== Objectives ==* Format, mount, {{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use, and unmount ext3, ext4, and vfat filesystems on USB flash drivesthis in your OPS235 course.* Create filesystems on various storage devices* Create hard disk partitions* Backup filesystems and images* Mount a filesystem stored within a a regular file'''}}

=Fedora 17 Installation (on Main Host - f17host)= Reference ==* [http://linuxmanpages.com/ man pages] for cp, mount, umount, fdisk, mkdir, file, mkfs, dumpe2fs, grep, dd* Online reading material for weeks 1 and 2.

== Instructions Introduction==# Set your computer's drive selector switch to external, then power up the computer.# Insert the Fedora Live CD into the CD/DVD drive.# Reboot the system.# The boot process is completed when you see the GDM Login Screen. Click on "Automatic Login" to login as the "Live System User".# We are going to start by opening a terminal window to access our shell environment. Click on Applications --> System Tools --> Terminal to start the terminal.# At the top of the terminal window, you should see the command prompt similar to [liveuser@localhost ~]$ This prompt indicates that it is ready to take your command. The program that is running is called a shell.# At the command prompt, enter the command whoami (all in one word) and press return. This command shows the so-called User Name. Make notes of this user name.# At the command prompt, enter the command pwd and press return. This command shows the so-called present working directory or current working directory. Record the present working directory of the shell running on the terminal window. As we have not yet changed directories this should also be your users home directory. (Also indicated by the ~ character in the prompt)

{{Admon/important|Using Superuser Privilege|Throughout :* In this courselab, you may need are going to execute commands using install the privileges of the the administrative user Fedora (username "root", also called the "superuser"GNU/Linux Distribution). To switch to your removable hard disk from your account to the root account, type the command: <code>su -</code>burned DVD.

After switching user notice and make note of the change :* Although this will be a simple install, this Fedora Operating System will be a platform for other Virtual Machine Fedora installations (in your shell promptfuture labs). Also note Therefore, it is very important that you take the difference in output for the <code>whoami</code> time to carefully read and perform ALL steps, and <code>pwd</code> commandstake time to check your work.

Whenever this is required:* After performing the Fedora17 DVD installation, make a note of ityou will collect baseline information about your Fedora GNU/Linux system, and determine why superuser privilege is requiredperform some post installation configuration to prepare your system for the remainder of the labs.

When ==Objectives== # Perform a GNU/Linux installation using the Fedora 17 distribution# Investigate information during and after the Fedora 17 installation# Perform an update after a recent installation ==Required Materials (Bring to All Labs)== * Fedora 17 LIVE CD* Fedora 17 x86_64 Installation DVD* SATA Hard Disk (in removable disk tray)* USB Memory Stick* Lab Logbook ==Prerequisites== * None (First Lab) ==Linux Command Online Reference== Each Link below displays online manpages for each command (via [http://linuxmanpages.com/ http://linuxmanpages.com]): {|width="100%" cellpadding="5" width="50%"|'''Utilities:'''|- valign="top"|:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/rpm.8.php rpm]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/hostname.1.php hostname]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/uname.1.php uname]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/ps.1.php ps]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/ifconfig.8.php ifconfig]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/netstat.8.php netstat]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/route.8.php route]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/nslookup.1.php nslookup]:* [http://linuxmanpages.com/man1/wc.1.php wc]|} Normally you would read man pages on the machine you are finished 're working on using the root account type exit man command, for example '''man rpm''' will show you the manual page for the rpm command. ==Resources on the web==Additional links to return tutorials and HOWTOs::* [http://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/17/html/Installation_Guide/ Fedora 17 Installation Guide] =Performing Lab 1= ==Investigation 1: How to Perform a Fedora DVD Install on Your Removable Hard Drive == === Part 1: Simple Things === # Insert your '''removable SATA hard disk''' into the drive tray.# Set your previous accountcomputer's drive selector switch to '''external''' (a.k.a ''position #4'').# Power up the computer and insert the '''Fedora 17 Installation DVD''' into the CD/DVD drive.# Wait until the Fedora DVD boots (could take a few moments). {{Admon/important|Boot-up Issues (Fedora17) in Seneca's Computer labs|If for some reason, the Fedora17 Installation DVD does not boot: :* Restart the computer, and '''press the function key F10 to specify the device to boot''' (eg. DVD drive). Avoid using :* If the superuser account unless absolutely necessaryuser is prompted for a password, because '''simply press ENTER''' (without typing any password) at the password prompt.:* Choose the superuser account has unlimited privilege DVD drive from the list of devices avalable for boot.:* You will need to perform this technique to ensure that Fedora boots from the hard drive (in future labs).:* If you have tried this technique, and the Fedora Installation DVD does not boot, you may have to burn a typo can destroy your systemnew Fedora Installation DVD.|

