= Using Linux to Access Block Devices and Filesystems =
[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]]
== Objectives ==* Format, mount, {{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use, and unmount ext3, ext4, and vfat filesystems on USB flash drivesthis in your OPS235 course.* Create filesystems on various storage devices* Create hard disk partitions* Backup filesystems and images* Mount a filesystem stored within a a regular file'''}}
=Fedora 17 Installation (on Main Host - f17host)= Reference ==* [http://linuxmanpages.com/ man pages] for cp, mount, umount, fdisk, mkdir, file, mkfs, dumpe2fs, grep, dd* Online reading material for weeks 1 and 2.
== Required materials ==
* [http://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora Fedora 13] Live CD
* USB flash drive, 64 MB or more in size ('''Warning: the contents of this drive will be erased!''')
* One SATA hard disk in a removable drive tray (minimum 160GB)
== Instructions Introduction==# Set your computer's drive selector switch to external, then power up the computer.# Insert the Fedora Live CD into the CD/DVD drive.# Reboot the system.# The boot process is completed when you see the GDM Login Screen. Click on "Automatic Login" to login as the "Live System User".# We are going to start by opening a terminal window to access our shell environment. Click on Applications --> System Tools --> Terminal to start the terminal.# At the top of the terminal window, you should see the command prompt similar to [liveuser@localhost ~]$ This prompt indicates that it is ready to take your command. The program that is running is called a shell.# At the command prompt, enter the command whoami (all in one word) and press return. This command shows the so-called User Name. Make notes of this user name.# At the command prompt, enter the command pwd and press return. This command shows the so-called present working directory or current working directory. Record the present working directory of the shell running on the terminal window. As we have not yet changed directories this should also be your users home directory. (Also indicated by the ~ character in the prompt)
{{Admon/important|Using Superuser Privilege|Throughout :* In this courselab, you may need are going to execute commands using install the privileges of the the administrative user Fedora (GNU/Linux Distribution) to your removable hard disk from your burned DVD. :* Although this will be a simple install, this Fedora Operating System will be a platform for other Virtual Machine Fedora installations (username "root"in future labs). Therefore, also called it is very important that you take the "superuser")time to carefully read and perform ALL steps, and take time to check your work. To switch from :* After performing the Fedora17 DVD installation, you will collect baseline information about your account Fedora GNU/Linux system, and perform some post installation configuration to prepare your system for the root account, type remainder of the command: <code>su<labs. ==Objectives== # Perform a GNU/code>Linux installation using the Fedora 17 distribution# Investigate information during and after the Fedora 17 installation# Perform an update after a recent installation ==Required Materials (Bring to All Labs)== * Fedora 17 LIVE CD* Fedora 17 x86_64 Installation DVD* SATA Hard Disk (in removable disk tray)* USB Memory Stick* Lab Logbook ==Prerequisites== * None (First Lab)
After switching user notice and make note of the change in your shell prompt. Also note the difference in output for the <code>whoami</code> and <code>pwd</code> commands.==Linux Command Online Reference==
'''Whenever this is required, make a note of it, and determine why superuser privilege is requiredEach Link below displays online manpages for each command (via [http://linuxmanpages.'''com/ http://linuxmanpages.com]):
When you are finished using the root account type exit to return to your previous account. {|width="100%" cellpadding="5" width="50%"|'''Avoid using the superuser account unless absolutely necessary, because the superuser account has unlimited privilege and a typo can destroy your system.Utilities:'''|- valign="top"|:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/rpm.8.php rpm]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/hostname.1.php hostname]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/uname.1.php uname]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/ps.1.php ps]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/ifconfig.8.php ifconfig]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/netstat.8.php netstat]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/route.8.php route]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/nslookup.1.php nslookup]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/wc.1.php wc]|}
In some documentation, Normally you would read man pages on the machine you may see 're working on using the man command <code>su -</code> used in place of <code>su</code>. The dash argument causes <code>su</code> to go through the steps that would normally be performed when the root user logs in, including (1) running for example '''man rpm''' will show you the startup scripts (such as <code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/root/.bash_profile</code> and (2) changing to manual page for the root user's home directory (<code>/root</code>)rpm command.
