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{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.
===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===
|- valign="top" |colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<br> |colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux Command/Shortcut Reference<br> |colspan="1" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br> |- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;" |colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul> | style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix Account Access:'''* List [https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the steps to connect to your Matrix server account -difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in -the -Linux-terminal <ctrl><d>]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<ubr>'''computer labsCommand Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http:/u/man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br> at Seneca College*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , <ctrl><l>]<br> |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul> |} = KEY CONCEPTS= ===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix===
|-| style="padding-left:* Changing your Matrix Account 0px;width:10%" |'''learn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades''/ 'Password'Online Quizzes'')
|-| style="padding-left:* 0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions''/ 'Exiting'Additional Learning Resources'' your Matrix Linux Account
|-| style="padding-left:* Performing 0px;width:10%" |'''Review Questions<span style="color:blue;">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>''' | style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux server environment used for Additional Practice"''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.
[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px120px|A '''shell''' is simply an interface / interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course(slides, etc.), you will also need to learn to get '''issue and memorize simple hands-on practice running Linux commands as well as more advanced Linux commands'''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working the Unix performing and '''Linux command-line environmentssubmitting online tutorials'''.
===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|350px250px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster '''Linux Cluster''' is a '''cost effective ''' alternative to larger servers. ]]
The '''Matrix server ''' consists of '''several Virtual Computers computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. <br>A '''Linux cluster ''' is a '''cost effective ''' alternative to buying larger servers.
All registered students in this course should have access to an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will be using this account for the following reasons:
:* Issuing '''Linux commands'''
:* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell''')
:* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials'''('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''):* Performing '''Linux AssignmentsPractice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''38 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''') ===Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:* Practice Issuing gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Student VPN''' ]] All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix'''Linux Command Review Questionsaccount when outside of campus as a '''network security''' measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA) when logging in to verify you are who you say you are. ''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).''Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication You should have received an e-mail message with instructions on how to set up your smartphone for multi-factor authentication. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the ITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn
In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect''' to and '''login''' to your Matrix server account from a remote computer such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.
=INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=
{{Admon/important|ATTENTION: This weekly tutorial must be completed by ''Friday at 11:59pm in Week 2'' to obtain a grade of ''2%'' towards this course.|It is essential that you complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and on time. These are your major learning tool in the course. There are no late marks.}}
In this section, you will learn how to access your Matrix Linux account by two different methods:
:* From your '''home computer''' <br>
:* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps'''
===METHOD 1: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===
[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]
You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''ssh command'''.<br><br>
'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
# If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br>
# Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br>
# Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br>
<table style="margin-left:50px;">
<tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;">
<th>'''Windows 10 (or above):'''</th>
<th>'''macOS:''' </th>
<th>'''Linux:''' </th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program
*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>
</td>
<td>
*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''
*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>
</td>
<td>
*From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''
*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol>
<li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>
'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>
===METHOD 2: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===
<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don't have access to a Seneca computer lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>
# Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:* From within share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key.<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca College labpassword. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:* From ''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your own computer within or outside Seneca College Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should appear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]
# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER:<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''Perform the Following StepsNOTE:'''You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>
In the next investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the command prompt (referred to as the "shell"), learn how to get help with Linux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, and run a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in order to get marks for this online tutorial.
Some Linux commands can be used as-is (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''), but many Linux commands can also be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -l -a /bin''' ).
# Open TerminalConfirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Login Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as rootyour '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <bspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls<code/span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span>#3366CCIssue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:1''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.3em# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">su ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</codespan># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</bspan># Type* '''Result: ''' The shell should display <bcode>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span>#3366CCIssue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-sizeweight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:1.3emblue;font-weight:bold">yum updateclear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</codespan># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</bspan># Follow * '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the promptssame Linux server as yourself.# If there is a kernel update* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, reboot your systemonly the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (There usually is on a first update after OS installationi.e.cal 2035 2)
= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpaddingGetting Help with Linux Commands="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set | more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar="my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar | grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER = "root" ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You must be root" ''<br> ''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br> ''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}
With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it's important for Linux users and Linux system administrators (sysadmin) to learn how to use commands “on-the-fly”.
You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing''' to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.
==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''Perform the Following Stepsshortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as:'''Linux sysadmin''').
'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]
# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br>
# Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, and see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><ctrl><BACKSPACE></span> and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><ctrl><h></span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line.<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]
These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "hands-on" experience as well as "trouble-shooting experience.
'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
NOTE: ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and REVIEW QUESTIONS
===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===
You are required to perform '''3 online assignments''' throughout this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce<br>Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1''' (midterm) and '''test 2''' (final).
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= LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS =
:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx
Author: Murray Saul
License: LGPL version 3
Link: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html
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[[Category:ULI101]]