[[Category:OPS335]][[Category:OPS335 Labs]]
== OBJECTIVE & PREPARATION==
In this This lab, we will look at several separate technologies that are used with 's primary focus is to set up a Samba server on a Linux server in order to allow MS Windows users to share common files from the Apache web Linux's Samba server to install, configure and run web applications.
The basic purpose of the Apache web server is to serve text pagesThis lab will first install, imagessetup, and other static enable a Samba server. Then users will access files. You can format those web-pages to appear nice, but they would lack dynamic functionality on the Linux Samba server from Linux and Windows client machines (i.e. the ability to change colors or font-size when the mouse moves over a link, button, etcboth graphically and command line). In other words using Apache web-server as a sole application would not make your web-pages more interesting.
If we want to add more features for our web-page (eg. dynamic functionality, security, e-commerce, etc), your webserver would need additional help. To provide additional help requires several resources - more than just the web server itself. ==INVESTIGATION 1: INSTALLING & CONFIGURING A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is referred to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').SAMBA SERVER==
In your previous OPS235 course, your second assignment may have required you setup a similar series of services in order to run a Wiki on one of your virtual machines. In this labinvestigation, we will set up another example of a '''"LAMP solution"Samba server''' on our ''' that VM2''' machine. We will allow first install, configure and enable the user samba server on our virtual machine, and then we will quickly test to run webmail in a web-browser to send and receive e-mail messagessee if the Samba server works.
[[Image:lamp.png|thumb|right|300px|To provide additional help make your web resource more dynamic (for web apps such as webmail) several services are also required. A popular acronym to represent these foundations and servers is referred to as '''LAMP'''. It stands for '''Linux''', '''Apache''', '''MySQL''', and '''PHP''' (or ''Python'').<br><br>Image by Shmuel Csaba Otto Traian,<br>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=28224098)<br>(via: [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0]) ]]
=== Online Resources==='''Perform the following steps:'''
* (Course Notes on #Make certain that both your '''VM1''' and '''VM2''' machines are running.#Switch to your '''VM2''' machine as the Apache Web Server)'''root''' user.* [http#Issue the following Linux command to install Samba server utlity:<br>'''yum install samba samba-client'''<br>#Copy the file '''/etc/samba/wwwsmb.hitmillconf''' to another filename by issuing the following command:<br>'''cp /etc/samba/smb.comconf /etc/computerssamba/apachesmb.conf.htm Apache Resources]original'''* [http:#Clear the contents of the configuration file by running '''cat /dev/null > /etc/samba/wwwsmb.liquidwebconf'''#Edit '''/etc/samba/smb.comconf''' so that the file that contains the following lines: [global] workgroup = WORKGROUP server string = "put your real name here without the quotes" encrypt passwords = yes security = user passdb backend = tdbsam [home] comment = "put your real name here without the quotes" path = /kbhome/how-to-install-apache-on-centos-7/ Installing Apache Webserver on Centos7<yourSenecaID> public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 [homes]* comment = automatic home share public = no writable = yes printable = no create mask = 0765 browseable = no<ol><li value="3">Append (add) the following parameter to the bottom of the '''[httpglobal] section''' that will limit access to the share so that only machines in your virtual network will be able to access it:</li></wwwol> hosts allow = 192.w3schools168.com/php/defaultx. 127.0.0.asp PHP Tutorial] 1<ol><li value="4">Append (w3schools.comadd)* the following parameter to the '''[httphome] section''' so that only your user account can access that share:</li></www.w3schools.com/sqlol> valid users = <yourSenecaID><ol><li value="5">Create a Samba account and password for yourSenecaID by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbpasswd -a <yourSenecaID>'''</ MySQL li></ SQL Language Resources] (w3schools.com)ol>
== INVESTIGATION 1{{Admon/tip|Changing Existing Samba Account Passwords|If you need to change a user's existing Samba account password, you can issue the following command as root: SETTING UP A LAMP SOLUTION =='''smbpasswd username'''.}}
