SPO600 Servers

Preparatory Steps

In order to gain access to these computers, you must send an SSH key to your professor.

An account will be created within a few work days of sending the key.

Check Your Key!
Your professor uses an automated script to create accounts, so the key must be valid, in the OpenSSH format, and correctly named in order to work successfully.

Available Servers

The names of servers within CDOT are based on the names of countries. There is no significance to the country names.

AArch64: israel.cdot.systems

A main AArch64 system is available, known as israel. This machine has a lot of mid-range cores. You can access this system at the hostname israel.cdot.systems; if you're using a command-line ssh system, you can access aarchie with a command such as this:

ssh username@israel.cdot.systems

x86_64: portugal.cdot.systems

The x86_64 server system is known as portugal. If you're using a command-line ssh system, you can access xerxes with a command such as this:

ssh username@portugal.cdot.systems

Simplified SSH Access

If you're using OpenSSH (the ssh client used on most Linux systems and other platforms), you can simplify ssh command lines by placing host connection details in the file ~/.ssh/config:

Host "portugal"
        hostname "portugal.cdot.systems"
        user "YourUserID"

Host "israel"
        hostname "israel.cdot.systems"
        user "YourUserID"

Once you have added these lines (inserting your user ID where appropriate) and set the permission on that file (chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config) you can use these commands to access the servers:

ssh israel

ssh portugal

You can similarly configure simplified access in most other SSH client programs.

Multiuser Access

Remember that these machines are multi-user systems. Use the w or who commands to see who else is using them; you can also try using the write command to communicate with another user if required.

Sudo Access

To perform operations which require privilege, such as installing software, use the sudo command to execute the desired instruction as the root user.

For example, to install the software packaged ncurses-devel, execute: sudo dnf install ncurses-devel on xerxes or sudo yum install ncurses-devel on betty. The commands are different because Xerxes is running Fedora, which has transitioned from the older yum system to dnf, while Betty is running LEAP (based on CentOS), which still uses the older system.

Danger! Use Superuser privilege at your Own Risk.
Note that the use of the superuser account via sudo removes almost all restrictions on what you can do. It is easily possible for you to completely destroy the operating system! Take your time, double-check your commands, and if in doubt, ask. Be aware that your actions may affect other users and vice-versa.

Do Not Build or Install Software Except Via RPM (dnf/yum) or DEB (apt)
Do not build or install software as the root user (using sudo), except in RPM or DEB form using the dnf/yum or apt commands (as appropriate to the system). Building or installing software as root may overwrite system files and be very difficult to track down.

It is OK to install software into your own directories (e.g., ~/bin or ~/local), which can be done without root privilege.

In order to use sudo, you will need to know your password. An initial random password is provided in the file ~/password.txt (note that your password will be different on each server). Feel free to change this with the passwd command -- not by editing the file, which is provided only for your information!

SSH Access from Other Client Systems

If you wish to access the servers from additional computers, you can append the SSH public keys from those computers to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file.

OS Versions

The current servers are both running Fedora 35 and will be updated from time to time. The two machines may not be updated at the same time, so the versions of software may vary slightly.

Backup Your Accounts

These accounts are never backed up, and the machines may fail, lose data, or be reinstalled without warning at any time. Please back up your work frequently by copying it to another system or storage device.

Common SSH Problems

With the OpenSSH client:

1. Your ssh private key must be in your ~/.ssh directory (which must have 0700 permission) and the private key file must have 0600 permissions -- no more and no less.
2. If your SSH public key is not named ~/.ssh/id_rsa, your SSH client may not automatically find it. You can specify the identity (private key) file using the -i argument to the SSH command.}}

With other SSH clients:

1. Your key must be in OpenSSH format when you send it to your professor; this format is used by the default SSH client on Mac OS/X and Linux as well as PuTTY. If it is in SSH2 format, used by some other client programs, you can convert it with this command on a Linux system with OpenSSH (such as Matrix):

ssh-keygen -i -f ~/.ssh/SSH2_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE.pub > ~/.ssh/OPENSSH_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE.pub

Your professor will do this automatically as part of the key processing; however, you will need to manually perform this step for any keys that you append to your ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file(s).

Disconnect/Reconnect Ability

The screen utility provides disconnect/reconnect capability, which is very useful for unstable network connections, long interactive operations, and changing your work location.