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→Demise of Single-Core and Rise of Multi-Core Systems
The death of single-core processors came at the time of the Pentium 4, when, as mentioned above, excessive heat and power consumption became an issue. At this point, multi-core processors such as the Pentium D were introduced. However, Pentium D was not considered a “true” multi-core processor as what is considered today by definition, due to its design of being two separate single-core dies placed beside each other in the same processor package.
The world's first true multi-core processor was called the POWER4, created in 2001 by IBM. It incorporated 2 physical cores on a single CPU die and implemented IBM's PowerPC 64-bit instruction set architecture (ISA). It was used in IBM's line of workstations, servers, and supercomputers at the time, namely the RS/6000 and AS/400 systems.
=== Earliest Applications of Parallel Computing ===
The idea and application of parallel computing goes back before the time multi-core processors were developed, between the 1960s and 1970s where it was heavily utilized in industries that relied on large investments for R&D such as aircraft design and defense, as well as modelling scientific and engineering problems. Parallel computing gave a significant edge to regular single-threaded programming by enabling more computing power to be directed at compute-intensive application. This enabled complex scientific and engineering simulations and computations to take full advantage of the scaled processing power of parallel systems. The systems allowed simulations for these problems to be accurately modelled and enabled every critical interaction between dynamic events to be tracked and recorded. The code for these simulations employed various parallel computing techniques from Flynn’s Taxonomy MIMD architecture such as SPMD and MPMD.
Today, almost every industry has found at least one or more practical applications for parallel computing, and the world is witnessing its evolving capabilities through one dominant contender: Artificial Intelligence, which has made popular and demanding use of GPUs to build deep learning neural networks.The world's first true multi-core processor was called design and implementation of either parallelizing an existing serial program or writing one from scratch with the parallelization baked in from the POWER4start, used to be a very tedious, iterative, created in 2001 by IBMand error-prone process. It incorporated 2 physical cores on Identification of which parts of a single CPU die program could be parallelized and then implementing them was complex and time-consuming. Over time, various tools have been developed to ease and implemented IBM's PowerPC 64shorten the manual process such as parallelizing compilers, pre-bit instruction set architecture processor directives (ISAlike OpenMP’s). It was used in IBM's line of workstations, servers, and supercomputers compiler flags (like ones used at the terminal or command prompt). The manual process of analyzing potential opportunities for parallelization is still an important step towards determining how much of a performance boost can be achieved and if it is worth investing time, namely the RS/6000 and AS/400 systemsto implement it.
== Domination of Two Semiconductor Giants Intel and AMD In Multi-core Processor Development ==
