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[[Category:OPS235]] {{Admon/caution|DraftLab|This lab has NOT been released for regular distribution. When the lab is ready to be released, this caution banner will disappear.}} =OPS235 Lab 5 - Archiving Files, Compiling Software Packages from Source, Managing Services=

* In this lab, you are going to help conserve disk space by learning how to compress and decompress files that are stored on your computer server. In addition, you will learn alternative methods of how to install programs (via git, and decompressing zipped tarball archives and then compiling source code).

==Required Materials (Bring to All Labs)==

* '''Fedora 16 17 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 17 x86_64 Installation DVD''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab (or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom Toaster).* '''SATA Hard Disk''' (in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab5 Reference Sheet)''' (to make notes and observations).

*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8man1/tar.81.php tar]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8man1/gizgzip.81.php gzip]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8man1/gunzipizgunzip.81.php gunzipzip]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8man1/make.81.php make]*[http://schacon.github.com/git/git.html git]

#Boot up your '''fecora3fedora3''' VM.

#Boot up your '''fedora2''' VM. <!-- corrected a couple typos Eric D.--># Issue the following command to install a basic set of development tools and libraries:<br /><br /> <code>yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Development Libraries"</code>.

#<ol> <li value="3">Go to the directory <code>/tmp</code></li># <li>Use the <code>wget</code> command to download the "tar ball" that contains the source code for the NLED text editor. <code>wget</code> is a command-line tool to download files from the web using the http or ftp protocols.#* <ul> <li><code>wget http://cdot.senecac.on.ca/software/nled/nled_2_52_src.tgz</code></li> </ul> </li># <li>Extract the files. Change to the newly-extracted directory (<code>/tmp/nled-2.52</code>)</li># <li>Check to see if there is a file named <code>configure</code>. If so, run it; if not, skip this step. (Most but not all source code archives contain this file)</li># <li>Check to see if there is a file named <code>Makefile</code> or <code>makefile</code>. If so, type the command:#* <ul> <li><code>make</code></li> </ul># <li>What does <code>make</code> do?</li># <li>Some software distributed as source code can automatically install itself. Try this command:#* <ul> <li><code>make install</code></li> </ul># </li> <li>Most but not all source code archives include the capability of installing themselves this way.</li># <li>If the command <code>make install</code> does not work (how can you tell?), copy the <code>nled</code> program manually:#* <ul> <li><code>cp nled /usr/local/bin</code></li> </ul> </li># <li>Test <code>nled</code> to make sure it works.</li></ol> '''Answer the Investigation 3 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''

===Investigation 4: Using git=Managing Run-Levels and System Services==

#Insert Lab investigation instructions here{{Admon/note|Use fedora2|Perform these steps in the '''fedora2''' virtual machine.}}

The runlevel command is now deprecated in Fedora, and has been replaced by '''systemctl'''. The newer system called '''systemd''' is a newer method to help simplify controlling both runlevels (referred to as "targets" and system services (referred to as "services"). Refer to the tutorial [[init vs systemd]] for systemctl command usages and reference.<ol> <li>Issue the following Linux command: <ul> <li><code>systemctl list-units --type==Managing System Services==target</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Note the target labelled graphical. Now trace the chain of links starting at /etc/systemd/system/default.target - what's it ultimately pointing to?</li> <li>Issue the following commands to switch the default mode (also known as target, formerly runlevel): <ul> <li><code>rm /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> <li><code>ln -s /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> </ul> <li>Restart your fedora2 VM. What happens?</li> <li>Log into your regular user account.</li> <li>Issue the following Linux command: <ul> <li><code>startx</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>What happens?</li> <li>Log-off your graphical system. You should return to your shell prompt.</li> <li>Issue the following commands: <ul> <li><code>rm /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> <li><code>ln -s /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Reboot your fedora2 VM. What Happens?</li></ol>

==='''Answer the Investigation 5: How do we Manage Runlevels and System Services?===4 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''

{{Admon/importantnote| Security Advice Remain in your fedora2 VM| We have seen that maintaining unneeded packages can be a security risk due to the unnecessary increase Perform these steps in the complexity of your system. Similarly, it is also unnecessarily hazardous, and even more so, to leave unneeded services running. In this investigation, we will learn how to control services, and turn off those that we think are not necessary'''fedora2''' virtual machine.}}

