Changes

:* In this lab, you are going to learn how to create This VM has a GUI and format partitionsno free space in the VG. You will be creating partitions by using both graphical and command VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora1 1 2 0 wz--n- 9.80G 0 LV VG Attr LSize lv_root vg_fedora1 -wi-ao 8.83G lv_swap vg_fedora1 -wi-ao 992.00M PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fedora1 lvm2 a-line using LVM and other Linux utilities 9.80G 0

:* Also in this lab, you will learn how to manage (add, delete, modify) user accounts on your Fedora systems. You will also learn how to create and maintain groups to allow users to share and protect data.'''fedora2'''

This VM has no GUI installed. VG #PV #LV #Identify and define major entries in the <code>/etc/passwd</code>, <code>/etc/shadow</code>, and <code>/etc/group</code> filesSN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora3 1 3 0 wz--n- 9.80G 3.83G LV VG Attr LSize #Learn about partitions, and how to add "virtual partitions with LVM lv_home vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 1.00G #Learn how to create a "virtual partition" in a Virtual Machine lv_root vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 4.00G #Learn how to add and remove and modify user accounts lv_swap vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 992.00M #Learn how to create and manage groups PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fedora3 lvm2 a- 9.80G 3.83G

==Required Materials Four PVs, minimum VG size 60G Single filesystem on vg_main/root, size 50G At least 10G available space in VG 20% of disk space unallocated to any partition (Bring to All Labsmin 15G)==

* '''Fedora 16 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 Installation DVD''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab = Logical Volume Management (or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom ToasterContinued).* '''SATA Hard Disk''' (in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab4 Reference Sheet)''' (to make notes and observations).=

==PrerequisitesResources ==

* Completion and Instructor "Sign-off" '''Please read this page to get an overview of Lab 3LVM: '''<br /><br />('''Note:''' It is recommended to return to this guide as a reference when performing the next several investigations).<br /><br />* [[OPS235 Lab 3Logical Volume Management]]

==Linux Investigation 1: How are LVMs are managed using Command Online Reference-Line Tools ==Each Link below displays online manpages for # You are going to repeat the same LVM management operations (as your did with the ''fedora2'' VM in '''lab3'''), but you will using command-line tools in the '''fedora 3''' VM. Since the fedora3 VM only operates in command-line mode, you will need to refer to the '''"Logical Volume Management"''' link above.# Write down the exact commands used at each step, and record appropriate command output:## Determine the current LVM configuration using the <code>pvs</code>, <code>vgs</code>, and <code>lvs</code> command.## Grow the home filesystem to 2G using the command <code>lvextend</code> and <code>resize2fs</code>.## Create a new 2G LV containing an ext4 filesystem and mount it at /archive (via [http:use <code>lvcreate</code>, <code>mkfs</code>, <code>mount</code>, edit the file <code>/etc/fstab</linuxmanpagescode>, and then reboot to confirm automatic mount).com## Copy the contents of <code>/ http:etc</code> into <code>/archive</linuxmanpagescode>.com]## Shrink <code>lv_archive</code> to 1G (use <code>umount</code>, <code>resize2fs</code>, <code>lvreduce</code>, and <code>mount</code>):

{|width="100%" cellpadding="5"|'''LVM Management Utilities:'''|'''User / Group Management:'''||- valign="top"|*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/vgs.8.php vgs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvs.8.php lvs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvs.8.php pvs]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/fdisk.8.php fdisk]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvextend.8.php lvextend]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/lvcreate.8.php lvcreate]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/pvcreate.8.php pvcreate]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/vgextend.8.php vgextend]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/mount.8.php mount]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/umount.8.php umount]|* [http://linux.die.net/man/5/passwd /etc/passwd File]* [http://www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skel.htm /etc/skel File]* [http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/understanding-etcgroup-file/ /etc/group File]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/useradd.8.php useradd]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/userdel.8.php userdel]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/usermod.8.php usermod]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/groupadd.8.php groupadd]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/groupdel.8.php groupdel]*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/chmod.1.php chmod] |} ==Resources on the web==Additional links to tutorials and HOWTOs: :* [[Logical Volume Management]] :* [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html Partitioning with fdisk]:* [http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=282 Mounting / Unmounting File-systems]:* [http://www.itwire.com/content/view/14446/53/ UID and GID explained] = Creating / Formatting / Mounting Partitions = {{Admon/note|Do not Shut-Down VMs Until Instructed|You will be running all 3 VMs eventually when performing this tutorial, Leave all VMs running until you are instructed to shut them down at the end of this lab.|}} == Investigation 12: How to Add can a PV be added to an existing VG (Graphical Method) ? == '''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>fedora1</u>''.''' In this investigation we will be adding Add an additional '''2 GB''' virtual disk to our your ''<u>'''fedora1'''</u>'' system, and use it as an additional physical volume...:'''# Start <code>'''virt-manager'''</code>.