<ol><li value=== Install"6">Confirm the user you created has been added using the following command:<br>'''pdbedit -L -v'''</li><li>Test and review your configuration with the command:<br>'''testparm'''</li><li>Use the '''systemctl''' command to start the smb.service and enable the service to run on boot-up</li><li>If you have SELinux set to enforcing, you'll will need to tell it to allow samba access to home directories by running: <br> '''setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1'''</li><li>Use the '''ss -nautp''' command to see with port Samba is running on.</li><li>Use the information in the previous step to modify the firewall on VM2 machine to allow samba traffic.</li><li>Test to see that you can connect to your Samba server (locally) by issuing the following command:<br>'''smbclient -U <yourSenecaID> -L 127.0.0.1'''</li><li>When prompted, Configure & Run a Webserver enter your Samba account password.</li><li>The output from that issued command show appear similar to example displayed below:</li></ol> Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- home Disk Your Name IPC$ IPC IPC Service (Apache"Your Name") Domain=[WORKGROUP] OS=[Windows 6.1] Server=[Samba 4.2.3] Server Comment ------ ------- WorkGroup Master --------- ------ <ol><li value="13">To access the Samba client shell on your local Samba share, issue the following command:<br>'''smbclient '\\127.0.0.1\home' -U <yourSenecaID>'''</li><li>Enter your Samba account password.</li><li>Issue the help command to note common commands (''dir'', ''cd'', ''ls'', ''put'', ''get''). Note how similar they are to ''sftp'' commands.</li><li>Enter '''exit''' to terminal your local Samba session.</li></ol>
Next we need You can use smbclient to installaccess, configure browse and run share files within other Linux and Windows servers using a webserver on one variety of our Linux VMstools which will be demonstrated in Investigations 2 and 3.
{{Admon/tip |Apache Webserver Resources|Apache web-server configuration can be a very complex topic (covering an entire course!). Although this '''Record steps, commands, and your observations in INVESTIGATION 1 in your OPS335 lab focuses only on one small application of a weblog-server, you can refer to the following link to refer to additional configuration help: [http://www.hitmill.com/computers/apache.htm Apache Resources].}}book'''
'''Perform the following steps==INVESTIGATION 2:'''CONNECTING TO A LINUX SMB SERVER FROM A LINUX CLIENT==
#Make certain In this investigation you are in your '''VM1''' machine.#Install the Apache package (the name will explore some of the package is: '''httpd''').#Start the httpd service, and enable this service different ways to start automatically upon system startup.#Using access a shared directory from a text browser such as lynx on vm1 go to localhost. You should get the "Fedora Test Page" which indicates your web server is running on the local virtual Linux client machine.#Make certain to configure your firewall to allow access to the httpd service (i.e. the Apache serves HTTP traffic which goes over TCP port '''80'''VM1) and to update the firewall_restore script to include it.#Open a web-browser in your '''host''' machine and enter the following URL: '''vm1.youruserid.org'''.<br />If you setup your Apache webserver correctly, you should be able to view the Apache Test page.#Although we will not be exploring webservers in depth, we will have you create a simple webpage for testing purposes, then later setup a web resource for webmail.#The term '''DocumentRoot''' specifies where the Apache webserver will search for documents to serve. Create the file '''index.html''' in your '''DocumentRoot''' directory with the following contents (replace the date with the current one):
<pre>Hello, this is a web page on vm1.yourid.org === Installing and the current time is Mar 28 22:16:27 EDT 2016!</pre>Using smbclient ===
<ol><li value="9">If you refresh your web-browser page in your browser, you should see the contents of your ''index.html'' document. If you wish, you can specify the filename index.html in the address, but it is not necessary, since the file index.html is automatically loaded by default when the URL refers to that directory containing that file.</li></ol>
'''Perform the following steps on your VM1'''
{{Admon/tip |Using #Install the '''index.htmlsamba-client''' file|It is considered to be a "best practice" to create and '''index.htmlcifs-utils''' files for newly-created subdirectories within packages.#Use the "smbclient" command in a terminal window.<source> smbclient '\\vm2\home''DocumentRoot''' (or users' '''public_html''' directories) -U <yourSenecaID></source>#After entering your password you should get a prompt similar to:<source> smb: \></source>#Enter the ls command to force see a display list of a web-page, instead of viewing the directories "index" listing of files in your home directory:<source> smb: \> ls</source>#Once you have access to the directory use the get and put commands (from "curious eyes"similar to ftp): that is why to move files.#When you are finished close the name of the file is called connection.# Try again using '''[homes]'''"index.html"share instead<source> smbclient '\\vm2\homes'.}}-U <yourSenecaID></source>
Note that this tool only gave temporary access with a limited set of commands.