<ol> <li value="5">Note the time at the beginning of your installation.</li> <li>When the Fedora17 Installation DVD boots, it will prompt the user to test the media (i.e. DVD) for integrity. Since time is limited for installation in the lab, select '''SKIP'''. On the other hand, if the install did not work, then you can test out the integrity of the DVD in the computer lab during your spare time.</li> <li>Select the default language ('''English''') in the next install screen, and click '''Next'''.</li> <li>Select the default '''keyboard layout''' and '''Basic Storage Devices''' in the following installation screens.</li> <li>Set your hostname (name of the computer) to <big>'''f17host'''</big> (one word, no space, all lowercase).</li> <li>Set your time zone to '''Toronto'''. Note that the system (BIOS) clock is set to local time, not UTC.</li> <li>Root Password: enter a password of your own choosing. Pick one that is hard to guess to protect your system. (Recommendation: use the first letter and all the punctuation from a favorite phrase or song verse. For example, "To be or not to be, that is the question!" could become the password "Tbontb,titq!").</li> </ol> === Part 2: Partitioning === {{Admon/notetip |You're supposed to use this hard drive only for this course|Disabling But if you really need to use it for two courses, and the professor for the Autoother (probably windows) course will allow it - ask your professor for help with partitioning.}} <ol> <li>If you get a warning with something like "This device may contain data" -mounting it's probably your new hard drive and you can safely use it.</li> <li>Select '''Create Custom Layout''', we don't want to use the Fedora default setup now.</li> <li>On your drive you will need at least the following partitions. These may be primary partitions or logical drives. If you have more space than 250GB available - you can add the extra space in equal parts to /home and /var/lib/libvirt/images</li> <ul><li>'''20GB''' for '''/''' (i.e. "root")</li> <li>'''30GB''' for /home</li> <li>'''8GB''' for '''swap''' (Note: "swap" must be selected from the drop down menu)</li> <li>'''100GB''' for '''/var/lib/libvirt/images'''</li></ul> <li>Record briefly in your lab logbook what partitions you created of Devices|At what size and what device names were assigned to them (/dev/sda1, etc.).</li></ol> === Part 3: Completing Installation === <ol> <li>Select in the next screen the '''Graphical Desktop''' applications, and in the additional repositories section (at the bottom) accept the default settings, then proceed. You may look at what's available if you choose "Customize now" but you don't need to customize the software installed at this point .</li> <li>Add in your lab logbook a brief description of the term "software repository" and what its major purpose serves (what you think it does). We will not add any existing repositories since we need are not currently connected to the Internet. Therefore, we will customize the repositories later.</li> <li>'''Proceed with the installation. This may take some time'''. Record in your lab log-book the <u>general</u> steps in the installation process (displayed in the dialog box).</li> <li>When installation is complete, a screen will confirm completion, and ask the user to disable remove the ability DVD, and reboot the computer. Write in your lab log-book the time it took to perform this DVD Fedora install.</li> <li>Remove the Fedora Installation DVD, and click '''Reboot'''.</li>  <li>When the system starts, set or accept the time and date default.</li> <li>Create a user account for our linux system to automatically detect yourself using the same user ID as your learn account, and mount removeable mediacreate a suitable password. This </li> <li>Normally, you would interfere want to enable '''Network Time Protocol''', but since we will be experimenting with the learning objectives of networking turned off in later labs, '''leave it disabled'''.</li> <li> Click on '''Do Not Send Hardware Profile'''.</li> <li>Finish the post-installation customization, wait for the login screen to appear, and then login to your computer account and your created (i.e. your name).</li> <li>Proceed to Investigation 2</li> </ol> '''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' ==Investigation 2: How many file packages and files are installed on the system?== '''For the rest of the tasks in this lab, you must login to your installed Fedora system using your Learn account, open a terminal and execute the following listed Linux commands to obtain information for your lab-logbook''' (lab1). If you get a Permission Denied message when trying to execute a command, then switch to the '''superuser''' account by running the command '''su -''' and type in your password for "root" (since you are the main administrator for your Fedora system). Once the intended command is executed, type "exit" to exit from the superuser account and return to your regular Learn account.  {{Admon/important|Using Superuser Privilege|Throughout this course, you may need to execute commands using the privileges of the the administrative user (username "root", also called the "superuser"). To do this enter switch from your account to the root account, type the command: <code>pkill haldsu</code> After switching user notice and make note of the change in your shell prompt. Also note the difference in output for the <code>whoami</code>and<code>pwd</code> commands. '''Whenever this is required, make a note of it, and determine why superuser privilege is required.''' When you are finished using the root account type exit to return to your previous account. '''You will need Avoid using the superuser account unless absolutely necessary, because the superuser account has unlimited privilege and a typo can destroy your system.''' In some documentation, you may see the command <code>su -</code> used in place of <code>su</code>. The dash argument causes <code>su</code> to go through the steps that would normally be performed when the root user logs in, including (1) running the startup scripts (such as<code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/root/.bash_profile</code> and (2) changing to do the root user's home directory (<code>/root</code>). Note that the root user's home directory (<code>/root</code>) is ''not'' the same as the root directory of the system (<code>/</code>). It is also in a different directory than the rest of the home directories, which are typically in <code>/home</code> -- the reason for this again is that <code>/home</code> is sometimes on a network filesystem shared by another server (as is the case on Matrix), and it's important that the system administrator be able to log in to the system even if the network is not operating normally.}}  Navigate through your Graphical Fedora system, '''locate and run a terminal program (in order to issue Linux commands). Issue and record the commands used and the output generated in each of the following steps:''' # The name of the installation log file is <code>'''/root/install.log'''</code> -- It is an ASCII file (how can you reboot during be sure?) which can be viewed with the <code>'''less'''</code> command. # You can make use of this labfile to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <code>'''grep ________________ /root/install.log | wc -l'''</code><ol> <li value="3">Using the <code>rpm</code> command: you can also use the following commands to list all the installed packages, and the total number of packages installed:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -q -a'''</code>:: <code>'''rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</code>:: <code>'''rpm -qa | wc -l'''</code><ol> <li value="4">The <code>'''-q'''</code> option means query, and the <code>'''-a'''</code> option means all (in other words, query all installed software packages). Did you get the same number of packages from the above two methods?</li> <li>Some of the files on your system were installed with the software packages, and some were created by system activity (for example, by creating your Learn account and by logging in). If you know the package name (from the <code>install.log</code>), you can list all the files that were installed from the package by using the following command:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -q -l package_name'''</code><br />(where '''package_name''' represents the name of the ''application'' or ''package'')<ol> <li value="6">This combines the <code>'''-q'''</code> (query) option with the <code>'''-l'''</code> (list filenames) option</li> <li>You can pipe the outupt through <code>'''wc -l'''</code> to count the number of lines:</li></ol>:: <code>'''rpm -ql package_name| wc -l'''</code><ol> <li value="8">Using what you learned in steps 3, 4, and 7, get a count of the total number of files installed by all of the software packages on your system.</li><li>To find out the name that you have assigned to your Linux system, enter the command: <code>'''hostname'''</code></li><li>To find out the kernel version of your GNU/Linux workstation and the date it was created, enter the command: <code>'''uname -rv'''</code></li><li>To find out all the system processes running on your GNU/Linux workstation, enter the command: <code>'''ps -ef'''</code></li><li>To capture the list of all the system processes to a file called <code>'''ps.lst'''</code>, enter the command: <code>'''ps -ef > ps.lst'''''</code></li></ol> {{Admon/important|Pathname for USB Stick|The procedure has changed to refer to the usb device for distributions prior to Fedora17 (eg. /media/usb-device-name). For Fedora17, the new device pathname is:<br /><b>/run/media/userloginid/usb-device-name</b> .<br /><br />Note: You can press the <b>tab</b> key to guess what the userloginname/usb-device-name is...}}

