Changes

** heat dissipation issue is attributed to the ''power wall'' by which the processor consumed more power to enable higher operating frequencies, thus naturally increasing the heat being generated

As manufacturing processes evolved in accordance with Moore’s Law which saw the size of a transistor shrink, it allowed for the number of transistors packed onto a single processor die (the physical silicon chip itself) to double roughly every two years. This enabled the available space on a processor die to grow, allowing more cores to fit on it than before. This led to an increased demand in thread-level parallelism (TLP) which many applications benefitted from and were better suited for. The addition of multiple cores on a processor also increased the system's overall parallel computing capabilities.

Parallel computing used to be largely confined to High Performance Computing (HPC), system architectures designed to handle high speed and density calculations. When thinking of HPC, supercomputers are generally the types of machines that come to mind. Parallel programming became a significant sub-field in computer science by the late 1960s, and most of the compute-intensive processing was happening on supercomputers that employed multiple physical CPUs on nodes with their respective memory, sitting in blades (or “racks”container/case for the nodes) within racks/cabinets, and networked together in a hybrid-memory model. [[File:Supercomputer anatomy.PNG|thumb|left|1300px|Anatomy of a supercomputer <br/> Source: https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.764059.1600688458!/PDC_Pub_posters_20200101_supercomputer_basics_lres.pdf]] <br clear=all/>

He left in 1972 to form Cray Research and in 1975, announced his own supercomputer, the Cray-1. It was one of the most powerful and most successful supercomputer in history , being the first to successfully implement the vector processor design, and was used until the late 1980s.[[File:Cray-1.jpg|thumb|left|Cray-1 unit at NERSC being repaired <br/>Source: http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/cray-1-nersc-disassembled.jpg]]<br clear=all/> Fast forward to the 2000s, which saw a huge boom in the number of processors working in parallel, with numbers upward in the tens of thousands. Such examples in the evolution in parallel computing, High Performance Computing, and multi-core systems include the fastest supercomputer today, being Japan's Fugaku which was jointly developed by RIKEN and Fujitsu. It boasts an impressive 7.3 million cores, all of which are, for the first time in a supercomputer, ARM-based. It uses a hybrid-memory model and a new network architecture that provides higher cohesion among all the nodes. The success of the new system is a radical paradigm-shift from the departure of traditional supercomputing towards that of ARM-powered systems. It is also proof the designers wanted to highlight that HPC still has much room for improvement and innovation.[[File:Fugaku.jpg|thumb|left|Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FugakuSupercomputerSC19.jpg/220px-FugakuSupercomputerSC19.jpg]][[File:ARM-architecture.jpg|thumb|right|420px|Source: https://www.watelectronics.com/wp-content/uploads/ARM-Architecture.jpg]]<br clear=all/>

Fast forward to the 2000s, which saw a huge boom in the number of processors working in parallel, with numbers upward in the tens of thousands. Such examples in the evolution in parallel computing, High Performance Computing, and multi== Multi-core systems include the fastest supercomputer today, which is Japan's Fugaku. It boasts an impressive 7.3 million cores, all of which are, for the first time products in a supercomputer, ARM-based. It uses a hybrid-memory model and a new network architecture that provides higher cohesion among all the nodes. The success of the new system is a radical paradigm-shift from the departure of traditional supercomputing towards that of ARM-powered systems. It is also proof the designers wanted to highlight that HPC still has much room for improvement and innovation.commercial market ==

== How multicore products were marketed = Multi-core in server systems ===

Since multicore systems offered a lot of extra processing power compared to In the early 2000's, the output progress of a single -core processor, many companies were leaping at the opportunity development was starting to gain more power for their servers at the timediminish. To capitalize on thisAs mentioned above, IBM started development of the first dual-core processor on the marketthey faced issues such as high power consumption, which became available on the market was the IBM POWER4 also resulted in 2001excessive heat. It became highly successful There were many companies running power hungry servers, who wanted to lower the cost of operations from electricity and gave cooling. This is where IBM , a very strong foothold top company in the industry when sold as part of their eServer pSeries workplace servermarket today, the IBM Regatta. They iterated more on the POWER series of processors, and in 2010, expanded the number of cores available from 2 to 8 with the release of the POWER7made a big name for themselves.

While IBM was dominating the market for server CPUs, there was still a hole in the market for integrating multicore into desktop computers. In may of 20152001, AMD IBM was the first company to release a dual-core desktop CPU, processor for UNIX systems on the Athlon 64 x2market. With They called it the cheapest IBM POWER4, and was released as part of their eServer lineup as the pSeries IBM Regatta. Regatta was able to put IBM in the line being $500 spotlight for data centers and large enterprises and the most powerful being $1000, It did not quite match IBM’s “twice was advertised as having "twice the performance for half the cost”cost". HoweverThey iterated more on the POWER series of processors, they were still another large innovation and in 2010, expanded the industry by AMD, and a top competitor for number of cores available from 2 to 8 with the highest power CPU on release of the marketPOWER7.

[[File:Intel coreduo amd athlon.JPG|500px|thumb|Left| Left:Intel Core 2 Duo Right:AMD Athlon 64X2]] Intel released Core series was also the first Intel processor used as the main CPU in an Apple Macintosh computer on January 2006. The Core Duo was the CPU for the first-generation MacBook Pro, while the Core Solo appeared in Apple's Mac Mini line. Core Duo signified the beginning of Apple's shift to Intel processors across the entire Mac line.   The successor to Core is the mobile version of the Intel Core 2 line of processors using cores based upon the Intel Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. The release of the mobile version of Intel Core 2 marked the reunification of Intel's desktop and mobile product lines as Core 2 processors were released for desktops and notebooks. The Core 2 architecture hit a wide range of devices, but Intel needed to produce something less expensive for the ultra-low-budget and portable markets. This led to the creation of Intel's Atom between 2008 and 2009, which used a 26mm2 die, less than one-fourth the size of the first Core 2 dies.