Changes

 '''In this lab, you will create three virtual machines'''. This also gives you an opportunity to experiment with different ways of installing CentOS. You will be learning the following elements of Virtualization in this lab:<br><br><u>Main Objectives</u> :* '''Installing Virtualization Software''' on your '''c7host ''' machine:* '''Create 3 separate VMs (virtual machines) using different installation methods:''':** Centos Live DVDInstallation:** Network Installation without configuration file:** Network Installation with configuration file (Kickstart)<br><br>:* Understand the '''advantages and disadvantages of each type of installation''', and be able to '''select the best installation method''' for a particular situation.:* '''Manipulate virtual machines by CLI''' (virsh):* '''Properly backup VMs and VM configuration''' in virtual manager application onto home directory and to external source (USB Key):* Observe how '''Bash Shell Scripting''' can be used to automate routine tasks involving VM management

A '''virtual machine''' is a software simulation of a computer which can be used as though it were actual hardware. It's possible to run multiple virtual machines on one computer, reducing hardware requirements and introducing promoting flexibilitywhen working with multiple operating systems. Some common uses of virtualization include:

== Minimum Required Materials (Bring to All Labs) ==

|width="1020%" |<u>Virtualization:</u>

|width="10%" |<u>Installation Guides</u> [http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/KVM Installing &amp; Using KVM on CentOS ]<br>[http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kvm-intro.html Using KVM (tutorial)]<br>[https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Virtualization/sect-Virtualization-Commands_for_Red_Hat_Virtualization-virsh_the_command_line_interface_tool_for_virtualization.html virsh command reference ]<br>[ ]<br>|width="1020%" |<u>Commands</u>

  |width="40%" |{{Admon/tip|Online Linux Command Review|The following links tutorial will allow you to practice Linux commands that you learned from ULI101learn essential shell scripting skills. Login to your '''Matrix''' account, and issue the pathname to run the online tutorial in Matrix:<br><ul> <li>Bash Shell CommandScripting -line EditingPart 2 (Logic & Math Expressions):<br>'''/home/li><li>Common Linux Commands<murray.saul/li><li>Using a Text Editorscripting-2'''</li><li>Simple Bash Shell Scripting- Part 3 (Loops)<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-3'''</li></ul>|

=INVESTIGATION 1: USING VIRTUALIZATION SOFTWARE TO CREATE VIRTUAL MACHINES= Resources on the Web =={|cellpaddingVirtualization Application Setup / Comparison Chart="8" width="100%"|- valign="top"| '''Virtualization''':| '''Network Installation:'''| '''Kickstart Installation:'''

|- valign="top"|[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Virtualization-en-US/ RedHat Virtualization Guide]|[httpImage://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/ RHEL Installation Guide]* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/s1-steps-network-installslab2-s390logbook.html Preparing for a Network Installation]* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/s1-begininstall-perform-nfs-x86.html Performing a Network Installation]png|thumb|right|200px|[http://www.centos'''comparison chart''' in lab2 logbook.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/ RHEL Installation Guide]* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/ch-kickstart2.html Kickstart Installations]* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Installation_Guide/ch-redhat-config-kickstart.html Kickstart Configurator]

You will be learning to perform several different type of CENTOS Linux installs. As you proceed throughout this lab, you will be required to fill in the following table to be used for installation type comparison. You should try to fill out the section chart for three of the CENTOS install VMs (virtual machines) that you performed in lab #1, and then continue with this labwill be installing.

{|border="1" width="100%" cellpadding="5"|-! ||c6host||centos1||centos2||centos3|-|'''Installation MethodComplete the following steps to install and run the virtual manager application:'''||Installation Disc||Live Disc||Network Installation||Network Installation + Kickstart|-|'''Number of Packages Installed'''|| || || |||-|'''Updates Installed immediately after installation'''|| || || |||-|'''Software could be selected during installation'''|| || || |||-|'''Disk layout could be selected during installation'''|| || || |||-|'''Any questions asked during installation?'''|| || || |||-|'''Total installation time''' (after installation questions)|| || || |||-|'''Amount of disk space used'''|| || || |||-|'''Any questions asked during first boot?'''|| || || |||-|'''Advantages of this type of installation'''|| || || |||-|'''Disadvantages of this type of installation'''|| || || |||-|'''This type of installation is recommended for...'''|| || || |||}