=== Investigation 1: How does Linux enable you to access two different drives without using a drive designator? ===# Type the command mount. Describe the output of the command in your lab log. What do the fields of data represent? Use the man page for the mount command and google searches to find this information# Insert your USB flash drive into a USB port on the computer.# Because we have turned off the automatic mounting feature nothing will happen. In order to access the file system on this storage device we must mount it on to our existing file/directory structure.# To mount a device we must first create a mount point to mount it on. Create a new directory called <codeol>/media/usb</code> (These steps should be done as li value="root13")# Next we need to use >Copy the mount command to mount the device. Try typing the following command: installation log file <code>mount -t vfat '''/dev/sdb1 root/media/usb</code>install. This command contains 3 important pieces of information (command arguments):#* <code>-t vfatlog'''</code> tells and the mount command file '''ps.lst''' to mount it as a FAT filesystem. (Most likely choice for a USB flash drive)#* <code>/dev/sdb1</code> tells the mount command which device memory key, or '''scp''' to mountyour matrix account as a backup. (If this didn't work try <code>/dev/sdc1</codeli> or <code>/dev/sda1</code>)#* <code>/media/usb</code> tells the mount command where to mount the device (the "mount point")# Type the command mount and compare the output with the output from step 9. Record what has changed.# What file system type is the USB device mounted as? Where was it mounted? What is the device name?# Create a file in the directory /media/usb/ by redirecing the output of the cal command: cal ol>/media/usb/month# Display a detailed listing of the directory where the device is mounted and record the output: ls -l /media/usb# Type the command umount /media/usb -- What happened to the contents of the /media/usb directory? Compare results with step 17.# Type the command mount and observe the output. What is different from step 14? Why?# Make a new mount point called /media/usb2 Mount your usb flash drive on the new mount point.# Display a detailed listing of the new mount point again. Is your file there?

