[[Category:OPS235]]{{Draft}}
[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}=OPS235 Lab 3: Logical Volume Management and Software Package Management=
==Introduction==
:* In this lab, you are 're going to learn how to properly adjust your various Linux file system sizes by using and managing LVM both graphically (fedora1, fedora2) as well as command line (fedora3) :* Also in this lab, you will learn how to add and remove software packages on your different Linux systems. ==Objectives== #Learn about LVM concepts including Physical / Logical Volumes and Volume Groups.#Learn how to properly resize file-systems using LVM, and understand the consequences to the filesystem due to mistakes.#Learn how to add and remove software packages using RPM.
==Required Materials :* Learn how to add and remove software packages on your different Linux systems.:* Learn how to properly adjust your various Linux file systems by using and managing LVM both graphically (Bring to All Labsfedora2) as well as command line (fedora3)==.
* '''Fedora 16 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 Installation DVD''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab (or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom Toaster).* '''SATA Hard Disk''' (in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab3 Reference Sheet)''' == Required Materials (Bring to make notes and observationsAll Labs).==
* Fedora 17 LIVE CD
* Fedora 17 x86_64 Installation DVD
* SATA Hard Disk (in removable disk tray)
* USB Memory Stick
* Lab Logbook
==Prerequisites==
* Completion and Instructor "Sign-off" of Lab 2: [[OPS235 Lab 2]]
==Linux Command Online Reference==
*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/vgextend.8.php vgextend]
|
*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/mkfsmount.8.php mkfsmount]
*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/umount.8.php umount]
*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/yum.8.php yum]
*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/rpm.8.php rpm]
|}
==Resources on the web==
'''Please read this page to get an overview of LVM:'''<br /><br />
:* [[Logical Volume Management]] ('''Note:''' It is recommended to return to this guide as a reference when performing the next several investigations)
:*<span style[http://fedoranews.org/alex/tutorial/rpm/ Using the RPM Utility]:* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/yum/ Using the YUM Utility] = Software Package Management = =="colorInvestigation 1:red;backgroundHow do you query the RPM database? == RPM maintains a database of installed software. This information is very useful to system administrators. In Lab 3, you queried that database using RPM with the -colorq argument. When you query the RPM database, you can separately specify::yellow;"* Which packages you want to do an <u>Package Managementoperational task</spanu>(like installing or removing a package), using a '''select-option''':*What <u>information</u> you want about those packages, using a '''query-option''' '''Perform the following steps:''' # Using information from the man page for <span stylecode>rpm</code>, fill in this information: {|width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="color5"|-!Option!Meaning!Select or query option?!Example command|-| -a|Select all packages|select-option| |-| -l| | | |-| -i|Show the package information.| | |-| -f filename| | | |-|packagename|Select just this package|select-option| |} '''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / table contents in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 2:red;backgroundHow do you install and remove software with RPM? == # Use the graphical file manager (Nautilus) to change to the directory on your Installation DVD. Go to the sub-colordirectory called '''Packages''' and then go to the sub-directory '''l''' (for files beginning with the letter l like the '''lynx''' package). You should see a file called: <code>lynx-2.8.7-8.fc17.x86_64.rpm</code># Execute the following command:yellow;"<code>rpm -i lynx-2.8.7-8.fc17.x86_64.rpm</code># Issue an RPM query to check that lynx is installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.# Issue the following command: <code>User rpm -e lynx</ Group Managementcode># Issue an RPM query to verify that lynx is no longer installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.# Move to the appropriate sub-directory for packages that begin with the letter '''b'''.# Issue the following command: <code>rpm -i BackupPC-3.2.1-7.fc17.x86_64.rpm</spancode>and note the result
=Logical Volume Management='''Answer the Investigation 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Check Current LVM Information Investigation 3: How do you install and remove software with ''yum''? ==
=== Check LVM Information {{Admon/note|Internet Connection|In order for all Fedora 16 Installs ===yum to work you require a connection to the Internet. Establish this connection by using the browser to log into SeneNET}}
'''LVM''' ('''Logical Volume Management''') is used # Change to manage hard disk drives / partitions for Unix/Linux systems. LVM provides more flexibility than just working with hard disks / hard disk partitions. '''Volume Groups''' are areas used to define '''Physical Volumes''' (i.e. hard disks, disk partitions, or other forms of storage devices). '''Logical Volumes''' are then used to represent specific portions of a file-system (directories) for that physical volume, or for a "range" or "span" of physical volumesyour home directory.