== Using {{Admon/important|Restart your Host Machine|You must restart your '''c7host''' machine after installing the Virtual Machine Manager ==virtualization program above. If you fail to do this, you may experience virtualization network problems!}}

{{Admon/tip|Performing this Lab off the Seneca network (eg. at home)|'''It is recommended to perform this lab in one of Seneca College's labs'''. ::This lab uses servers which are on the Seneca network and which are not available from other locations will install many applications (such as your homeincluding). If you attempt this lab from another location, adjust the belmont.senecac.on.ca URLs to point to another mirror server -- note that you may need to change the directory name as well as the server name. The installation of the '''centos3''' virtual machine <u>must</u> be done at Seneca.}}: # Open a web-browser, and open the OPS235 Lab #2 WIKI. :::* '''<br kvm/><br />NOTE:qemu''' You need to enter your "MySeneca" username and password to obtain a "wired" Internet connection (otherwise, you will not be able to perform the "groupinstall" command in the next step). Remember to perform a "wired-connection" (logging in with your MySeneca username and password via a web-browser) every time you boot-up your host machine...<br /><br /># Install the virtualization software (virtualization, libvirt, virt-manager) using <code>yum install</code> and/or <code>yum groupinstall</code>. This will install::* kvm/qemu - the hypervisor and other hardware emulation systems.:::* A system service named '''libvirtd ''' that manages the VMs.:::* A graphical tool for managing virtual machines ('''virt-manager''') and the '''virsh ''' command-line tool.<br><br>

<li value="35">Start the virtualization service: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service libvirtd start</span></code></b></li> <li>The firewall configuration is altered by the addition of the virtualization software. Restart Centos7 uses firewalld for firewall, but we will be switching back to using iptables. Issue the following series of command to install iptables and restart the firewall so that these changes become active: <br><br> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl stop firewalld</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl mask firewalld</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">yum install iptables-services</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl enable iptables</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl start iptables</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service iptables restartsave</span></code></b><br><br></li>

<li value="57">Start the graphical tool by selecting the menu options '''Applications'''>'''System Tools'''>'''Virtual Machine Manager''' or by typing the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virt-manager</span></code>.</b></li>

In == Part 1: Installing from a Downloaded Image (Centos7 LIVE CD) =={| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/tip|Perform Downloads and Network installs at Seneca|'''It is recommended to perform this lab in one of Seneca College's labs'''. This lab uses servers which are on the Seneca network and which are not available from other locations (such as your home). If you attempt this investigationlab from another location, adjust the belmont.senecac.on.ca URLs to point to another mirror server -- note that you will install CentOS from your live discmay need to change the directory name as well as the server name. The installation of the '''centos3''' virtual machine <u>must</u> be done at Seneca.}}|-|{{Admon/important|Removing and Recreating VMs|If for some reason the user wants to remove a Virtual Machine, they can right-click the VM, and observe select delete in the Virtual Machine Manager. It is recommended to '''"delete the image file" in the differences between this type of installation remove VM dialog box when removing and then recreating a VM'''. Note: If you fail to properly remove the VM image file, it may affect the DVD installation previously performedhard disk size for the new VM (i.e. use the old smaller size. Make certain to remove that VM image file prior to recreating the VM.|'''}}|} 

* '''Name:''' centos1* '''Boot media:''' CentOS7 Live DVD* '''Installation source:''' Live DVD* '''Memory:''' 768MB* '''Disk space:''' 10GB* '''CPUsVM Details:''' 1