Note that ==Resources on the root user's home directory (<code>web==Additional links to tutorials and HOWTOs::* [http:/root</code>) is ''not'' the same as the root directory of the system (<code>docs.fedoraproject.org/<en-US/code>). It is also in a different directory than the rest of the home directories, which are typically in <code>Fedora/home<17/code> -- the reason for this is that <code>html/home<Installation_Guide/code> is sometimes on a network filesystem shared by another server (as is the case on Matrix), and it's important that the system administrator be able to log in to the system even if the network is not operating normally.}} Fedora 17 Installation Guide]
{{Admon/important|Disabling the Auto-mounting of Devices|Normally, when a storage device such as a USB drive is inserted, the system will automatically detect the storage device and use it. However, for this lab, we need to disable the ability for our Fedora system to automatically detect storage devices; this would interfere with the learning objectives of the rest of the lab. To do disable auto-detection of devices, this enter the command: <code>killall udevd</code>. '''You will need to do this again if you reboot during this lab.'''}}=Performing Lab 1=
=== Investigation 1: How does Linux enable you to access two different drives without using Perform a drive designator? =Fedora DVD Install on Your Removable Hard Drive ==
{{Admon/tip|NTFS Flash Drives|Most flash drives are formatted using the FAT (or "VFAT" or "FAT32") filesystem for compatibility with a wide range of computer systems. However, some drives may be formatted with another filesystem type such as NTFS (primarily used on Windows systems). If, in the following steps, your drive does not mount with the type "vfat", try again with type "ntfs".}}=== Part 1: Simple Things ===
{{Admon/caution | Important/warning! | The following operation will erase # Insert your '''removable SATA hard disk''' into the contents of your usb flash drivetray. If you have any useful data stored on # Set your disk, you must back it up first or use another usb flash computer's drive that does not contain useful data on itselector switch to '''external''' (a. Do not plan on sharing k.a ''position #4'').# Power up the computer and insert the '''Fedora 17 Installation DVD''' into the usb flash CD/DVD drive with .# Wait until the Windows course! You will be doing lots of tasks that may cause you to lose your dataFedora DVD boots (could take a few moments).}}
# Type the command mount. Describe the output of the command in your lab log. What do the fields of data represent? Use the man page for the mount command and google searches to find this information# Insert your USB flash drive into a USB port on the computer.# Because we have turned off the automatic mounting feature nothing will happen. In order to access the file system on this storage device we must mount it on to our existing file/directory structure.# To mount a device we must first create a mount point to mount it on. Create a new directory called <code>/media/usb</code> (These steps should be done as "root")# Next we need to use the mount command to mount the device. Try typing the following command: <code>mount -t vfat /dev/sdb1 /media/usb<{{Admon/code>. This command contains 3 important pieces of information (command arguments):#* <code>|Boot-t vfat</code> tells the mount command to mount it as a FAT filesystem. up Issues (Most likely choice for a USB flash driveFedora17)#* <code>/dev/sdb1</code> tells the mount command which device to mount. (in Seneca's Computer labs|If this didn't work try <code>/dev/sdc1</code> or <code>/dev/sda1</code>)#* <code>/media/usb</code> tells the mount command where to mount the device (the "mount point")# Type the command mount and compare the output with the output from step 1. Record what has changed.# What file system type is the USB device mounted as? Where was it mounted? What is the device name?# Create a file in the directory /media/usb/ by redirecing the output of the cal command: cal >/media/usb/month# Display a detailed listing of the directory where for some reason, the device is mounted and record the outputFedora17 Installation DVD does not boot: ls -l /media/usb# Type the command umount /media/usb -- What happened to the contents of the /media/usb directory? Compare results with step 9.# Type the command mount and observe the output. What is different from step 6? Why?# Make a new mount point called /media/usb2 Mount your usb flash drive on the new mount point.# Display a detailed listing of the new mount point again. Is your file there?
