:'''The concept of collaborating on-line is <u>not</u> new'''. Even the predecessor to the Internet ('''ARPAnet''') which was developed by the U.S. military in the 60's to make it harder was used as a deterrent for an adversary to eliminate all make the "first nuclear missile sitestrike", thus creating the '''MAD doctrine ''' (Mutually Assured Destruction). This, in turn, led to reduction of nuclear arms and non-proliferation treaties. In the 70s and 80s, there was a need for nuclear and rocket scientist to collaborate to advance nuclear missile research (since each department needed to see the "big picture" as opposed to only their particular contribution. It just do happened to be that '''these scientists worked in research organizations, universities and colleges, allowing instructors and students to start using those tools such as e-mail, and web-browsers accessing the World Wide Web'''.