# '''Step 1 of 5:''' Enter the virtual machine (called Select '''centos1Local install media''') name and select click '''Local install mediaForward'''.# '''Step 2 of 5:''' Insert the DVD containing the Centos Live Disc image. Wait a moment for the disc to be recognized, then select Select '''Use CDROM or DVDISO Image''' as the install media. Set , click the ''OS type'Browse' to ''button, and then the 'Linux''Browse Local' and the ''Version'' button. Navigate to the location of the downloaded Centos7 LIVE CD image, select the image file and click '''Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7Open''' (the CentOS6 equivalent). When finished, click Forward to proceed.# '''Step 3 of 5:''' Set the memory to '''768 2048 MB''' and the number of CPUs to '''1'''# [[Image:vm-path.png|thumb|right|300px|It is extremely important to '''correctly specify the VM image file path-name'''. Double-check the spelling of the path-name before proceeding!]]<ol><li value="7">'''Step 4 of 5:''' This next step creates a disk file that will be used to simulate the virtual machine's disk drive. Select a size of '''10 GB'''. Click on<br> '''Select managed or other existing storage''' and checkmark type the box labeled VM image file pathame:<br> '''Allocate entire disk now/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos1.img''' (make certain that the pathname is correct) and then click '''Forward'''# to proceed.</li><li>'''Step 5 of 5:''' Enter the virtual machine name: '''centos1'''. Review the options that you have selectedVM information, and click '''Finish'''. <br><br></li><li>'''The virtual machine will now start'''Make - start timing your installation and making notes for '''centos1''' virtual machine in the installation comparison chart in lab2 logbook. The virtual machine is running from the live disc at this point, and no software has been installed on the ''hard drive'' of the virtual machine. The point of a note of live disk is to allow you to test the distribution to see whether you like it without installing to the storage locationhard-drive first.</li><li>Double-click '''Install to Hard Drive'' If anything needs '. The installation program, similar to be changedthe one used when installing CentOS in Lab 1, use will appear. You basically perform the same installation operations for this VM including for ''Back'Date & Time''' button to go back and edit it; otherwise, click '''FinishNetwork & Hostname''' {{Admon/important|Removing , and Recreating VMs|If for some reason '''Installation Destination'''. Make certain to use the user wants '''hostname''': '''<u>centos1</u>''' as opposed to remove ''c7host'') for this installation. (with a Virtual Machinefew slight differences).</li><li>For '''Installation Destination''', they can right-select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''. Make certain that the VM, '''Partition Scheme''' is set to '''LVM''' and select delete in then click on the Virtual Machine Managerlink: '''Click to Create Automatically'''. It is recommended to '''"delete Done'''. Check to make certain that the image root partition has file" in system type: '''ext4'''.</li><li>Accept the remove VM dialog box when removing changes and then recreating a VMclick '''Begin Installation'''. Note: If <ol type="a"><li>You will be required to make selections very similar to what you fail did in lab1.</li><li>While the system is installing, take a few minutes to record your observations (including slight differences with centos1 install as opposed to properly remove c7host install).</li><li>When the VM image fileinstallation process is complete, it may affect note the hard disk size for time required to install this system and record in the new VM (iinstallation comparison chart of your lab2 logbook.e<br><br></li></ol></li><li>Power-off your Centos7 LIVE system. use </li><li>You should notice that the old smaller sizeCentos7 boot menu appears. Make certain Either press '''ENTER''' to start or wait for it to remove that VM image file prior start automatically.</li><li>Finish the final steps in the setup process (like you did in lab1).</li><li>#You may want to recreating turn off the VMscreen-saver (like you did in Lab1): [http://zenit.senecac.on.ca/wiki/index.php/OPS235_Lab_1_-_CentOS7#Customizing_Your_Account How to Turn-off Screen Saver (lab1)]</li></ol>{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Network / Service Considerations|Please perform the tasks below in order allow these CentOS systems to be able to communicate with each other. '''Failure to properly perform these operations can cause problems in future labs'''.|}}|}

