (/) and '''40GB''' for /home). Since your machine to act as will have far fewer users and more virtual machines than a typical installation, we will need that space elsewhere.<li>Create a host new logical volume for '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' and give it the space made available by shrinking /home (You will need enough space for up to 10 virtual machinesat 8GB each plus room to compress/extract images).<li>Make certain that the existing partitions '''except swap, /boot and /boot/efi''' have the file system type '''ext4''' (not xfs).</ul></ul><li>After the installation starts you will also have the opportunity to create users.<ul><li>Set the root password<li>Create a '''user account''' named with '''your MySeneca ID'''</ul></ol><br> === First boot === # In the current version of CentOS the first time you boot your system a graphical licence prompt comes up.<br><br><ol><li value="2">Log in and check that you have access to the internet. If you don't - you need to get the network interface to come up on boot. Edit the appropriate config file and configure your main network interface to come up at boot.<ul><li>You can then use the '''ifup'''/'''ifdown''' commands to reset your network configuration or you can just reboot.</li></ul></li><li>Make certain that '''SELinux''' is '''enforcing''' for security reasons (this should be the default). To make it ''enforcing'', simply edit the '''/etc/selinux/config''' file and follow the instructions inside. {{Admon/important |SELinux in Andrew's sections|If you're in one of Andrew's sections - please disable SELinux (i.e. do the opposite of the bullet above). This will give you some extra freedom in the rest of the course to learn and experiment without being bogged down by inexplicable permission denied errors.}}</li><li>Install all updates using the '''yum groupinstall virtualizationupdate''' command.</li></ol><br> ===Using iptables===The most recent variants of Centos and Fedora are using a service called '''firewalld''' that is intended to replace '''iptables''', however the ''iptables'' service is still in relatively common usage. In this course we will concentrate on ''iptables''.<ol><li>Disable firewalld:<source>systemctl disable firewalldsystemctl stop firewalld</source></ol><ol><li value="2">Install and enable the IPTables services:<source>yum install virtiptables-manager libvirtservices*Start and systemctl enable the virtualization serviceiptables service libvirtd systemctl startiptables chkconfig libvirtd on</source></ol>*Note that when starting libvirtd At this point you may receive have a warning 'virGetHostname: getaddrinfo failed for "Machine Name": Name or service not knownbasic Centos system installed and updated. This will not interfere with your serve as a host for the virtual machineswhere you will do the majority of the work in this course. All the rest of our labs will assume you have this basic system running.*Reboot If, for any reason, your machinesystem becomes corrupted during the semester, you'll have to redo this lab to be able to continue with the remaining uncompleted labs. You are responsible for YOUR system. If you do notperform back-ups you have taken this risk on yourself. Poor planning on your part does not constitute an emergency for anyone else. '''Record steps, you commands, and your observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in your OPS235 lab log-book''' ==INVESTIGATION 2: VIRTUAL MACHINE INSTALLATION== ===Configuring a VM host=== # You will not be able need to install any some software to allow your machine to act as a host for virtual machines.We'll be using the same '''libvirt''' and '''virt-manager''' you used in [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/OPS235_Lab_2 OPS235 - Lab2].<br>You may find it helpful to refer back to the '''OPS235 notes''' to perform the following operations:#* Install the required virtualization software#*Start and enable the virtualization service#* Reboot your host machine<br><br># Start the graphical virtual machine manager**You will need to enter your (''virt-manager''). Do this as you regular user, and don't run virt-manager from a terminal where you're logged in as root password.*Create your # We will be creating our own virtual network.**A default one virtual network has been created for you, but you will be using a <u>custom </u> one in this course.#* Right click '''localhost (QEMU)''' and select '''Details'''. #* Click on the '''Virtual Networks''' tab.#* Stop and delete the '''default''' network.#* Use the '''plus sign ''' to add a new virtual network using the following options.:#:*Name your virtual network 'ops335''ops235'''#:*Use the '''last two digits of your student number for the third octet of network IP address. Example''' (for example, if your student number is 000-000-0<b>90</b>, the network address would be 192.168.<b>90</b>.0/24.#:*Ensure the DHCP range will allow you to assign '''at least 3 10 static IP addresses outside it''' (note: leave the low numbers available for static addresses).