# Open the console window for '''''fedora1'''''.# Select the menu option '''View'''>'''Details'''.# Click '''''Add Hardware''''' button at the bottom left-hand corner.# Make certain to remain in In the default section called ''Adding new virtual hardware'' window that appears, select a Hardware Type of ''"Storagestorage"'' and click ''"Forward"''.# Make the following selections in this certain option "StorageManaged or other existing storage" dialog box: [[Image:lab4_inv_1is selected.png|thumb|right|400px|Suggested settings in Click on the ''Browse'Storage'button, then click on '' dialog box to create a 'New Volume''.# Give the new virtual Hard Diskdisk file a name of <code>fedora1b</code>, a format of ''raw'.]] ::* Under ', with a ''Create a disk image on the ComputerMax Capacity's Hard Drive'and '', change the size to Allocation''of 2000 MB. Click '2 GB'Finish''.::* Do not click on # Select the new virtual disk file ''fedora1b.img''and click 'Select Managed or Other Existing Storage'Choose Volume'' radio button. Since no file pathname is provided, then the system will assign a name in the directory <code>/var/lib/libvirt/images/</code>. <!-- CHANGED THIS LINE TO HAVE THE SYSTEM CREATE THE NEW STORAGE FOR THE USER - 2012-02-10 CTyler -->::* # Select Device Type: 'a device type of ''Virtio Disk'''.::* Select Storage Format: # Finish creating the new virtual disk by clicking ''Forward'raw'and then ''::* Click '''FINISH'Finish'' to proceed. <ol> <li value="8"># Boot the system. You should now have both <code>/dev/vda</code> and <code>/dev/vdb</code>.</li> <li># Record the size of the volume group and the amount of free space (Hint: use a command that you learned in a previous lab).</li> <li>Use the system-config-lvm tool to add the new virtual disk to the volume group, then extend the size of the root partition using the newly-added space</li><!-- ### SECTION BELOW CHANGED TO LINE ABOVE 2012-02-10 CTyler BECAUSE THE INSTRUCTIONS BELOW ARE NOT GRAPHICAL, AND THE TITLE OF THIS SECTION INDICATES THE USE OF THE GRAPHICAL TOOLS! --><!-- <li>Refer to the following tutorial to use the <code>fdisk</code> command: [http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html Partitioning with fdisk]</li> <li>Use the <code>fdisk</code> command to create a primary partition for <code>/dev/vdb</code> with a single partition (number 1) that fills the whole disk.</li> <li># Check the messages printed when <code>fdisk</code> exits -- you may need to reboot the system in order for the new partition table to take effect.</li> <li># Run this command to format the physical volume: <code>pvcreate /dev/''vdb1''</code></li> <li># Add the new physical volume to the existing volume group: <code>vgextend ''nameOfVolumeGroup'' /dev/vdb1</code></li> <li># Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free space.</li>--></ol>  '''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 2: How to Add a PV to an existing VG (Command Line Method) == '''The investigation relate to ''<u>fedora3</u>''.''' # Check and record the current state of your storage (use <code>df -h, lvs, vgs, pvs</code>).# Make reference to the following command line resource for assistance: [[Logical Volume Management]]#*'''(Hint:''' First view section on '''Adding a Physical Volume'''. Also, write down the commands first and check prior to issuing them in sequence.)# Perform the same operations on ''fedora3'' that you did in the Investigation 1 on ''fedora1'':#* Add a virtual disk to the system.#* Partition the disk (use <code>fdisk</code> - refer to the manpages for details as necessary).#* Make the new partition a physical volume (<code>pvcreate</code>).#* Add the PV to the existing volume group (<code>vgextend</code>).#* Confirm that the VG is now larger (<code>pvs, vgs</code>).#* Extend the root filesystem using the new space (<code>lvextend</code>).#* Confirm that you were successful (<code>lvs, df -h</cdoe>).<!--# You are going to only write in your Lab4 Log-book the Linux commands to perform the same operation that you did graphically in Investigation #1.# You are NOT required to issue these commands on your Fedora3 VM, and it will NOT work since there is no extra room on the VM to create a virtual hard disk -->  '''Answer the Investigation 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 3: Manually Mounting / Unmounting Partitions == '''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>fedora2</u>''.''' So far, we have simply assumed that when the Fedora OS boots-up, that its file-system is automatically available. In this investigation, you will learn how file-systems (or portions of file-systems) can be mounted or "connected" to existing file-systems. You will also learn how to unmount (or "disconnect") portions of file-systems from existing file-systems. # Boot-up your '''Fedora2''' VM.# Open a terminal and login as root.# Issue the command called '''mount''' . This command provides information relating to various partitions (logical volumes) and corresponding "mount points" (directories).# Record the information from issuing the <code>mount</code> command for both '''lv_root''' and '''lv_home'''. What commands would issue to quickly obtain this information?# Issue the command '''umount /archive'''. Did anything happen? Issue the '''mount''' command again. Is there any difference with the command output?# View the online man pages for the [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/mount.8.php mount] command. Issue the <code>mount</code> command with arguments to "re-connect" the device '''/dev/mapper/vg_fedora2-lv_archive''' to the '''/archive''' directory (refer to the section '''Linux Command Online Reference''' above). {{Admon/note|File-System Type Option No Longer Required for Mount Command|When viewing examples online, you may notice that the -t option is used with the mount command to indicate the version or type of file-system to mount.<br />'''The -t option is no longer required for the mount command''',|}} <ol> <li value="7">Explain how the ''mount'' command would be useful for Linux system administration.</li> <li>Unmount the '''/archive''' directory.</li> <li>Issue a command to verify that he '''/archive''' directory has been unmounted.</li></ol>