Answer :* Restart the computer, and '''press the function key F10 to specify the device to boot''' (eg. DVD drive). :* If the user is prompted for a password, '''simply press ENTER''' (without typing any password) at the password prompt.:* Choose the Investigation 1 questionDVD drive from the list of devices avalable for boot.: How does Linux enable you * You will need to perform this technique to access two different drives without using a ensure that Fedora boots from the hard drive designator? (Write the answer in your lab log bookfuture labs).:* If you have tried this technique, and the Fedora Installation DVD does not boot, you may have to burn a new Fedora Installation DVD.|}}
<ol> <li value=== Investigation 2"5">Note the time at the beginning of your installation.</li> <li>When the Fedora17 Installation DVD boots, it will prompt the user to test the media (i.e. DVD) for integrity. Since time is limited for installation in the lab, select '''SKIP'''. On the other hand, if the install did not work, then you can test out the integrity of the DVD in the computer lab during your spare time.</li> <li>Select the default language ('''English''') in the next install screen, and click '''Next'''.</li> <li>Select the default '''keyboard layout''' and '''Basic Storage Devices''' in the following installation screens.</li> <li>Set your hostname (name of the computer) to <big>'''f17host'''</big> (one word, no space, all lowercase).</li> <li>Set your time zone to '''Toronto'''. Note that the system (BIOS) clock is set to local time, not UTC.</li> <li>Root Password: enter a password of your own choosing. Pick one that is hard to guess to protect your system. (Recommendation: How do you create use the first letter and all the punctuation from a vfat favorite phrase or ext3 filesystem? ===song verse. For example, "To be or not to be, that is the question!" could become the password "Tbontb,titq!").</li> </ol>
{{Admon/tip|Flash drives with no partition table | If your device name ends in a letter (for example, it is <code>/dev/sdb</code> instead of <code>/dev/sdb1</code>), add <code>-I</code> to the <code>mkfs</code> commands in this section. This is because your USB flash drive does not have a partition table, which normally causes an error; the <code>-I</code> option tells mkfs to proceed anyways.}}=== Part 2: Partitioning ===
# Unmount your USB flash drive.# Enter the command {{Admon/tip |You're supposed to format your USB use this hard drive's filesystem: <code>mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1</code>#* What is the purpose of this command? Use the man page only for mkfs to research what you did with this command.#* Did we execute the command on the device name or the mount point?# Attempt to mount the USB flash drive using the command course| But if you used in Investigation 1. What was the result?# Check the man page for the mount command to see how to change your command to mount the device correctly, and issue that command.# Once the device is mounted do a long directory listing of the mount point. What has changed?# Do an internet search really need to find out what the <code>lost+found</code> directory is for. Record your findings in your notes.# Create a new file on the device using the same technique used in Investigation 1.# Unmount the device and remount use it on the original mount point. Is the new file there?# Type the command mount and observe the type value for the USB flash drive filesystem. Compare this value to the type found in Investigation 1.# Change your current working directory to where the device is mounted.# Attempt to unmount the USB flash drive. What was the result? Why? Record your findings in your notes.# Solve the error two courses, and unmount the device.# Consult the man pages professor for <code>mkfs</code> and <code>mkfs.ext3</code> to see how to format the device again other (using <code>mkfs</code>probably windows) as a ext3 file system with a volume label that is the same as your learn ID.# Enter the command to reformat the device.# The <code>dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1</code> command course will allow us to see detailed information about ext3 filesystems. Use it to confirm - ask your volume label is correct and record the size of your journal.# Mount the device again as an ext3 filesystem.# While the device is still mounted reformat the device as a vfat filesystem. What error message did you receive? Why? Record your conclusions in your notes.# Unmount the device and format it as vfat.# Now you will investigate what happens when you copy files to the device name rather than the mount point. Issue the command cp /etc/hosts /dev/sdb1# Now mount your device. Was it successful? Try mounting it as ext3. Was it successful? What has happened to the filesystem on the device?# Reformat it as vfat and mount it.# Unmount the deviceprofessor for help with partitioning.}}
===Investigation 3: How do <ol> <li>If you create an ext3 filesystem on get a USB flash warning with something like "This device may contain data" - it's probably your new hard drive and you can safely use it.</li> <li>Select '''Create Custom Layout''', we don't want to use the Fedora default setup now.</li> <li>On your drive with a volume label?===you will need at least the following partitions. These may be primary partitions or logical drives. If you have more space than 250GB available - you can add the extra space in equal parts to /home and /var/lib/libvirt/images</li> <ul><li>'''20GB''' for '''/''' (i.e. "root")</li> <li>'''30GB''' for /home</li> <li>'''8GB''' for '''swap''' (Note: "swap" must be selected from the drop down menu)</li> <li>'''100GB''' for '''/var/lib/libvirt/images'''</li></ul> <li>Record briefly in your lab logbook what partitions you created of what size and what device names were assigned to them (/dev/sda1, etc.).</li></ol>