#:*Choose '''Forwarding to physical network''' radio button, '''Destination: Any physical device''' and '''Mode: NAT'''#:*Ensure the network is '''started at boot'''. <br> === VM Installation=== With the virtualization software installed and your personal network created, you are now ready to create your first virtual machine.First, It is a good idea to make certain that your host machine has been set up correctly prior to creating your first virtual machine: #Once completed open Open a separate terminal and observe issue the '''ip address show''' command on your host machine to know your physical network and record your virtual network. Note this information for the output of next few steps.#Issue the following commandto download Bash shell script to check your host machine's set-up prior to proceeding with this lab:<br>'''wget http://ict.senecacollege.ca/~andrew.smith/ops335/labcheck_install.sh'''<br>#Assign execute permissions, and run the script to check your work:<br> iptables '''labcheck_install.sh'''<ol><li value="4">Use the information from the '''ip address show''' command to correctly specify the '''physical network interface''' and the '''virtual network interface'''.</li></ol> '''NOTE:''' You will need an ISO file for CentOS 7 (the same one you burned your DVD from). It is recommended to use the command to download this image onto your host machine. In this way, you can keep it on your host machine for the remainder of this course in case you need it: '''wget http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-t nat DVD-L2009.iso''' Perform the following steps to create your first VM on your Virtual Machine Manager application: # Create a new virtual machine named '''vm1'''.# Accept the default file type (which is '''qcow2'''). You are <u>NOT</u> required to specify the VM file pathname as you did in OPS235.  {{Admon/tip|VM File Types ( '''.qcow2''' vs '''.img''' )|In OPS235, you selected the VM images as a '''"raw"''' image. In OPS335, you will be accepting the default image file '''".qcow2"''' (which stands for "QMENU Copy on Write version 2" ) that provides more features when manipulating stored VM images.}}  <ol><li value="3">Since you will be installing a Linux <u>server</u> (as opposed to a Gnome Desktop workstation), you can '''use the <u>default</u> memory and CPU options for use with lab computers'''.</li><li>Set the disk image size set to '''8GB'''<br><br>Note: Since you already setup your virtual network to OPS335, your VM will be automatically connected to your new ops335 virtual network.<br><br></li><li>Note the following installation steps when you install your created VM:</li></ol> ::* Select the correct ''location / Time Zone''.::* For Software Selection: Accept the default '''minimum install'''. None of your VMs in this course will have a GUI since GUIs needlessly consume resources and image space. <ol><li>Click '''Installation Destination''', and then click '''Done''' to confirm that an '''automatic install''' will be performed.</li><li>Click Network & Hostname and set hostname to: '''vm1.localdomain''' and make certain the ''Ethernet connection'' is set to '''ON'''.</li><li>During installation you will be prompted to set the ''root password'' and an '''initial user account'''. For the ''initial user'', enter the same information you entered on your host machine.</li></ol> {{Admon/tip|First user created|For successful completion of the labs, please ensure the first user created is named using your Seneca username.}} <br>

*#You will notice that the server installation defaults to a command-line interface. This is normal, and we will only be using this interface during this course.#Ensure your machine has a network connection by running the command host cbc'''ssh your_seneca_id@matrix.senecacollege.ca'''<ol><li value="3">If that did not work- make sure GlobalProtect VPN is installed on your Windows/Mac and connected. If it is, edit the line in ensure your CentOS network interface is started automatically on boot.</etcli></sysconfigol>{{Admon/tip|Default for networkconfig for onboot|If you've turned on your networking interface during installation -scriptsit will be turned on by default. If you've left the network interface off during the installation - it will be off by default.}}<ol><li value="4">Once you have a working connection - update your machine.</li></ifcfg-eth0ol> onboot'''yum update'''<ol><li value=no"5">Install the '''bind-utils''' package. The commands it provides (e.g. nslookup) will be useful in troubleshooting your network connection.</li><li>You may also want to install the '''nmap''', '''telnet''' and '''net-tools''' packages to help you troubleshoot connectivity issues.</li><li>Configure '''firewalld, iptables''' and (if required) '''SELinux''' the same way you did for the host.</li><li>Reboot the virtual machine once it is updated.