<li value="813">'''The Enable SSH access to your virtual machine will now with these commands (semi-colon allows commands to be run in sequence):<br /> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service sshd start'''; chkconfig sshd on</span></code></b></li> <li>Find out the IP address of your virtual machine and the name of your Ethernet network adaptor: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b> </li> <li>Enter the following command on your virtual machine to create a firewall exception to allow ssh traffic into the machine:<br /> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -s0/0 -d0/0 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT</span></code></b></li><li>If you are logged in as root, logout to your regular user account. The </li><li>Confirm that you can ssh to your virtual machine is running from the live disc at this pointhost (your main CentOS installation): <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh regularuserid@IPaddress</span></code></b> (where '''regularuserid''' is your regular user login id, and no software has been installed on '''IPaddress''' is the ''hard drive'IP_ADDRESS''' of the virtual machineyour '''centos1''' VM!). The point of a live disk is </li><li>Make certain to allow you '''disable SELinux for centos1''' (refer to test the distribution lab1)</li><li>Adjust your screen-saver settings and run a '''yum update''' on your centos1 VM before proceeding to see whether you like it without installing to the harddrive first.''Part 2''</li></ol>

== Investigation Part 2: Installing from the a Network =={| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/tipimportant|Authenticate to the network|The rest of this lab uses network access.''' Be sure to authenticate to the network using your browser before proceeding'''.}}|}

It is possible to install CentOS entirely from the network:: '''VM Name (and hostname):''' centos2:: '''Boot media:''' Network installation:: '''Installation source URL:''' http://belmont.senecac. In this investigation, you will install CentOS from a webserver on the internet.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/:: '''VM Image Pathname:''' /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos2.img:: '''Memory:''' 2048MB:: '''Disk space:''' 20GB:: '''CPUs:''' 1

* # Create the VM (called '''centos2'Name:'') as you did with the ' centos2* 'c7host''Boot mediamachine, except for the following differences:<br><br><ol type="a"><li>Select ''' Network installation* Installation'''Installation using the installation source:URL displayed above.</li><li>When customizing your partitions, do the same operation that you did in centos1, but after automatically creating the partitions, reduce the size of the root LVM partition to ''' http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/* 8000 MB'''Memory:and add an LVM partition with a size of ''' 1024MB* 2000 MB'''Disk space(mount point:''' 20GB* /home'''CPUs, name:''' 1 ==== Steps ====# Create the VM (called home'''centos2, and make certain root and /home partitions have ''') as you did with the ext4''centos1'file system).</li><li>Don' virtual machine, except select network installation using t forget to install the installation source url displayed above.GNOME desktop here as you will need a GUI for Centos2<br><br></li></ol># Observe Complete the boot processinstallation. How is it different from booting from an optical disc Login to your regular user account, and perform a yum update for the centos2 VM (DVDreboot if required)?# Start the installation process (make . Make certain to use information in the ''VM Details'' section above)adjust your screen-saver settings if desired.# When Repeat the steps as you get did to the disk partitioning step, select '''Use All Space''' and enable start the checkbox labelled SSH service'''Review and modify partition layout, '''. If an dialog box displays a permissions problem, then click yes to proceed. On the next screen, change the logical volumes as follows:#* Reduce the size of the root LV set iptables to accept connections via ssh'''8000 MB, '''.#* '''Add a <u>logical volume</u> with a size of 2000 MB test connections between centos2 and a mountpoint of /homec7host''' (you can name it whatever you want, and use '''ext4disable SELinux''' as the file-system type(refer to lab1).# On the software selection screen, select '''Desktop'''.# Complete the installation. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations.Record this information your findings in the '''table contained Installation Comparison chart in Investigation 4'''lab2 logbook.

== Investigation Part 3: Installing from the a Network using a Kickstart File == === Introduction === When CentOS is installed using the techniques you have used so far, the user is asked a number of questions. In some situations, it is better to provide the answers to these questions in a file rather than answer them individually. This type of file is called a ''kickstart'' file.

==== :: '''VM details ====Name (and hostname):''' centos3:: '''Boot media:''' Network installation:: '''Installation source URL:''' http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/:: '''Kickstart File URL:''' http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~andrew.smith/ops235/centos7-kickstart-v01.cfg:: '''VM Image Pathname:''' /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos3.img:: '''Memory:''' 2048MB:: '''Disk space:''' 15GB:: '''CPUs:''' 1

# Observe the installation. How is it different from booting from an optical disca downloaded image?# Complete the installation. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations.<br><br>If the during the installation, you see the message at the bottom '''Pane is Dead''', click the '''Virtual Machine''' menu at the top, select '''Shut Down''' -> '''Force Off''', '''right-click''' on '''centos3''' in the ''virtual manager'' window and select '''Delete'''. Redo the VM setup for a new instance of the ''centos3'' VM.