<ol><li value="10">Refresh your web-page by issuing the keycombination: == Using '''ctrlmount -rt cifs'''. Notice that the time doesn't change as you refresh the page. This indicates that the page is static (not dynamic) indicating that the page does not change (i.e. boring!).</li></ol>===
=== Creating a PHP Script ===Instead of always having to use the smbclient command to connect to your network share, you can have the share automatically mounted upon your file server boot-up.
In order to allow us to run a webserver application in a web-browser, we need a scripting language that will allow the web-browser to function dynamically (i.e. being able to change frequently, as opposed to being "static" or unchanging). In this section, we will demonstrate how a scripting language (PHP) can be used for the web-browser to react in a more dynamic fashion.
{{Admon/tip |PHP Scripting Language|PHP code is considered to be a language that runs on the web-server (i.e. "server-side programming"). PHP code can be embedded in an HTML document (HTML code), and use the resources on the "server-side" to make the web document or resource more dynamic (eg. database access, etc). Although it is not '''Perform the purpose of this course to learn about and create PHP documents, here is a quick resource following steps on PHP: [http://www.w3schools.com/php/default.asp PHP Tutorial]}}your VM1'''
#Issue the following commands to create a mount-point and to mount your home directory from your vm2 machine:<source> mkdir /tmp/vm2-home mount -t cifs //vm2/home /tmp/vm2-home -o username=<yourSenecaID> ls /tmp/vm2-home</source>#Create a file in that directory, then switch to '''vm2''' to confirm that it was created.#Use umount on '''Perform the following steps:vm1'''to unmount that directory.
#Copy the '''index.html''' file to '''index.php''' and modify it to contain:
<pre>Hello, Note that this is a web page on vm1tool would leave the directory mounted until the machine rebooted or it was manually unmounted.yourid It would also allow other users access to the directory, as it effectively became part of the local filesystem.org and the current time is <?php system It could even be added to fstab to be mounted on boot ("date"though this would require another configuration file we don't cover); ?>!</pre>.
<ol><li value="2">On your host machine, again refresh your web-browser. Notice that in a web browser the ''index.php'' file isn't treated as a default page and the contents don't contain the date, but instead are displaying the text in the php code you entered into the index.php file (refer to above code).</li><li>The reason this occurs is that the PHP interpreter hasn't been installed on your vm by default.</li><li>Install the php package on your vm1 machine, and restart your webserver. NOTE=INVESTIGATION 3: The php package comes with a working default Apache configuration so you don't need to enable it manually.</li><li>Refresh the webpage for your web-browser on your host machine. You should now notice that you see the date instead of the call to the date command. Refresh your webpage several times to see how the time changes. This is simply a "trivial example" of dynamic web content does it does provide a simple demonstration of how scripting languages can be used to create more dynamic webpages.</li></ol>CONNECTING TO A SAMBA SERVER FROM A WINDOWS CLIENT==
=== Controlling Access This investigation will configure your VM2 machine to Pages ===act as a Samba File server to allow Windows OS Users access to the Linux Samba server files.
*Now, as root ===Accessing Files on your gateway/host, try to forward incoming http connections that arrive on your host to the web server on vm1. Use an iptables command something like this:<pre>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *yourinterface* -p tcp --dport 80 -j DNAT --to 192.168.X.2</pre>*You will also need to create a rule in the FORWARD chain in the default table to accept connections to port 80.*To test this setup you'll need to ask a classmate on another PC to try to use a browser to view your web page. S/he'll have to enter your host's external interface IP number in their browser's address window.*Have them view both index.html and index.php*create a new directory inside your '''DocumentRoot''' and move index.php inside it.*Have your partner view both files again.*We will now modify the settings on the web-server to prevent machines outside our network from accessing the private directory.*Add the following directory statement to your apache configuration (making sure to replace the X with your own network octet):<pre><Directory "/var/www/html/private"> AllowOverride None Require ip 192.168.X.0/24</Directory></pre>*This sets up separate rules and access permissions for that subdirectory.*Your partner should no longer be able to access any pages in the private directory (or any sub-directories of it), but your other internal machines (including your host) should still have access.Linux Samba Server via Windows Explorer ===
=== InstallWith some additional "tweaking" to your Linux Samba server configuration file, Configure and Run MySQL Database Server ===you should be able to access files on that file from a Windows machine on the same network. You will be creating a Samba share for your home directory of your regular user account.