Thus<ol> <li value="2">Issue the command: <code>yum install BackupPC</code> and answer <code>y</code> to the question about installation. <ol type="a"> <li>Where did ''yum'' get the BackupPC software?</li> <li>Why could ''yum'' install BackupPC when rpm couldn't?</li> </ol> </li> <li>Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.</li> <li>Issue the command: <code>yum remove BackupPC</code></li> <li>Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is no longer installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.</li> <li>Install <code>nled</code> using '''yum'''. Record this command in your lab log-book.</li> <li>Issue this command: <code>yum info cups</code></li></ol>::* Based on the result, do you think that cups is a useful package for your system? If not, try removing it.<ol> <li value="8">Unused and unneeded software can present a security risk and ties up disk space needlessly. Find at least 4 other packages that you're not using on your system, and remove them. Be careful to ensure that removing those packages does not also remove other software that you do need.</li></ol> '''Answer the Investigation 3 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' =Logical Volume Management (Introduction)= == Check Current LVM Information Prior to Performing Investigations == '''LVM''' ('''Logical Volume Management''') is used to manage hard disk drives / partitions for Unix/Linux systems. LVM provides more flexibility than just working with hard disks / hard disk partitions. '''Volume Groups''' are areas used to define '''Physical Volumes''' (i.e. hard disks, disk partitions, or other forms of storage devices). '''Logical Volumes''' are then used to relate directories (mount points) to a specific physical volume or for a "range" or "span" of physical volumes. Therefore, LVM allows more flexibility and growth potential for Linux systems - (for example, having Logical volumes span multiple hard disks). Fedora uses LVM by default upon installation. Other Linux distributions may provide the capacity to install LVM, or later install and then use Logical Volume Management.
'''Although the concept of LVM is simple, it takes practice and preparation (or "thinking ahead") in order to correctly use this valuable tool'''. It is important for students to gain an understanding of LVM, and how to manage their file-systems using LVM. It is recommended for students to read the following resource prior to this lab and/or return to the following resource while performing this lab: [[Logical Volume Management]]
At this point, having completed [[OPS235 Lab 2|Lab 2]] you should have <u>roughly</u> the following disk storage setup:<br />
('''Note:''' These results are output from the '''vgs''', '''lvs''', and '''pvs''' commands that provide volume group, physical volume and logical volume information for each of the virtual machines that you created in lab2. Before proceeding, check these values with your own system to see if you are generally "on the right track".<br /><br />
* '''fedora2'''
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora2 1 2 3 0 wz--n- 14.50g 03.25g
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/vda3 vg_fedora2 lvm2 a-- 14.50g 03.25g
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_root lv_home vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 131.03g 97g lv_swap lv_root vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 17.47g 81g PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 lv_swap vg_fedora2 lvm2 a- 14wi-ao 1.80G 4.07G47g
* '''fedora3 (Note: This VM has no GUI installed)'''
lv_swap vg_fedora3 -wi-ao 520.00m
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fedora3 lvm2 a- 9* '''f17host (i.80G 3e.83G"removable hard disk" or "disk pack")'''
* '''f16host (iDoes not use LVM.eConfirm this using the same commands used above. "disk pack")'''
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_f16host 1 3 0 wz-{{Admon/note|VM Backups and Recovery|Most of these investigations will take place in your virtual machines. If you make a significant mistake, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups of your virtual machines in Lab 2, and you can restore them if something goes wrong.<br /><br />'''Remember: if you did not create backups for all of your VMs, then you don't have any restoration points to fall-n- 232.38g 0back to!'''|}}
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda3 vg_f16host lvm2 a== Investigation 4: Extend the size of lv_root using command-- 232.38g 0line tools ==
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_home vg_f16host -wi-ao 176Perform this investigation in fedora3.62g lv_root vg_f16host -wi-ao 50.00g lv_swap vg_f16host -wi-ao 5.75g
Let's say that you have run out of disk space on your computer (fedora3), you need more space on the root filesystem, perhaps to host more webpages or a larger database or new software. What are your options? Getting a replacement harddrive would probably require reinstallation of the operating system and backup/restore of the data.