{{Admon/tip|Tip=== Part 3: manpage| Check the manpage for <code>dumpe2fs</code> using the command: <code>man dumpe2fs</code>.}}# Shutdown your computer. (Under the "System" menu)# Insert your removable SATA hard disk, remove your USB flash drive and restart the computer. (Leave your "Live CD" in the computer)# When the computer has restarted and you have logged in. Insert your USB flash drive into the USB port.# Open a terminal window and run the <code>mount</code> command.# It is quite possible that the device name for your USB flash drive has changed from what you were using previously. Your hardware configuration is different because now you have a hard drive connected. One way to determine what your USB device name is now is to look at the system log. Use the tail command to view the last 20 lines of the file <code>/var/log/messages</code> There should be kernel entries that were generated when you inserted the device.# Create a Linux ext3 filesystem on the USB device, giving it a volume label of "Lab1", and record the following in in your logbook:#* What is the block size for the new format?#* How many blocks were created?#* How often will the new filesystem be automatically checked?#* What volume label was given to the filesystem?# According to the man page what is the purpose of dumpe2fs?# If you executed dumpe2fs on an MS-DOS filesystem what do you think would be the result?# Mount the USB device onto the mount point /media/lab1# Copy the files <code>/etc/services</code>,<code>/etc/networks</code> to the USB flash drive.Completing Installation ===
===Investigation 4 <ol> <li>Select in the next screen the '''Graphical Desktop''' applications, and in the additional repositories section (at the bottom) accept the default settings, then proceed. You may look at what's available if you choose "Customize now" but you don't need to customize the software installed at this point.</li> <li>Add in your lab logbook a brief description of the term "software repository" and what its major purpose serves (what you think it does). We will not add any existing repositories since we are not currently connected to the Internet. Therefore, we will customize the repositories later.</li> <li>'''Proceed with the installation. This may take some time'''. Record in your lab log- How do you create hard disk partitions?===book the <u>general</u> steps in the installation process (displayed in the dialog box).</li> <li>When installation is complete, a screen will confirm completion, and ask the user to remove the DVD, and reboot the computer. Write in your lab log-book the time it took to perform this DVD Fedora install.</li> <li>Remove the Fedora Installation DVD, and click '''Reboot'''.</li>
* Enter <li>When the system starts, set or accept the command time and date default.</li> <codeli>fdisk -l Create a user account for yourself using the same user ID as your learn account, and create a suitable password.</devli> <li>Normally, you would want to enable '''Network Time Protocol''', but since we will be experimenting with the networking turned off in later labs, '''leave it disabled'''.</sdali> <li> Click on '''Do Not Send Hardware Profile'''.</codeli> <li> Finish the post-installation customization, wait for the login screen to appear, and describe the output in then login to your computer account and your created (i.e. your log bookname). The output may be similar </li> <li>Proceed to the following:Investigation 2</li> </ol>
Disk /dev/sda: 12.0 GB, 12072517632 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1467 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System ...* Read and study this [http:'''Answer the Investigation 1 observations //tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html reading] about how to use the fdisk command before you go on to the next step.* Review the man page for the fdisk commandquestions in your lab log book.'''
{{Admon/caution | Important/warning! | The following operation will erase the contents of your hard disk. If you have any useful data stored on your disk, you must back it up first or use another hard disk that does not contain useful data on it. Do not plan on sharing the hard disk with the Windows course! You will be doing lots of tasks that may cause you to lose your data.}}# Enter the command fdisk /dev/sda to start the hard disk partition program.# At the fdisk command prompt, enter the letter '''p''' to print out the current partition table of the hard disk. If there are any partitions, use the '''d''' option to delete all of them, starting with the highest partition number first.# At the fdisk command prompt, use the '''n''' and '''t''' commands to create these three partitions==Investigation 2: /dev/sda1 - 300MB (primary, Linux Native) /dev/sda2 - the rest of the hard disk (extended) /dev/sda5 - 300MB (logical, Linux Native) * Use the '''p''' option the display the new partition How many file packages and record it in your log book.* Remember to use files are installed on the '''w''' option to write the new partitions information instead of the '''q''' option to quit without saving.* Logout and restart Fedora.system?==
Answer '''For the Investigation 4 question rest of the tasks in this lab, you must login to your installed Fedora system using your Learn account, open a terminal and execute the following listed Linux commands to obtain information for your lab log book-logbook''' (lab1). If you get a Permission Denied message when trying to execute a command, then switch to the '''superuser''' account by running the command '''su -''' and type in your password for "root" (since you are the main administrator for your Fedora system). Once the intended command is executed, type "exit" to exit from the superuser account and return to your regular Learn account.