Answer {{Admon/tip |Backup up to your USB Key|When your USB key is inserted into your computer, the Investigation 1 question: How does device is recognised and assigned a name. You can view your USB drive by issuing the command <code>ls /run/media/yourusername</code> and view the mounted devices. Then you can issue a Linux enable you command as "super-user" to copy the files to access two different drives without using a drive designator? (Write your USB device.}}<ol><li value="14">View the answer in section below to learn about and perform an update on your fresh Fedora install (you may have to find spare time to perform this install if you are running short on lab log booktime).'''Do <u>not</u> proceed to Investigation 3 without performing an update'''.</li></ol>

# Unmount your USB flash drive.# Enter the command: <code>mkfs -t ext3 {{Admon/dev/sdb1</code>#* What tip |Updating Fedora|The Fedora software is the purpose of this command? Use the man page for mkfs updated frequently to research what you did with this command.#* Did we execute the command on the device name or the mount point?# Attempt to mount the USB flash drive using the command you used in Investigation 1. What was the result?# Check the man page for the mount command to see how to change your command to mount the device correctlyadd features, fix bugs, and issue that commandupgrade security.# Once the device is mounted do '''Perform a long directory listing of the mount point. What has changed?# Do an internet search system update to find out what get the <code>lost+found</code> directory is for. Record your findings in your notes.# Create a new file on the device using latest versions of the same technique used packages installed in Investigation 1.# Unmount Fedora: Start the device and remount it on the original mount point. Is the new file there?# Type Firefox web browser, turn off popup window blocking (select ''Edit>Preferences'', then select the command mount Content tab and observe uncheck the type value for the USB flash drive filesystem. Compare this value box to the type found in Investigation 1.# Change your current working directory Block Popups), then login to where the device is mountedSeneNET.# Attempt to unmount the USB flash drive. What was the result? Why? Record your findings in your notes.# Solve the error and unmount the device.# Consult the man pages for <code>mkfs</code> Open a terminal and type <code>mkfs.ext3su</code> to see how to reformat the device to start a ext3 file system with a volume label that is the same shell as your learn IDroot.# Enter the command to reformat the device.# The <code>dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1yum update</code> command ''' This will allow us to see detailed information about ext3 filesystems. Use it to confirm your volume label is correct download and record the size install all of your journal.# Mount the device again as an ext3 filesystem.# While packages that have been updated since the device is still mounted reformat the device as a vfat filesysteminstallation DVD image was created. What error message did If you receive? Why? Record your conclusions in your notes.# Unmount the device and format complete this command at Seneca it should run quite fast as vfat.# Now you will investigate what happens when you Seneca College hosts a Fedora Repository mirror (a copy files to of all of the device name rather than the mount point. Issue the command cp /etc/hosts /dev/sdb1# Now mount your device. Was it successful? Try mounting it as ext3. Was it successful? What has happened to the filesystem current fedora packages, on the device?# Reformat it as vfat and mount it.# Unmount the devicea local web server).}}

==='''Answer the Investigation 3: How do you create an ext3 filesystem on a USB flash drive with a volume label?===2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''

