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→OSI Referenece Model
=Data communication Model=
==OSI Referenece Model==
* Created by ISO International Standardization Organization in 1984* It is a Severn-layer data communication model* This model is used as a frame of reference for describing protocol architectures and functional characteristics* The following describes the SEVEN layer of the OSI reference model, from top to bottom: 7 Application layer 6 Presentation layer 5 Session Layer 4 Transport Layer 3 Network Layer 2 Data Link Layer 1 Physical Layer===Application Layer===This layer allows programs to access network services.===Presentation Layer===This layer determines how application data should be formatted when exchanged between network computers.===Session Layer===This layer is used to establish a communication connection called a session between two applications on separate hosts.===Transport Layer===This layer segments and reassembles data into a data stream and provides an end-to-end connection between source and destination hosts.===Network Layer===This layer manages the addressing of messages and the translation of logical addresses to physical addresses. This layer also use the best effort method to determine how to route packets to its destination.===Data Link Layer===This layer is responsible for translating data bits into data frames and sends the data frames to from the network layer to the physical layer.===Physical Layer===This layer defines the characteristics of the hardware required to carry the data transmission signal. It is responsible for transmitting bits from one computer to another using a physical medium.
=TCP/IP Protocol Architecture=