===Investigation 5 - How do you create and access a Linux filesystem on a hard disk partition?===
# After rebooting Fedora{{Admon/important|Using Superuser Privilege|Throughout this course, open up a Terminal Window and enter the command <code>fdisk -l /dev/sda</code> you may need to display execute commands using the hard disk partition table. Verify that you have partitioned your hard disk correctly.# Create a Linux 3rd extended filesystem (ext3) on privileges of the 300MB primary partition /dev/sda1# Create the empty directory <code>/mnt/harddisk</code> to serve as a mount point for administrative user (username "root", also called the partition"superuser").# Use the command <code>mount -t ext3 /dev/sda1 /mnt/harddisk</code> To switch from your account to attach the file system you just created to root account, type the Fedora Live Linux file system tree.# Copy the files command: <code>/etc/passwdsu</code> and <code>/var/log/messages</code> to the mounted partition. Can you do this with a single command?# Unmount the partition.
Answer After switching user notice and make note of the Investigation 5 question change in your lab log bookshell prompt. Also note the difference in output for the <code>whoami</code> and<code>pwd</code> commands.
===Investigation 6 - How can you save an image '''Whenever this is required, make a note of a filesytem?===it, and determine why superuser privilege is required.'''
# Your <code>/dev/sda1</code> partition is formatted with an ext3 filesystem and contains 2 files. You can now create an "image" of that device and duplicate it.# First create an image of the device using the following command: #*<code>dd if=/dev/sda1 of=sda1.img</code># The image file When you created is a byte by byte duplicate of the original device and all of its contents. You can even mount it as a if it was a real partition. # Make a mount point called <code>/media/sda1-image</code> and mount the image file are finished using the following command: #* <code>mount -o loop -t ext3 sda1.img /media/sda1-image</code>#* (The <code>-o loop</code> option is used root account type exit to return to mount regular files as if they were real block storage devicesyour previous account.)# List '''Avoid using the contents of superuser account unless absolutely necessary, because the mount point. Are superuser account has unlimited privilege and a typo can destroy your files there?# Copy the file <code>/var/log/boot.log</code> to the mount point.# Unmount the imagesystem.'''
Answer In some documentation, you may see the Investigation 6 question command <code>su -</code> used in your lab logbookplace of <code>su</code>. The dash argument causes <code>su</code> to go through the steps that would normally be performed when the root user logs in, including (1) running the startup scripts (such as<code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/root/.bash_profile</code> and (2) changing to the root user's home directory (<code>/root</code>).
===Investigation 7 Note that the root user's home directory (<code>/root</code>) is ''not'' the same as the root directory of the system (<code>/</code>). It is also in a different directory than the rest of the home directories, which are typically in <code>/home</code> -- How to restorethe reason for this is that <code>/home</duplicate image of code> is sometimes on a network filesystem?===shared by another server (as is the case on Matrix), and it's important that the system administrator be able to log in to the system even if the network is not operating normally.}}
# <code>/dev/sda5</code> was a partition created exactly the same size as <code>/dev/sda1</code>. We should be able to restore the <code>/dev/sda1</code> image file to it without any loss of data.