# Take a look at the kickstart file (eg. view url in a webj-browser) to determine the root password as well as the name and password for the first user account.!

{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/note|Manage virtual machines from the host|The commands used to manage virtual machines must be executed on the host (your disk pack) and not inside a virtual machine.}}|}# Start the '''centos1''' virtual machine, and stop the '''centos2''' and '''centos3''' virtual machines.# Switch to the '''c7host''' machine, and open a shell terminal.# Enter these admin commands into your '''c7host'Answer '' machine and note the Investigation 3 observations result::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list</span></ questions code></b>:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list --all</span></code></b>:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list --inactive</span></code></b>{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/note|Virtual Machine Does not Shutdown from Command|If the Virtual machine fails to shutdown from the <code>virsh shutdown</code> command, then you can go to the '''Virtual Machine manager''' and '''halt''' or '''shutdown''' within the VM itself, then you can click the '''PowerOff''' button in the VM window. You'll want to avoid a forced shutdown since those are equivalent to yanking the power cord out of the wall on a physical machine!|}}|}<ol><li value="4">Now, shut-down your lab log bookcentos1 VM normally, and close the centos1 VM window.</li><li>Switch to your terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh start centos1</span></code></b></li><li>Using the appropriate command check to see if your centos1 VM is now running.</li><li>There are other commands that can be used (such as '''suspend''', or '''shutdown'''). The "shutdown" command may not always work since it relies on the guest handling a particular ACPI event. Why do you think it is useful to have commands to manipulate VMs?</li><li>Since this is a text-based version of Linux, you do not need to turn off the screen-saver.</li></ol>

{{Admon'''Answer all observations /important|Check that questions in your graphical VMs are connected to Network|It is recommended when starting a graphical VM, check the network icon to see if the system is connectedlab log book. If it is NOT connected, select auto eth.}}'''

{{Admon'''Answer the Investigation observations /caution|Never Shutdown Computer During Upgrade|Your computer (host, vms) are at their most vulnerable when you perform an update. Always plan ahead for appropriate time prior to performing an updatequestions in your lab log book. Shutting down your computer while performing an update may cause your computer not to boot! You have been warned!!!}}'''

== Investigation 5Part 1: Automating Routine Tasks (Shell Scripting)=={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/tip|Bash Shell Scripting Tips:|<br><ul><li>'''Data Input: Managing Virtual Machines '''<br><br>A shell script can obtain data from a number of methods: '''reading input files''', using '''arguments when issuing command''' (positional parameters), or '''prompting for data to store in a variable'''. The later method can be accomplished by using the '''read''' command, for example: '''read -p "Enter your name: " userName'''.<br><br></li><li>'''Mathematical Expressions:'''<br><br>In shell scripting, data is stored in variable as text, not other data types (ints, floats, chars, etc) like in compiled programs like C or Java. In order to have a shell script perform '''mathematical operations''', number or variable need to be surrounded by two sets of parenthesis '''((..))''' in order to convert a number stored as text to a binary number.<br><br><u>'''Examples'''</u><br><br>''var1&#61;5;var2&#61;10''<br>''echo "$var1 + $var2 &#61; $((var1+var2))"''<br><br>'''Note:''' shell does not perform floating point calculations (like '''5/10'''). Instead, other commands like '''awk''' or '''bc''' would be required for floating point calculations (decimals)<br><br></li><li>'''Loops (iteration):'''<br><br>Loops and logic are a very important elements of shell scripting (not to mention programming as well). Determinant loops (such as '''for''' loops) usually repeat for a preset number of times (eg. counts, positional parameters stored). In-determinant loops (such as '''while''' or '''until''' loops) may repeat based on unknown conditions (like waiting for user to enter correct data). Test conditions can be used with in-determinant loops, or even commands! If a command runs successfully (eg ls, cd, grep matching a pattern), zero (true) value is returned, otherwise a non-zero (false) value is returned. Command Line ==options or redirection to /'''dev/null''' can be used to just test if command runs, but not display stdout or stderr. Conditional statements "and" (&amp;&amp;) / "or" (&#124;&#124;) can also be used when testing multiple conditions.<br><br>'''<u>Examples (try in a shell script)</u>'''<br><br>''set ops235 is fun''<br>''for x''<br>''do''<br>&nbsp;''echo "argument is $x"''<br>''done''<br><br>''for x in $(ls)''<br>''do''<br> &nbsp;''echo "Filename: $x"''<br>''done''<br><br>''read -p "enter a whole number: " num''<br>''until echo $num &#124; grep -q "^[0-9][0-9]*$"''<br>''do''<br> &nbsp;''read -p "Incorrect. Please enter WHOLE NUMBER: " num''<br>''done''<br><br>''read -p "pick a number between 1 and 10: " num''<br>''while [ $num -lt 1 ] &#124;&#124; [ $num -gt 10 ]<br>''do''<br> &nbsp;''read -p "Incorrect. Please pick number between 1 and 10: " num''<br>''done''<br><br></li></ul>}}|}