{{Admon/note|Think!|The next part of this investigation requires some research, thought, and creativity.}}'''Answer Using that additional space, create a separate filesystem for <code>/home</code>:'''# Create the logical volume <code>lv_home</code> (1G ext4)# Find a way to move the Investigation 3 observations contents of <code>/ questions in home</code> onto it.# Change your lab log booksystem configuration so that the new filesystem is mounted on <code>/home</code> from now on.'''

== Investigation 43: How Partitions are Automatically Mounted Upon Boot-up can I use LVM to manage storage on my disk pack? =='''On your <u>f17host</u> (i.e. "disk pack"), using your choice of the GUI and/or command-line tools:'''# Create a new logical partition ('''NOT a logical volume!''') - minimum 5G, leaving at least 10G free space in the extended partition.# Add that partition as a PV into the existing VG (using the commands you used in the previous investigation).# Grow the root filesystem to fill the available space.

== Investigation 54: The /etc/passwd file == '''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>f16host</u>''.'''

# Now look at the contents of the '''/etc/passwd''' file.# Make note of the contents of that file, and make certain and record in your lab log-book the sure you know what information that each field contains.

'''Answer the == Investigation 5 observations / questions in your lab log book.''': Adding users ==

== Investigation 6: Adding users == '''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>f16host</u>''.''' # Read the man page for the '''useradd''' command.# Create a new user account for each of your pod-mates, using their learn account name as a user name. Give each user a password.# Use Grep the grep command to obtain information /etc/passwd file for each of the newly created new users within the '''/etc/passwd''' file.

