[[Category:OPS235]] {{Admon/caution|DraftLab|This lab has NOT been released for regular distribution. When the lab is ready to be released, this caution banner will disappear.}} =OPS235 Lab 5 - Archiving Files, Compiling Software Packages from Source, Managing Services=

==ReferencesRequired Materials (Bring to All Labs) == * Fedora 17 LIVE CD* Fedora 17 x86_64 Installation DVD* SATA Hard Disk (in removable disk tray)* USB Memory Stick* Lab Logbook ==Prerequisites== * Completion and Instructor "Sign-off" of Lab 4: [[OPS235 Lab 4]] 

* ==Linux Command Online Reference==Each Link below displays online manpages for mount, fstab, tar, gzip, make, chkconfig, dd, service* Resources on the web:** each command (via [http://www.mjmwiredlinuxmanpages.netcom/resources/mjm-services-f13.html Services in Fedora 13]** [http://wwwlinuxmanpages.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-newbie-8/learn-the-dd-command-362506/ How to use the <code>dd</code> commandcom]):

{|width="100%" cellpadding=Required Material="5"|'''Archiving Utilities:'''|'''Service Management Utilities:'''||- valign="top"|*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/tar.1.php tar]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/gzip.1.php gzip]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/gunzip.1.php gunzipzip]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/make.1.php make]|*[http://www.linuxcertif.com/man/1/systemctl/ systemctl]

==Resources on the web==Additional links to tutorials and HOWTOs:* Completion of Labs 1[http://www.centos.org/docs/2/rhl-4gsg-en-7.2/s1-zip-tar.html archiving with tar, gzip, gunzip]* [http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/softinstall.html Compiling Software from Source Code]* [[init vs systemd]]

==IntroductionArchiving Files / Compiling Software from Source Code==

There are two techniques used to place multiple files within one file: the first is to create a filesystem within a file, and the second is to use an archive program to create an archive file. Archive files are often used to contain source code for software; in this lab you will also be compiling software from a source code archive. Finally, you will modify your system startup to eliminate unnecessary services and configure your system to automatically mount a partition.

{{Admon/important | Warning! | Don#Boot up your 't miss the '''.fedora3''' at the end of the <code>tar</code> commands below! It specifies what should go into the archive: the contents of the current directoryVM.}}

{{Admon/note|Use Remain in your fedora3VM|Perform these steps in the '''fedora3''' virtual machine.}}#Create the directory <code>/tmp/extract1</code> and make it your current working directory (change into that #Change to the <code>/tmp/extract1</code> directory).

#Create the directory <code>/tmp/extract2</code> and make it your current working directory.#Move the file archive2.tgz to your current the <code>/tmp/extract2</code> directory.

#*<code>tar xvzf /tmp/extract2/archive2.tgz</code>

{{Admon/important|Compiling requires the correct tools to be installed. | In order to build software from source code, you must have the appropriate software development tools (such as make and gcc) and libraries (such as GTK) installed. The required tools will vary depending on the computer languages used in the software being built. In Fedora,  #Boot up your '''fedora2''' VM. <!-- corrected a couple typos Eric D.--># Issue the following command will to install a basic set of development tools and libraries:<br /><br /> <code>yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Development Libraries"</code><br  {{Admon/><br /> '''You may note|Installing Development Libraries|In the future, remember the above procedure whenever installing software from source. Sometimes, you need to install additional tools or libraries in order to compile a particular software package.'''}} #<ol> <li value="3">Go to the directory <code>/tmp</code></li># <li>Use the <code>wget</code> command to download the "tar ball" that contains the source code for the NLED text editor. <code>wget</code> is a command-line tool to download files from the web using the http or ftp protocols.#* <ul> <li><code>wget http://cdot.senecac.on.ca/software/nled/nled_2_52_src.tgz</code></li> </ul> </li># <li>Extract the files. Change to the newly-extracted directory (<code>/tmp/nled-2.52</code>)</li># <li>Check to see if there is a file named <code>configure</code>. If so, run it; if not, skip this step. (Most but not all source code archives contain this file)</li># <li>Check to see if there is a file named <code>Makefile</code> or <code>makefile</code>. If so, type the command:#* <ul> <li><code>make</code></li> </ul># <li>What does <code>make</code> do?</li># <li>Some software distributed as source code can automatically install itself. Try this command:#* <ul> <li><code>make install</code></li> </ul># </li> <li>Most but not all source code archives include the capability of installing themselves this way.</li># <li>If the command <code>make install</code> does not work (how can you tell?), copy the <code>nled</code> program manually:#* <ul> <li><code>cp nled /usr/local/bin</code></li> </ul># </li> <li>Test <code>nled</code> to make sure it works.</li></ol> '''Answer the Investigation 3 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''

===Investigation 4: How do we turn system services on and offManage Runlevels?===