{{Admon/note|Manage virtual machines from You will continue our use of Bash Shell scripting by first creating a Bash Shell script that will allow the host|The commands used Linux sysadmin to manage virtual machines must be executed on select their created VMs for backup to root's home directory. Afterwards you will download, view and run a couple Bash Shell scripts that use the host (virsh command to start and stop your disk pack) and not inside a virtual machinemachines.}}

# Start the If you require <u>''centos1'additional practice' virtual machine, and stop the ''centos2'' </u> in creating shell scripts using logic, loops and ''centos3'' virtual machines.# Switch to mathematical operations, run the c7host machine, and open a shell terminal.# Enter these commands into in your c7host machine and note the result:#* <code>'''virsh listMatrix'''account: </codeul>#* <codeli>'''virsh list -/home/murray.saul/scripting-all2'''</codeli>#* <codeli>'''virsh list /home/murray.saul/scripting--inactive3'''</codeli># Now, shut-down your centos1 VM normally, and close the centos1 VM window.# Switch to your terminal and issue the command: <code>'''virsh start centos1'''</codeul># Using the appropriate command check to see if your centos1 VM is now running.# There are other commands that can be used (such as suspend, or shutdown). The "shutdown" command may not always work since it relies on the guest handling a particular ACPI event. Why do you think it is useful to have commands to manipulate VMs?

{{Admon/note|Virtual Machine Does not Shutdown from Command|If Perform the Virtual machine fails to shutdown from the <code>virsh shutdown</code> command, then you can go to the '''Virtual Machine manager''' and '''halt''' or '''shutdown''' within the VM itself, then you can click the '''PowerOff''' button following steps in the VM window. You'll want to avoid a forced shutdown since those are equivalent to yanking the power cord out of the wall on a physical your c7host machine!|}}:

# Open a Bash shell terminal and login as root.# Use a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vi</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">backupVM.bash</span></code></b> in /root'''Answer s home directory.# Enter the Investigation 5 observations / questions in following text content into your lab log booktext-editing session:<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.'''9em;margin-left:20px;"><br>&#35;!/bin/bash

{{Admon/important|Backing up VMs|There are two general processes in order to back up your images&#35; backupVM.bash<br>&#35; Purpose:Creates system info report<olbr>&#35;<libr>'''Compressing your images''' (also recommended to backup up to external storage USB Key) using the '''gzip''' command&#35; USAGE: .</li><li>'''Backup the VM xml configuration file''' (preferably to USB key) using '''virsh''' shell command to add VM to virtual machine manager list (in the event that the HOST machine is "wiped" and re-installed, but VM images and xml configuration files have been backed up external storage)report.bash</li></olbr>&#35;<br />Taking the time to backup the image of the Operating System's file system allows the user to return to a '''"restoration point"''' using the '''gunzip''' command in case something bad occurs to the OS during a lab.&#35; Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br />Failure to take the time to make and confirm backups can result in loss of lab work for the student!|}}&#35; Date: *** CURRENT DATE ***