#* What do you think these files are used for <span class="plainlinks">?#* How does the operating system determine which files are created in a new home account? <br />The answer can be found here: http://www.linuxhowtos.org/Tips%20and%20Tricks/using_skel.htm

<ol> <li value="7">Boot-up your {{Admon/note|Use fedora3|Perform these steps in the '''fedora3''' VMvirtual machine.</li>}} <li>Create a new # Add your matrix account user using your to '''Matrixfedora3''' account user-name.</li> <li>Issue a command to verify that you have created this user account.</li></ol>

'''Answer the Investigation 6 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''  == Investigation 76: Managing Groups ==

<ol><li># Read the man page for the '''groupadd''' and '''groupdel''' commands.</li><li># Note which option allows you to set the Group ID number (GID) when you create a new group.</li><li># Examine the file <code>/etc/group</code><ol type="a"><li>#* Which values of GID are reserved for system accounts?</li><li>#* Which values of GID are reserved for non-system user accounts?</li><li>#8 What is the lowest available GID number for non-system users?</li><li>#* What is the default group name of a new user?</li><li>#* Add a new group named <code>ops235</code> with a GID of <code>600</code>.</li><li>#* You are angry at some irresponsible users on your system. <ul><li>#** Add a new group named <code>idiots</code>.</li><li>#** Look at <code>/etc/group</code> and note the GID of idiots.</li><li>#** What GID is given to a new group if if you do not specify it?</li><li>#** Your anger has subsided. Delete the <code>idiots</code> group.</li><li>#** Look at <code>/etc/group</code> again and note the change.</li></ul></li></li></ol></li></ol>

'''Answer the Investigation 7 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''  == Investigation 87: Deleting users ==

# Read the man page for the '''userdel''' command. Note which option automatically removes the users home directory when that user is deleted.

# Delete the user <code>ops235_2</code> using the same command with the option which removes the home directory of the user.# Check the contents of the <code>/home</code> directory. What do you notice?# Check the contents of the <code>/etc/group</code> directoryfile. What do you notice?

'''Answer the Investigation 8 Be sure to record your observations / questions in your lab log booknotes.'''

'''Perform this investigation on # Read the man page for the usermod command. Note which options change the VM named ''<u>fedora1</u>'user's full name, primary group, supplementary groups, and shell.'''

# Read the man page for the '''usermod''' command. Note which options change the user's full name, primary group, supplementary groups, and shell.# Create a new user account for each of your pod-mates again, but this time for your <code>fedora1</code> VM, using their learn account name as a user name. Give each user a password.# Add each of your new pod mate accounts users to the group <code>ops235</code> (in other words, add ops235 to each user as a supplementary group).

# Experiment with your pod-mate accounts to share and deny access to same group members by creating directories and files, and use the <code>chmod</code> command. How is the <code>/etc/group</code> related to file sharing permissions?# Use the <code>usermod</code> command to associate each of your pod mates' full name to their user name, as shown in your text. With each change, examine their entries in the <code>/etc/passwd</code> file. What has changed?# Just for interest, how would you use a graphical utility to modify user account information?

# Increased volume group size for Two PVs on '''fedora1''' VM.# Correct Linux command sequence to Add a PV to an exiting VG# Separate <code>/etc/fstabhome</code> entry filesystem (on an LV) in '''fedora2fedora1''' VM to automatically mount .<code>/storage</code!-- # Unnecessary accounts and groups have been removed on '''fedora1'''. --># Proof Account created on '''fedora3''' matching your Matrix account.# List contents of ops235 group entry in <code>'''/etc/group</code> in '''fedora1file (ops235 group).# List contents of ''' VM# Proof of pod-mate user account information in <code>/etc/passwd</code> in '''fedora1''' VMfile (created accounts).# Proof Fresh backup of VM backupsthe virtual machines. 

# What is the reason to extend a Volume GroupVG? PV? LV?# What is the purpose total size of the file called <code>/etc/fstab</code>"main" VG on your system?# How do you ensure that create a file-system is mounted every time that a system is startedLV?# How do you delete an LV?# What are the purposes of How would you add the following files: disk partition <code>/etcdev/passwdsdb7</code>, <code>/etc/shadow</code>, <code>/etc/to your volume group</code>"main"?# How would you increase the size of the root filesystem by 50 MB?# Explain What is the purpose of the <code>/etc/skelfstab</code> directory.?# What do is the terms purpose of <code>UID</code> and <code>GID etc/shadow</code>represent. What is their purpose?# List the steps to create a user account on a system.# List the steps to change user account information on a system.# List the steps in order for users to share file and directory accounts as "same group members".# List the steps to remove a user account. What is required to remove a user account's home directory as well?