{{Admon/note|Recovering VMs|Because we'''Most of these investigations re using LVM though - we can avoid that. We can add a new harddrive (which will take place in you virtual machines.''' If you make serve as a significant mistakephysical volume) to the volume group, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups and extend the root logical volume to make use of your virtual machines in Lab 3, and you can '''restore them if something goes wrong'''the new available space.}}
== Redistributing Size Among Logical Volumes =='''Perform the following operations to increase the size of lv_root in fedora3:'''
=== Adjusting Sizes of lv_root and lv_home ===<u>'''<font>Steps:</font>'''</u>
If you refer to <ol> <li>Run the LV sizes following commands and make note of f16host, you may notice that the size of '''lv_root''' (your root system) is quite small compared output:</li> <code>ls /dev/vd* pvs vgs lvs df -h</code> <li>Open the fedora3 virtual machine console</li> <li>Go to the size hardware details view</li> <li>Click "Add Hardware" and add a new storage device of 2GBs, make sure it'''lv_home'''s a VirtIO disk. Since virtual machines that you have created are stored in </li> <li>Go back to the directory pathname console view</li> <codeli>Run the same ls command now, what's changed?</var/lib/libvirt/images/li> </codeli>Now we'll make the new device as a physical volume, then add it is important that there is ample space to accommodate future Virtual Machines (eg. assignments) or future growth of file-systems.the volume group, and extend lv_root:</li> <code>pvcreate /dev/vdb
Although you will be performing Logical Volume Management graphically in Investigation #1, we will be adjusting the sizes of lv_root and lv_home for this section via command line. vgextend vg_fedora3 /dev/vdb
'''Perform lvextend -l +100%FREE -r vg_fedora3/lv_root</code> <li>Now rerun the ls/pvs/vgs/lvs/df commands. What has changed and what caused those changes?</li> <li>Among the following operations to readjust size of lv_root changes, note that your root filesystem is now 2GB bigger - and lv_home in f16host:'''you have not even rebooted your machine!</li></ol>
'''Answer the Investigation 4 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
# Make certain you are in your '''f16host''' system.# Open a terminal.# login in as super-user.# Issue the following Linux command to <u>reduce</u> the logical volume size of lv_home: <code>'''lvreduce -r vg_f16host/lv_home --size 150G'''</code># Issue the following Linux command to <u>increase</u> the logical volume size of lv_root: <code>'''lvextend vg_f16host/lv_root --size +25G'''</code># Issue the '''vgs''', '''pvs''', and '''lvs''' commands to verify new volume information for f16host.# Proceed to Investigation #1. == Investigation 15: How are LVMs are managed using system-config-lvm? ==
'''Perform this investigation on the VM named ''<u>fedora2</u>''.'''
[[Image:Ops235_lab4_1.png|thumb|right|Screenshot of system-config-lvm in Fedora. Click to enlarge.]]
# Let's learn to administer (manage or administer ) our LVM graphically for our Virtual Machine ('''Fedora2''')Virtual Machine.<br />Fedora provides a tool called <code>system-config-lvm</code> to graphically administer LVM. It will appear on the menu as System'''Application'''>Administration'''Other'''>'''Logical Volume Management'''. Verify that this The package is presentmay not be installed by default, and so you will need to install it if required by issuing: (<code>yum install system-config-lvm</code>).
<ol>
<li value="2">Use this tool to determine the current LVM configuration by clicking on the appropriate element and reading the properties in the right-hand panel -- write down the answers:
<ol type="a">
<li>What are the names and sizes of the PVs'''PV'''s?</li> <li>What is the name and size of the '''VG'''?</li> <li>What are the names and sizes of the LVs'''LV'''s?</li>
<li>Is there any space in the VG which is not allocated to a LV?</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Increase the size of the home filesystem file-system to '''2 GB''':
<ol type="a">
<li>Click on the LV containing the '''home ''' filesystem.</li>
<li>Click on ''Edit Properties''.</li>
<li>Change the size to '''2 GB ''' and click ''Ok''.</li>
</ol>
<li>Create a '''new 2G LV ''' (LV Properties: linear) containing an ext4 filesystem named lv_archive and mount it at '''/archive'''
<ol type="a">
<li>Click on ''Logical View''.</li>
<li>Click ''Ok''.</li>
</ol>
<li>Backup <code>'''/etc'''</code> into <code>'''/archive'''</code></li>
</ol>
::* Copy the files in /etc into the filesystem mounted at <code>/archive</code><br />(use the graphical tools or the command line. If using cp, remember to use the -R option).