# Remember that <code>/dev/sda5</code> was unformatted. Restore the image file by using the <code>dd</code> command:
#* <code>dd if=sda1.img of=/dev/sda5</code>
# Now attempt to mount <code>/dev/sda5</code> onto the mount point <code>/media/harddisk</code>
# Were you successful?
# Does the partition contain a filesystem?
# List the contents of <code>/media/harddisk</code> are all 3 files there?
{{Admon/important|Duplicate Filesystem Serial Numbers|Since you have copied the filesystem on /dev/sda1 to /dev/sda5Navigate through your Graphical Fedora system, the filesystem serial number '''locate and run a terminal program (UUIDin order to issue Linux commands) will be . Issue and record the same on both. Use this command to clear commands used and the filesystem /dev/sda1 so that it does not cause problems output generated in each of the next labfollowing steps: <code>mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda1</code>}}'''
Answer # The name of the Investigation installation log file is <code>'''/root/install.log'''</code> -- It is an ASCII file (how can you be sure?) which can be viewed with the <code>'''less'''</code> command. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <code>'''grep ________________ /root/install.log | wc -l'''</code><ol> <li value="3">Using the <code>rpm</code> command: you can also use the following commands to list all the installed packages, and the total number of packages installed:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -q -a'''</code>:: <code>'''rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</code>:: <code>'''rpm -qa | wc -l'''</code><ol> <li value="4">The <code>'''-q'''</code> option means query, and the <code>'''-a'''</code> option means all (in other words, query all installed software packages). Did you get the same number of packages from the above two methods?</li> <li>Some of the files on your system were installed with the software packages, and some were created by system activity (for example, by creating your Learn account and by logging in). If you know the package name (from the <code>install.log</code>), you can list all the files that were installed from the package by using the following command:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -q -l package_name'''</code><br />(where '''package_name''' represents the name of the ''application'' or ''package'')<ol> <li value="6">This combines the <code>'''-q'''</code> (query) option with the <code>'''-l'''</code> (list filenames) option</li> <li>You can pipe the outupt through <code>'''wc -l'''</code> to count the number of lines:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -ql package_name| wc -l'''</code><ol> <li value="8">Using what you learned in steps 3, 4, and 7 question in , get a count of the total number of files installed by all of the software packages on your system.</li><li>To find out the name that you have assigned to your Linux system, enter the command: <code>'''hostname'''</code></li><li>To find out the kernel version of your GNU/Linux workstation and the date it was created, enter the command: <code>'''uname -rv'''</code></li><li>To find out all the system processes running on your lab logbookGNU/Linux workstation, enter the command: <code>'''ps -ef'''</code></li><li>To capture the list of all the system processes to a file called <code>'''ps.lst'''</code>, enter the command: <code>'''ps -ef > ps.lst'''''</code></li></ol>
===Investigation 8 {{Admon/important|Pathname for USB Stick|The procedure has changed to refer to the usb device for distributions prior to Fedora17 (eg. /media/usb- Accessing a compressed file system image===device-name). For Fedora17, the new device pathname is:<br /><b>/run/media/userloginid/usb-device-name</b> .<br /><br />Note: You can press the <b>tab</b> key to guess what the userloginname/usb-device-name is...}}
# Download [https://cs.senecac.on.ca/%7Efac/ops235/lab1-image.bin lab1-image.bin] and copy that file to your mounted hard disk partition (you may need to enter your Learn ID and password). The default download location is <code>~/Downloads</codeol># To determine the file type of the file <codeli value="13">lab1-image.bin</code>, enter the command:#* <code>file lab1-image.bin</code># Record Copy the output. What was the original name of the uncompressed installation log file?# The <code>file<'''/code> command in the previous step should also report that <code>lab1-image.bin<root/code> is a gzip compressed data fileinstall. # Use the <code>gunziplog'''</code> command to uncompress and the file'''ps.# You will probably receive an error message when you run the <code>gunzip</code> command. You may need lst''' to rename the file before you can uncompress it successfully. See the man pages for additional information if required.# After you have uncompressed the file rename it to the original name reported in step 3.# To determine the file type of the file <code>lab1-image.img</code>a USB memory key, enter the command:#* <code>file lab1-image.img</code># Record the output. What type of data does the file contain?# Mount the file system image. The command should be similar to what you used in investigation 6.# Copy the contents of the file system image or '''scp''' to your desktop.# To display the specific information about the ext3 file system contained in the file <code>lab1-imagematrix account as a backup.img</codeli>, enter the command:#* <code>dumpe2fs lab1-image.img</codeol># From the output, find out the volume name and the block count of the ext3 file system.