{{Admonif [ $PWD != "/root" ] # only runs if in root's directory<br>then<br>&nbsp;echo "You must be located in /root" >&2<br>&nbsp;exit 1<br>fi</code><br><ol><li value="4">Save your editing session, but remain in the text editor.</important|Backing up li><li>This shell script is designed particularly for your centos1, centos2, and centos3 VMS.</li><li>The code displayed below will prompt the user if they wish for all VMs|It is essential to back be backed-up your VMs at ; otherwise, allow the user the end option of each lab, so you can easily restore them if something goes wrong in specifying which VMs to be backed-up. Add the next labfollowing code</li></ol><br><code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.}}9em;">

{{Admon/tipread -p "Backup all VMs? (y|Shutting Down the Host while Virtual Machines are Running|If you shut down your host system while virtual machines are running, they will n):" answer # prompt if all VMs to be suspended, and will resume the next time you boot your host system.}}backed-up

'''Answer the Investigation observations if [ "$answer" = "y" ] # Backup all VMs if answer is yes<br>then<br>&nbsp;for num in 1 2 3 # Determinant loop for 3 arguments: 1, 2, and 3<br>&nbsp;do<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;echo "Backing up VM #$num"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;gzip < /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos$num.img > /root/centos$num.img.backup.gz<br><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;echo "VM #$num BACKUP DONE"<br>&nbsp;done<br><br>elif [ "$answer" = "n" ]<br>then<br>&nbsp;read -p "Which VM should be backed up? (1/2/3): " numanswer<br>&nbsp;until echo $numanswer | grep "^[123]$" >> /dev/null # Look for match of single digit: 1,2, or 3<br>&nbsp;do<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;read -p "Invalid Selection. Select 1, 2, or 3: " numanswer<br>&nbsp;done<br>&nbsp;echo "Backing up VM #$numanswer"<br>&nbsp;gzip < /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos$numanswer.img > / questions in your lab log bookroot/centos$numanswer.img.backup.gz<br><br>&nbsp;echo "VM #$numanswer BACKUP DONE":<br>else<br>&nbsp;echo "Invalid Selection...'''Aborting program"<br>&nbsp;exit 2<br>fi

<ol><li value="7">Save, set permissions, and then run that shell script to backup centos1. Confirm that this script did backup this image to root's home directory</li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquote><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start-text.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop-text.bash</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop.bash</span></code></b></blockquote></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab2. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>'''Answer the Investigation 7 all observations / questions in your lab log book.'''

= Completing the Lab LAB 2 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) ={{Admon/important|Time for a new backup!|If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of your virtual machines as well as your host machine.}}

'''Arrange evidence for each proof of these items the following on your the screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''

<ol><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&# Three working x2713;</span> '''<u>All</u> VMs''':<blockquote><ul><li>Working virtual machines '''created.# ''' and '''running'''</li><li>'''Disk layout ''' and '''size ''' correct on all virtual machines# Use virsh to list the status </li><li> Proof of all vms.# Four kickstart files.# All virtual machines fully updated.# '''yum updates'''</li><li>'''All virtual machines backed -up to a ''' (eg. usb stickand/or home directory)</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&# Installation comparison table filled x2713;</span>'''c7host''' machine:<blockquote><ul><li>'''Correct VM image filenames''' contained in'''/var/lib/libvirt/images directory'''</li><li>Creation of your bash shell script called '''backupVM.# Lab Logbook bash'''</li><li>A list of your '''iptables''' rules (lab2command: '''iptables -L''') notes filled</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><span style="color:green;font-insize:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Lab2 logbook notes and '''Installation Comparison chart''' completed</li></ol>

= Preparing for = Practice For Quizzes , Tests, Midterm &amp; Final Exam ==

# Which factors recorded in your table (above) were due to What is the type name of the file created by the CentOS installation performed, and which factors were due to the amount of software installedprogram?

# What is the purpose of procedure to backup your VM images (and relationship between these pieces of softwareXML config files) to your USB key?#* libvirt#* libvirtd#* virsh#* virt-manager#* virt-install#* kvm