{{Admon/important| Security Advice | We have seen that maintaining unneeded packages can be The runlevel command is now deprecated in Fedora, and has been replaced by '''systemctl'''. The newer system called '''systemd''' is a security risk due newer method to help simplify controlling both runlevels (referred to as "targets" and system services (referred to as "services"). Refer to the tutorial [[init vs systemd]] for systemctl command usages and reference.<ol> <li>Issue the following Linux command: <ul> <li><code>systemctl list-units --type=target</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Note the unnecessary increase in target labelled graphical. Now trace the complexity chain of your links starting at /etc/systemd/system/default. Similarly, target - what's it is ultimately pointing to?</li> <li>Issue the following commands to switch the default mode (also unnecessarily hazardous, and even more soknown as target, formerly runlevel): <ul> <li><code>rm /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> <li><code>ln -s /lib/systemd/system/multi-user.target /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> </ul> <li>Restart your fedora2 VM. What happens?</li> <li>Log into your regular user account.</li> <li>Issue the following Linux command: <ul> <li><code>startx</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>What happens?</li> <li>Log-off your graphical system. You should return to leave unneeded services runningyour shell prompt.</li> <li>Issue the following commands: <ul> <li><code>rm /etc/systemd/system/default.target</code></li> <li><code>ln -s /lib/systemd/system/graphical.target /etc/systemd/system/default. In this investigation, we will learn how to control services, and turn off those that we think are not necessarytarget</code></li> </ul> </li> <li>Reboot your fedora2 VM.}}What Happens?</li></ol>

#Determine your current runlevel using '''Answer the <code>runlevel<Investigation 4 observations /code> command.#Change to the appropriate startup directory questions in a terminal window. For example, if your runlevel is 4, change to <code>/etc/rc.d/rc4.d</code>#Observe the names of the symbolic links in that directorylab log book. What is the target (destination) of the links to?# If you are not using the graphical user interface (GUI), use the ''startx'' command to start it.#Run the menu option <code>System>Administration>Services</code>. You will then see the Service Configuration screen.#Find the <code>bluetooth</code> service and select customize from the tool bar. and deselect the checkbox for your runlevel from step 1. Quit the app.#Return to the terminal window you used in Step 2. Get a listing of the symbolic links in the startup directory. Is it any different from what you observed previously?#Using the Service Configuration screen, re-enable the <code>bluetooth</code> service. #Check the symbolic links again. What has changed this time?#Run this command:#*<code>chkconfig bluetooth off</code>#Now what has changed in the directory?#Run this command:#*<code>chkconfig bluetooth on</code>#Now what has changed?#Run the command:#*<code>chkconfig --list</code>#What does the output show?#What is the relationship between the Service Configuration tool, the symbolic links in the startup directory, and the <code>chkconfig</code> command?#You can also use <code>chkconfig</code> to set services to be on or off for certain runlevels. For example, to turn httpd on for runlevel 4, we issue the command:#*<code>chkconfig --level 4 httpd on</code>#To turn it off, we type:#*<code>chkconfig --level 4 httpd off</code>#To increase your computer's security, make sure these services are disabled:#*btseed, bttrack, cups, irda, mdmonitor, netfs, nfs, nfslock, pcscd, rpcgssd, rpcidmapd, rpcsvcgssd, sendmail, ypbind.{{Admon/note|Determining Required Services|You should understand that while most services in this list are often not needed, or are needed under circumstances different than those which occur here, there may be situations in which some of them are required, and it may be up to you as an administrator to determine which services are needed, and which should be turned off.

You can find out some basic information about a particular service by querying <code>rpm</code> for information about the package that installed the service file in <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d</code>. For example, to find out about the <code>cups</code> service, execute=== Investigation 5: <code>rpm -qif /etc/rc.d/init.d/cups</code>}}How do we Manage System Services? ===

===Investigation 5: How do we automatically mount a new partition in Fedora?=== {{Admon/note|Use your Fedora host |Perform these steps on the We have seen that maintaining unneeded '''Fedora Hostpackages can be a security risk''' (f13host).}}#Create due to the empty directory /lab5#Verify that unnecessary increase in the <code>/dev/sda5</code> partition complexity of your system. Similarly, it is not in usealso unnecessarily hazardous, and even more so, then reformat <code>/dev/sda5</code> as ext3#Check the man page for <code>/etc/fstab</code> by entering the command <code>man fstab</code>#Edit your <code>/etc/fstab</code> file to mount the partition <code>/dev/sda5</code> leave unneeded services running. In this investigation, we will learn how to <code>/lab5</code>#Issue this command:#*<code>mount -a</code>#What does '''control services, and turn off those services that command do?#Confirm that the partition mounted and copy some files we think are not necessary to ithelp reduce security risks'''.}}

#[ Compressed files: ] <code>/tmp/fstestarchive1.tar.gz</code> filesystem counted with files copied to itand <code>/tmp/archive2.tgz</code>#[ ] <code>nled</code> application is installed#[ ] Correct services are disabledLab5 notes how to use systemctl commands#[ ] <code>/lab5</code> has an entry in <code>/etc/fstab</code>VMs backed-up

==Preparing for the Quizzes==

#How do you ensure that a filesystem What is mounted every time the system is started?#How is creating and using a filesystem in a file different from creating and using a filesystem in a block device (such as purpose of a partition)repository?

#How do you use <code>chkconfigsystemctl</code>?to:#The startup directory for each *list runlevel contains symbolic links. Where are the targets of the symbolic links#*list services#*stop a service#*start a service#*Why is it important to learn how to manage services?#When you use the menu option System>Administration>Services, what program *Why is runit important to stop certain services?