<ol>
<li value="6">Shrink the size of <code>lv_archive</code> to '''1 GB'''.</li> <li>Try shrinking <code>/</code> the home file-- what system. What happens? Why?</li>
</ol>
'''Answer the Investigation 5 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
=Updated backup instructions = Investigation 2: How are LVMs are managed using Command-Line Tools ==# You are going to repeat the same LVM management operations (as your did with the ''fedora2'' VM), but you will using command-line tools in the '''fedora 3''' VM. <br />Since the fedora3 VM only operates in command-line mode, you will need to refer to the [[Logical Volume Management]] tutorial.<ol> <li value="2">Write down the exact commands used at each step, and record appropriate command output: <ol type="a"> <li>Determine the current LVM configuration using the <code>pvs</code>, <code>vgs</code>, and <code>lvs</code> command.</li> <li>Grow the home filesystem to 2G using the command <code>lvextend</code> and <code>resize2fs</code>.</li> <li>Create a new 2G LV containing an ext4 filesystem and mount it at /archive (use <code>lvcreate</code>, <code>mkfs</code>, <code>mount</code>, edit the file <code>/etc/fstab</code>, and then reboot to confirm automatic mount).</li> <li>Copy the contents of <code>/etc</code> into <code>/archive</code></li> <li>Shrink <code>lv_archive</code> to 1G (use <code>umount</code>, <code>resize2fs</code>, <code>lvreduce</code>, and <code>mount</code>)</li> </ol> </li></ol>
If you completed this lab correctly - please make sure you are still making full backups of your virtual machines.
== Investigation 3: How can Remember adding a PV be added new harddrive to an existing VGfedora3? =='''Add an additional 2 GB virtual disk You will need to your ''<u>fedora1</u>'' system, and use it back up that drive as an additional physical volume:'''# Start <code>virt-manager</code>well.# Shutdown If you don''fedora1'' if it is running.# Open the console window for ''fedora1''.# Select the menu option View>Details.# Click ''Add Hardware'' button at the bottom leftt -hand corner.# In the ''Adding new virtual hardware'' window that appearsyou will only have half of your machine backed up, select a Hardware Type of ''"storage"'' and click ''"Forward"''.# Make certain option "Managed or other existing storage" which is selected. Click on the ''Browse'' button, then click on ''New Volume''.# Give the new virtual disk file a name of <code>fedora1b</code>, a format of ''raw'', with a ''Max Capacity'' and ''Allocation'' of 2000 MB. Click ''Finish''.# Select the new virtual disk file ''fedora1b.img'' and click ''Choose Volume''.# Select a device type of ''Virtio Disk''.# Finish creating the new virtual disk by clicking ''Forward'' and then ''Finish''.# Boot the system. You should now have both <code>/dev/vda</code> and <code>/dev/vdb</code>.# Record the size of the volume group and the amount of free space <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.inleds.com/products/?cid=2<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;"> led downlight singapore</span>](Hint: no use for a command that you learned in a previous lab).# Partition /dev/vdb with a single partition that fills the whole disk.# Check the messages printed when <code>fdisk</code> exits -- you may need to reboot the system in order for the new partition table to take effect.# Run this command to format the physical volume: <code>pvcreate /dev/''vdb1''</code># Add the new physical volume to the existing volume group: <code>vgextend ''nameOfVolumeGroup'' /dev/vdb1</code># Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free spacerecovery.