Conclusion: Not only can we put a Linux file system on a removeable storage {{Admon/tip |Backup up to your USB Key|When your USB key is inserted into your computer, the device, or is recognised and assigned a hard disk partition, we name. You can view your USB drive by issuing the command <code>ls /run/media/yourusername</code> and view the mounted devices. Then you can also create issue a Linux file system command as "super-user" to copy the files to your USB device.}}<ol><li value="14">View the section below to learn about and perform an update on your fresh Fedora install (you may have to find spare time to perform this install if you are running short on a regular disk filelab time). '''Do <u>not</u> proceed to Investigation 3 without performing an update'''.</li></ol>
Answer {{Admon/tip |Consider Remaining Lab Time Prior to Performing Upgrade|'''Carefully check the Investigation 8 question remaining time in your lab logbookprior to performing an upgrade on the operating system'''. It can take 30 - 90 minutes to perform an upgrade...}}
===Investigation 9 - How do you create a file system in a regular file?===
# Create an empty file that {{Admon/tip |Updating Fedora|The Fedora software is exactly 3 MB in size using updated frequently to add features, fix bugs, and upgrade security. '''Perform a system update to get the following command:#* <code>dd if=/dev/zero latest versions of=/tmp/fstest bs=1k count=3072</code># How does this command ensure that the file is 3 MB in size? # What is packages installed in Fedora: Start the file at first?# Create an ext3 filesystem within the newly-created file <codeFirefox web browser, turn off popup window blocking (select ''Edit>/tmp/fstest</code>.# Note Preferences'', then select the warning message/question that appears.# Mount Content tab and uncheck the filesystem (remember box to use the loopback option; refer Block Popups), then login to Investigation 8 if required)SeneNET. Use Open a mountpoint of your choosing.# Copy the files <code>/etc/services</code> terminal and type <code>/etc/protocolssu</code> to the filesystem mounted in the previous stepstart a shell as root.# Unmount Enter the filesystem.# Test your filesystem to be sure that the files command <code>/etc/servicesyum update</code> ''' This will download and <code>/etc/protocols</code> were in fact copied into install all of the filesystem within packages that have been updated since the file named <code>/tmp/fstest</code>installation DVD image was created.# How much space is left in that filesystem? If you complete this command at Seneca it should run quite fast as Seneca College hosts a Fedora Repository mirror (Hint: <code>df -h</code>a copy of all of the current fedora packages, on a local web server).}}
'''Answer the Investigation 9 question 2 observations / questions in your lab logbooklog book.'''
===Investigation 10 - How can you backup 3: What is the MBR (Master Boot Record)network configuration?===
{{Admon/note | Please take note! | A master boot record (MBR), is the 512-byte boot sector that is the first sector of a partitioned hard disk. The MBR is used for the following:
* Holding a disk's primary partition table.
* Bootstrapping operating systems after the computer's BIOS passes execution to the MBR.
* Uniquely identifying individual disk media, with a 32-bit disk signature.}}
# We {{Admon/tip |Rusty Issuing Linux commands since ULI101?|To be an effective Linux administrator, you need to become comfortable on issuing Linux commands in a shell, and use resources to quickly learn how to properly formulate Linux commands...<br /><br />You can duplicate run the first 512 bytes of following online tutorials to practice (refresh) issuing Linux commands. These tutorials were designed for another course called "OPS435", but you can still use them for practice. Simply open a hard disk using shell, SSH into the dd commandMatrix server (eg. Use this command to backup ssh yourusername@matrix.senecac.on.ca) and run the MBR of your hard diskfollowing 4 tutorials (you can copy and paste these separate pathnames and run like a program): <codebr /><br />dd if='''/home/devops435/sda of=mbr.bak bs=512 count=1tutorials/tutorial1<br /code>#* /home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial2<codebr />if/home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial3<br /code> is the input file or device#* <code>of</code> is the output file or device#* <code>bs<home/ops435/tutorials/code> is the block size -vi- 512 bytes (1 sector) in this case#* tutorial'''<codebr />count<br /code> is You can also refer to the number of blocks section above called '''Linux Command Online Reference''' to be copied# Under what circumstances do you think this will be useful?see how use use the following Linux commands to obtain the required information.}}
Answer # To check the Investigation 10 question network configuration settings obtained from the DHCP server, run the following commands, describing the output in your lab logbooklog book:#* '''ifconfig'''#* '''route'''#* '''nslookup''' (at the > prompt, enter the word "server" (do not type the quotes) and record the output. Type exit to leave nslookup).<br /><br /># Find the following information in the output of the above commands:#* '''MAC address''' (physical or hardware address) of the ethernet network interface#* '''Subnet mask'''#* '''The IP address''' (logical address) assigned by the DHCP server#* '''The default route''' (gateway)#* '''The DNS nameserver'''