#Determine your current runlevel using the <code>runlevel</code> command.#Change to the appropriate startup directory in a terminal window. For example, if your runlevel is 4, change to <code>/etc/rc.d/rc4.d</code>#Observe the names of the symbolic links in We have seen that directory. What is the target (destination) of the links to?# If you are not using the graphical user interface (GUI), use the maintaining unneeded '''packages can be a security risk'startx'' command due to start it.#Run the menu option <code>System>Administration>Services</code>. You will then see unnecessary increase in the Service Configuration screen.#Find the <code>bluetooth</code> service and select customize from the tool bar. and deselect the checkbox for complexity of your runlevel from step 1system. Quit the app.#Return to the terminal window you used in Step 2. Get a listing of the symbolic links in the startup directory. Is Similarly, it any different from what you observed previously?#Using the Service Configuration screen, re-enable the <code>bluetooth</code> service. #Check the symbolic links again. What has changed this time?#Run this command:#*<code>chkconfig bluetooth off</code>#Now what has changed in the directory?#Run this command:#*<code>chkconfig bluetooth on</code>#Now what has changed?#Run the command:#*<code>chkconfig --list</code>#What does the output show?#What is the relationship between the Service Configuration toolalso unnecessarily hazardous, the symbolic links in the startup directoryand even more so, and the <code>chkconfig</code> command?#You can also use <code>chkconfig</code> to set leave unneeded services to be on or off for certain runlevelsrunning. For exampleIn this investigation, we will learn how to turn httpd on for runlevel 4'''control services, we issue the command:#*<code>chkconfig --level 4 httpd on</code>#To and turn it off, we type:#*<code>chkconfig --level 4 httpd off</code>#To increase your computer's security, make sure these those services are disabled:#*btseed, bttrack, cups, irda, mdmonitor, netfs, nfs, nfslock, pcscd, rpcgssd, rpcidmapd, rpcsvcgssd, sendmail, ypbind.{{Admon/note|Determining Required Services|You should understand that while most services in this list we think are often not needed, or are needed under circumstances different than those which occur here, there may be situations in which some of them are required, and it may be up necessary to you as an administrator to determine which services are needed, and which should be turned offhelp reduce security risks'''.}}

You can find out some basic information about a particular service by querying <codeol> <li>Issue the following Linux command: <ul> <li>rpm</code> for information about the package that installed the systemctl list-units --type=service file in </code></etcli> </rc.dul> </initli> <li>Note the services that are currently running.d</codeli> <li>. For example, Refer to the tutorial ([[init vs systemd]] ) to learn how to use the systemctl command to find out about stop the service named '''iptables'''</li> <codeli>cupsIssue the systemctl command to verify that this service has stopped.</codeli> service, execute: <codeli>rpm If you reboot now -qif /etc/rcthe iptables service will be turned back on. We don't want it on though, it causes students headaches. To turn it off permanently we need to disable the service.dRefer to the tutorial ([[init vs systemd]] ) to learn how to use the systemctl command to disable the service named '''iptables'''</initli> <li>Reboot and confirm that it's no longer running.d</cupsli></codeol>}}

#[ Compressed files: ] <code>/tmp/fstestarchive1.tar.gz</code> filesystem counted with files copied to itand <code>/tmp/archive2.tgz</code>#[ ] <code>nled</code> application is installed#[ ] Correct services are disabledLab5 notes how to use systemctl commands#[ ] <code>/lab5</code> has an entry in <code>/etc/fstab</code>VMs backed-up

==Preparing for the Quizzes==

#How do you ensure that a filesystem What is mounted every time the system is started?#How is creating and using a filesystem in a file different from creating and using a filesystem in a block device (such as purpose of a partition)repository?

#How do you use <code>chkconfigsystemctl</code>?to:#The startup directory for each *list runlevel contains symbolic links. Where are the targets of the symbolic links#*list services#*stop a service#*start a service#*Why is it important to learn how to manage services?#When you use the menu option System>Administration>Services, what program *Why is runit important to stop certain services?