</li></ol>should be onboot=yes==Cloning a Virtual Machine===<ol>*<li> Now that you have one virtual machine working, you will create two more. If you had struggled with the previous steps, repeat them to change create two more virtual machines.</li><li>'''If you are confident with what you have done so far, you may clone your existing machine to create the others by performing the following steps:'''</li><li><ol type="a"> <li>Make certain thatyour '''vm1''' virtual machine is shutdown.</li> <li>For your '''vm1''' machine, go to the details section and remove the <u>device</u> '''Channel qemu-ga'''.</li> <li>In the virtual machine manager, '''right click''' on ''vm1'' and select '''Clone...'''.</li> <li>Set the Name to be: '''vm2'''</li></ol></li><li>Once successfully created, reboot boot the new VM and correct the host name. This can be done using the '''hostnamectl''' command-line tool.</li><li>Record in your notes the steps for cloning a vm.</li><li>Use the host command to check for connectivity</li><li>After creating '''vm2''' repeat the above steps to create '''vm3''' and correct the hostname ('''vm2.localdomain''' and '''vm3.localdomain''' respectively).</li></ol> {{Admon/important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST backup ALL of your VMs whenever you complete your '''OPS335 labs''' or when working on your '''OPS335 assignments''':<br>[ [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/OPS235_Lab_2_-_CentOS7_-_HD2#Part_1:_Backing_Up_Virtual_Machines Backing up Your Virtual Machines] ]. Refer to OPS235 lab2 notes on how to backup your VMs. You should backup your VMs to a USB key in case something happens to your host machine.Note: VM files contained in the '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' directory have the extension in '''.qcow2''' and instead of '''.img''' (eg. for OPS235 courses prior to Fall 2016.}}

'''Record steps, commands, and your observations in INVESTIGATION 2 in your OPS335 lab log-book''' ===Cloning a Virtual Machine=COMPLETING THE LAB ==*Now that Upon completion of this lab you should have one 4 installed machines. One machine running Centos 7 and acting as a host and gateway for three virtual machines running minimal installations of Centos 7. Each machine working, you will create two more. If you struggled with must be fully updated and have access to the previous stepsnetwork (for example, repeat them to create to more virtual machines (naming them f20-vm02 get further updates) and f20-vm03, with hostnames vm02be able ping the others.localdomain and vm03 Each machine must be using iptables for the firewall.localdomain respectively) ===Online Submission=== Follow the instructions for lab 0 on blackboard. <!--===Andrew's sections=== You may choose to:*If you are confident with what you have done so farSubmit screenshots of your work on Blackboard, in which case you may clone your existing machine don't need to come to create the otherslab.**To quickly create additional VM's shutdown 'f20-vm01'Or come to the lab, show me your work, right click and select talk to me about it. I want to hear what you'Clone..ve learned and answer any questions you have. You'll get the same grade regardless of how you choose to submit your work. Use the following options Expected results of this lab are:*Name::<span style="color: f20green;font-vm02size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Host Machine installed*Storage::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> 3 virtual machines installed**Click the drop down menu below 'f20::<span style="color:green;font-vm01size:1.img', choose details 5em;">&#x2713;</span> Each machine (host and rename the image VM) has access to the f20network::<span style="color:green;font-vm02size:1.img5em;">&#x2713;</span> Lab logbook completed**Once successfully created boot the new VM and correct the host name::<span style="color:green;font-size:1. This can be done using 5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the GUI or command line'''labcheck_install. **Record in sh''' shell script on your notes how each is done.**Check for connectivity. host cbc.camachine**After creating f20-vm02 repeat the above steps to create f20-vm03 and correct the host name.>

== Completing the Lab EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==Upon completion of this lab you should have 4 installed machines. One machine running Centos 6.5 and acting as a host and gateway for three virtual machines running Fedora 20. Make sure that each machine can access the network (for example, to get updates) and that you can ssh from your host to your VMs, and between your VMs.

#What file was edited to change the host name on your VM's?#How are ping and ssh affected (on both machines) when you run the following command on the host machine?#*echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward#When changing the default target on your VMs to multiuser, you used two commands. What option can be added Are there other ways to reduce this to a single commandchange the hostname?