== Completing '''Answer the Lab ==Investigation 3 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
{{Admon/important | Important! | Arrange evidence of each of the following items on the screen, and then ask your professor or lab monitor to check them== Investigation 4:}}SELinux ==
# USB Formatted as ext3 ( )
# Volume Label is "LAB1" ( )
# USB Mounted on <code>/media/lab-one</code> ( )
# Following files on USB services, networks ( )
# <code>/dev/sda5</code> contains 3 files ( )
# jpg on Desktop ( )
# <code>/tmp/fstest</code> mounted ( )
# Instructor satisfied with complete and detailed lab notes AND disk pack is labelled with your name and contact information ( )
== Preparing {{Admon/important|SELinux|SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced Linux'''. It is a component that helps to better secure the Quizzes ==system to protect against intrusion (hackers). Usually, SELinux is enabled upon the default install of Fedora. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and are aware that it is enabled or disabled. It is recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default''' for this course, since you will be communicating with other virtual machines and can cause machines NOT to communicate.}}
The online readings linked # Disabling SELinux on Fedora is actually quite simple, just edit the course web page contain some useful information about Free file '''/etc/selinux/config''' and Open Source Software. Use them and Internet searches to answer change the following questions line to help you prepare for the quizzeslook like this:#* SELINUX=disabled
# Who is Linus Torvalds?# Name 3 open source software projects widely used today?# What license agreement does GNU/Linux use?# What are = Completing the 4 basic software freedoms that define "Free Software"?# Who makes up the Fedora Community?# Name 4 other significant Linux "Distros"# What command can you use to determine the type of data a file contains?# What are 3 journalled filesystems supported by Linux?# What command will create a Linux ext3 file system on <code>/dev/sdb5</code>, with a volume label called "ops235"?# What is the main function of the <code>fdisk</code> utility?# What command is used to attach the file system on a storage device (e.g. hard disk partition, flash memory card etc) to the file system on a running Linux/UNIX system?# What command is used to detach the file system on a storage medium from the file system on a running Linux/UNIX system?# What type of files are stored in the <code>/dev</code> directory?# Is the <code>dd</code> command used to copy multiple files to another directory?Lab =
==Useful Information=='''Check off the following items before asking your instructor to check your lab:'''
Hard disk partition names (disk drive is * '''xTask 1''' - Install GNU/Linux Workstation using Fedora * '''Task 2''' - Collect system information after installation.* '''Task 3''')- Fedora Updated{|class="sortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"* '''Task 4''' - Collect network information
|-!Partition!1!2!3!4!5!6!...'''Arrange evidence for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''
|-* Can login with your "learn" account name* Has the package count|Type* Has correct size partitions for:|primary:* '''root /''' (20GB), '''/home''' (30GB), extended'''swap''' (8GB):* '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (100GB)|primary, extended:* Hint: Can issue '''lsblk''' (listblock command)|primary, extended* Has the correct IP address and MAC address|primary, extended* Find out the default route (gateway)|logical* IP of the DNS name server|logical* Name and contact information on your disk pack|logical* Lag Logbook (lab1) notes filled-in.
|-|Linux Name|/dev/sdx1|/dev/sdx2|/dev/sdx3|/dev/sdx4|/dev/sdx5|/dev/sdx6|/dev/sdx7 -- sdx15= Preparing for Quizzes =
|}# How many packages were installed?# How many files (correct to the nearest hundred) were installed?# How many users were created automatically on your system (do not count your learn account)?# What is your learn account's UID and GID?# What is your learn account's home directory?# What is the home directory for the user "root"?# How do you determine the host name of your GNU/Linux workstation?# What command can display the NIC's MAC address?