{{Admon/note|Think!|The next part of this investigation is designed to encourage the student to research, think, and use some creativity in working around obstacles in order to solve a task. Research methods can include the Internet searches, etc...}}'''Using that additional space, create a separate filesystem for <code>/home</code>:'''# Create the logical volume <code>lv_home</code> (1G ext4)# Find a way to move the contents of <code>/home</code> onto it.# Change your system configuration so that the new filesystem is mounted on <code>/home</code> from now on. {{Admon/tip|SELinux relabelling may be required|Your system may report that the files are not present in the new /home filesystem when they are clearly there. This is due to the Security-Enhanced Linux system (SELinux) preventing access to the files, because the files were tampered with (moved) and are no longer recognized as home directory content. You can fix this problem by restoring the file context labels so that SELinux accepts the files as valid home directory content: <code>restorecon -r /home</code>}} == Investigation 4: How can I use LVM to manage storage on my disk pack? =='''On your <u>f16host</u> (i.e. "disk pack"), using your choice of the GUI and/or command-line tools:'''# Create a new logical partition ('''NOT a logical volume!''') - minimum 5G, leaving at least 10G free space in the extended partition.# Add that partition as a PV into the existing VG (using the commands you used in the previous investigation).# Grow the root filesystem to fill the available space. = Package Management = == Investigation 5: How do you query the RPM database? == RPM maintains a database of installed software. This information is very useful to system administrators. In Lab 3, you queried that database using RPM with the -q argument. When you query the RPM database, you can separately specify:* Which packages you want information about, using a select-option* What information you want about those packages, using a query-option Steps: 1. Using information from the man page for <code>rpm</code>, fill in this information:{|width="100%" border="1"|-!Option!Meaning!Is this a select-option or a query-option?|-| -a|Select all packages|select-option|-| -l| | |-| -p ''filename'''|Select this uninstalled package| |-| -i|Show Completing the package license, packager, URL, description, and other general information.| |-| -f '''filename'''| | |-|'''packagename'''|Select just this package|select-option|} Make sure that your lab notes answer the Investigation 5 question. == Investigation 6: How do you install and remove software with RPM? == # Change to the directory on your Installation DVD containing the file: <code>lynx-2.8.7-2.fc16.x86_64.rpm</code># Execute this command: <code>rpm -i lynx-2.8.7-2.fc16.x86_64.rpm</code># Issue an RPM query to check that lynx is installed.# Issue this command: <code>rpm -e lynx</code># Issue an RPM query to verify that lynx is no longer installed.# Issue this command: <code>rpm -i BackupPC-3.1.0-16.fc16.noarch.rpm</code> and note the result Answer the Investigation 6 question. == Investigation 7: How do you install and remove software with ''yum''? ==
{{Admon/noteimportant|Internet ConnectionTime for a new backup!|In order for yum to work If you require a connection to the Internet. Establish have successfully completed this connection by using the browser to log into SeneNET}} # Change to your home directory. # Issue the command: <code>yum install BackupPC</code> and answer <code>y</code> to the question about installation.#* Where did ''yum'' get the BackupPC software?#* Why could ''yum'' install BackupPC when rpm couldn't?# Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is installed.# Issue the command: <code>yum remove BackupPC</code># Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is no longer installed.# Install <code>nled</code> using '''yum'''.# Issue this command: <code>yum info cups</code>#* Based on the resultlab, do you think that cups is make a useful package for new backup of your system? If not, try removing itvirtual machines.# Unused and unneeded software can present a security risk and ties up disk space needlessly. Find at least 4 other packages that you're not using on your system, and remove them. Be careful to ensure that removing those packages does not also remove other software that you do need. Answer the Investigation 7 question. = Completing the lab =}}
{{Admon/important|Time for a new backup!|If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of your virtual machines. Remember to also make a backup of the new second virtual disk drive on ''fedora1'Notes:' -- you now have two virtual disks on ''fedora1'', and therefore two image files, and therefore will need two backup files.}}# rpm command options# yum command options# How to use pvs/vgs/lvs/df/pvcreate/vgextend/lvextend# Answer to this question "What is the license of the nautilus package?"
'''Arrange proof evidence for each of the following these items on the your screen:# Two PVs , then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:''fedora1'''.# Separate <code>/home</code> filesystem nled installed on the host (on an LVdisk pack - main system f16host) in '''fedora1'''.# Larger <code>/home</code> on '''fedora2''' and '''fedora3'''.
# Unnecessary/unused packages have been deleted (list at least 4, and show that they are no longer installed).
# Account created on '''fedora3''' matching your Matrix account.
# '''nled''' installed on the host (disk pack - main system '''f16host''').
# Answer to this question:
#* What is the license of the '''nautilus''' package?
# Fresh backup of the virtual machines.
= Preparing for the Quizzes =
# What is a VG? PV? LV?
# What commands are used to determine VG / PV / LV information?
# What does yum do that rpm does not?
# List the steps to install a package via rpm command.
# List the steps to determine detailed information regarding an install package.
# List the steps to remove a package via rpm command.
# List the steps to install a package using the yum command.
# List the steps to remove a package using the yum command.
# What is the total size of the "main" VG on your system?
# How do you create a LV?
# How do you delete an LV?
# How would you add the disk partition <code>/dev/sdb7</code> to your volume group "main"?
# How would you increase the size of the root filesystem by 50 MB?