{{Admon/tip | Tip== Investigation 3: | Check the man page for <code>dumpe2fs</code>.}}# Shutdown your computer. (Under the "System" menu)# Insert your removable SATA hard disk, remove your USB flash drive and restart the computer. (Leave your "Live CD" in the computer)# When the computer has restarted and you have logged in. Insert your USB flash drive into the USB port.# Open a terminal window and run the <code>mount</code> command.# It What is quite possible that the device name for your USB flash drive has changed from what you were using previously. Your hardware network configuration is different because now you have a hard drive connected. One way to determine what your USB device name is now is to look at the system log. Use the tail command to view the last 20 lines of the file <code>/var/log/messages</code> There should be kernel entries that were generated when you inserted the device.# Create a Linux ext3 filesystem on the USB device, giving it a volume label of "Lab1", and record the following in in your logbook:#* What is the block size for the new format?#* How many blocks were created?#* How often will the new filesystem be automatically checked?#* What volume label was given to the filesystem?# According to the man page what is the purpose of dumpe2fs?# If you executed dumpe2fs on an MS-DOS filesystem what do you think would be the result?# Mount the USB device onto the mount point /media/lab1# Copy the files <code>/etc/services</code>,<code>/etc/networks</code> to the USB flash drive.==

* Enter {{Admon/tip |Rusty Issuing Linux commands since ULI101?|To be an effective Linux administrator, you need to become comfortable on issuing Linux commands in a shell, and use resources to quickly learn how to properly formulate Linux commands...<br /><br />You can run the following online tutorials to practice (refresh) issuing Linux commands. These tutorials were designed for another course called "OPS435", but you can still use them for practice. Simply open a shell, SSH into the Matrix server (eg. ssh yourusername@matrix.senecac.on.ca) and run the command following 4 tutorials (you can copy and paste these separate pathnames and run like a program):<br /><br />'''/home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial1<br />/home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial2<br />/home/ops435/tutorials/tutorial3<codebr />fdisk /home/ops435/tutorials/vi-l tutorial'''<br /dev/sda><br /code> and describe You can also refer to the output in your log book. The output may be similar section above called '''Linux Command Online Reference''' to see how use use the following:Linux commands to obtain the required information.}}

Disk /dev/sda: 12.0 GB# To check the network configuration settings obtained from the DHCP server, 12072517632 bytes 255 headsrun the following commands, 63 sectors/track, 1467 cylindersdescribing the output in your log book: Units = cylinders of 16065 #* 512 = 8225280 bytes'''ifconfig''' Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System#* '''route''' .#* '''nslookup''' (at the > prompt, enter the word "server" (do not type the quotes) and record the output.Type exit to leave nslookup).<br /><br /># Read and study this weeks' reading about how to use Find the following information in the fdisk command before you go on to output of the next step.above commands:# Review * '''MAC address''' (physical or hardware address) of the man page for ethernet network interface#* '''Subnet mask'''#* '''The IP address''' (logical address) assigned by the fdisk command.DHCP server#* '''The default route''' (gateway)#* '''The DNS nameserver'''

=== Completing '''Check off the Lab ===following items before asking your instructor to check your lab:'''

# USB Formatted as ext2 ( ) # Volume Label is "LAB1" ( ) # USB Mounted '''Arrange evidence for each of these items on <code>/media/lab-one</code> ( ) # Following files on USB services, issueyour screen, networks ( ) # Instructor satisfied with complete then ask your instructor to review them and detailed sign off on the lab notes ( )'s completion:'''

== Preparing * Can login with your "learn" account name* Has the package count* Has correct size partitions for ::* '''root /''' (20GB), '''/home''' (30GB), '''swap''' (8GB):* '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (100GB):* Hint: Can issue '''lsblk''' (listblock command)* Has the correct IP address and MAC address* Find out the default route (gateway)* IP of the Quizzes ==DNS name server* Name and contact information on your disk pack* Lag Logbook (lab1) notes filled-in.

The online readings linked on the course web page contain some useful information about Free and Open Source Software. Use them and Internet searches to answer the following questions to help you prepare = Preparing for the quizzes:Quizzes =

# Who is Linus TorvaldsHow many packages were installed?# How many files (correct to the nearest hundred) were installed?# How many users were created automatically on your system (do not count your learn account)?# Name 3 open source software projects widely used todayWhat is your learn account's UID and GID?# What license agreement does GNU/Linux useis your learn account's home directory?# What are is the home directory for the 4 basic software freedoms that define user "Free Softwareroot"?# Who makes up How do you determine the Fedora Communityhost name of your GNU/Linux workstation?# Name 4 other significant Linux "Distros"What command can display the NIC's MAC address?