We complete '''Perform the last piece of the puzzle by installing, configuring and running a database server to support your webmail application that will be installed and setup in a later lab.following tasks:'''
MySQL # Make certain that your '''VM2''' machine is used to allow storage running, is still allowing samba traffic through the firewall, and retrieval of structured datais still running the samba service.# Use the Windows machine you are already running Vmware on. SQL is If you have a Linux host - good for you, you can either use a command language Windows VM or skip this part.# Add the prerouting and forwarding rules to your host's iptables necessary to redirect samba traffic from outside your network to your VM2, making sure to replace the X with your own network address.::<code>iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp --dport 139 -d 192.168.X.3 -j ACCEPT</code>::<code>iptables -I FORWARD -p tcp --dport 445 -d 192.168.X.3 -j ACCEPT</code>::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 139 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.X.3</code>::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --dport 445 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.X.3</code>OR with specifing the interface (used by scripting languages such as PHPwhichever works) :::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *externalinterface* -p tcp --dport 139 -j DNAT --to allow programmers -destination 192.168.X.3</code>::<code>iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i *externalinterface* -p tcp --dport 445 -j DNAT --to access databases contained within a server -destination 192.168.X.3</code>where *externalinterface* is an interface name (or other servers via a networke.g. ens33) <br>'''NOTE:''' when you restart libvirtd, it will move your FORWARD rules to be used within web-based applications via the web-browserend of the chain, invalidating them.# Modify the '''hosts allow''' setting on your '''vm2''' to also accept connections from the windows machine you are using.# Open the Windows File Explorer application.# At the top of the application, enter the following:<br>'''\\EXTERNAL_IPADDR_OF_HOST\home'''
We won't spend much time learning the details of MySQL configuration but you need a basic server set up. You may remember when setting up MySQL from OPS235 - it is basically the same concept.{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
{{Admon/tip |MySQL / SQL Language Resources- valign="top"|Again, MySQL can [[Image:samba-login.png|thumb|right|300px|You will be a complex topicprompted (once only) for the Samba user-name and password for your '''VM2''' machine). ]]|[[Image: Seneca has an entire course that concentrates on using SQL commands! Here is samba3-map-drive.png|thumb|right|300px|You can create a link to MySQL / SQL Language resources: [http'''mapped network drive (z://www)''' for your Linux Samba server network share).w3schools.com/sql/ MySQL / SQL Language Resources].}]|}
<ol><li value="5"> You will be prompted to enter your samba username and password (one time only). Refer to screenshot on right.<br><br>'''Perform NOTE:''' It may take approximately 30 seconds to display the file contents.<br><br></li><li>Were you successful? You should have received an error stating the your credentials are incorrect. You will notice that it adds SENEDS to the beginning of your user name, as the Seneca machine is pre-configured to be part of that workgroup.</li><li>Change the workgroup parameter in smb.conf on VM2 to match the seneca domain SENEDS, and try to connect again.</li><li>Were you successful? If not, try to troubleshoot the problem first, then ask your lab assistant or instructor for assistance.</li><li>Close the Windows File Explorer application window.</li><li>Click on the '''START''' menu, and click on '''This PC'''.</li><li>Click on the following stepsMap Network Drive button, and create a '''mapped network drive''' (called it drive '''Z:''') which is a Samba share of your VM2 machine for the home directory.</li><li>When finished, click on '''Network''' in Windows file manager to confirm that the network share is present.</li><li>Try to create a file on Windows on your Linux Samba machine. Were you able to create a save a file?</li><li>Switch to your VM2 machine and check to see if that file was created in your home directory.</li></ol>
#Install '''mariadb-server'''.<br {{Admon/><br /> The MySQL and MariaDB are actually two <u>separate</u> projects run by different groups, yet they are compatible; therefore, you can use documentation from one to configure the other. <br><br>#important |Backup your VMs!|You MUST perform a '''NOTE:full backup''' When installing mariadb, make certain that of ALL of your VMs whenever you have not just the complete your '''clientOPS335 labs''' but also the or when working on your '''server softwareOPS335 assignments'''.#When you start the MySQL service, check the system log file for instructions regarding how to set the root password. Even though we will not configure our MySQL service to You should be accessible over the network, it is accepted as a "best practice" configuring for network access for each MySQL installation.#Note that the MySQL service has two root passwords:<ul><li>For the localhost</li><li>For external requests</li></ul>#Refer to the log file to learn how to run the two commands in order to generate the appropriate passwords.<br><br>NOTE: Use a password you make up yourself, but do <u>not</u> generate a secret password, since you will be storing that password in a plain text file for later reference.#Start the service and ensure that it will start automatically every time using the machine bootsdump or rsync command VMs.}}
=== Test Connection to MySQL Database Server ===*While the web server (with php), and MySQL server may be working individually, we need to ensure that they can connect to each other.*Since this test will involve storing the database password in a plain-text html file, we want to make sure no one else can access it.*Modify the Directory statement for your private directory to prevent any machine other than your vm1 from accessing it.*Re-start the web-server and try to access the page from another machine. Make sure that you can '''not''' do so before you continue.*Install the '''php-mysql''' module so that the installation of php your web server is using can execute sql statements. You will have to restart the service after installing it.*Modify the index.php page in your private directory to match the code below. This will test that your web server can connect to the database (replace the userRecord steps, passwordcommands, and database with values appropriate for your machine).<pre><?php$mysqli = new mysqli("localhost", "user", "password", "database");if ($mysqli->connect_errno) { echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: (" . $mysqli->connect_errno . ") " . $mysqliobservations from this INVESTIGATION in your OPS335 lab log->connect_error;}echo $mysqli->host_info . "\n";?></pre>*Once that page shows a successful connection on your VM (book'''Localhost via UNIX socket''') this step is complete.*You have now established that the web server is able to run code which can interract with the database. This will allow dynamic pages to make use of information stored there when providing resources to your users.
'''Record steps, commands, and your observations on this investigation in your OPS335 lab log-book''' == COMPLETING THE LAB ==You now In completing this lab you have gained experience using a complete LAMP stack and could host a variety of web-pages service that could include dynamically generated content and database allows remote accessto files stored on a Linux server. '''Depending on your professor you will either be asked You have also learned how to use several different tools to submit the lab in classaccess those files, or onlineboth from a Linux and Windows client. Follow the appropriate set of instructions below.'''
===Online Submission===
Follow the instructions for lab 5 on moodleblackboard.<!--===Andrew's sections===
===In Class Submission===You may choose to:Students should be prepared with * Submit screenshots of your work on Blackboard, in which case you don'''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior t need to come to the lab.* Or come to calling the instructor for signoff''lab, show me your work, and talk to me about it. I want to hear what you've learned and answer any questions you have.
You'''Arrange evidence (command output) for each ll get the same grade regardless of these items on how you choose to submit your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''work.
To be completed by an instructor who uses in::<span style="color:green;font-class submissionssize:1.5em;">✓</span> Proof of network share of VM2 machine from Windows VM via Windows Explorer application::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall settings on your Windows VM to allow Linux Samba network share::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Display contents of '''/etc/samba/smb.conf''' file on VM2 machine::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Firewall exceptions (both machines) to allow Samba traffic::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Download and run '''https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~andrew.smith/ops335/labcheck5.bash'''::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>Completed Lab5 log-book notes.-->
==EXPLORATION QUESTIONS==
# What does the term LAMP SMB stand for?#What does CIFS stand for? Briefly describe the purpose of each of the following items in LAMP.# What is the major difference between a static web document and a dynamic documentpurpose of the '''testparm''' command?# What does the term text inside square brackets in the '''smb.conf''' file mean? (e.g., "server-side programming[home]" mean?).# What is Explain the purpose meaning of creating and using an indexthe line "create mask = 0765" in the smb.html conf file?# What is does the purpose of creating and using an index.php file'''smbpasswd''' command do?
