:In advance of this lab, you will install a current distribution of Linux to be used as in a host machineVirtual Machine on your external SSD. You will NOT be required to setup Virtual Machines for do all of your future work within this lab VM (that will be covered in a future labincluding quizzes!). You will then setup your Python scripting environment on your host machine, including the setup the of '''python''' libraries and also the setup of a user-friendly interactive Python environment called '''ipython'''. You will also install additional framework tools (such as '''git''', '''vim''', and '''tmux''') to be used in later labs.

:After selecting an appropriate text editor to use, then you will start to create '''Python''' scripts to learn basic operations such as: '''printing text''', '''using variablesobjects''', and performing '''math operations'''.

:Centos 7 - release 1161 1810 will be used for this course. The purpose for this is to allow you to use a consistent and stable '''RedHat''' based OS, and to lower the amount of new linux distros that you need to learn.

:::*Download at Seneca College: CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file): http://belmont.senecacollege.ca/pub/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-16111810.iso:::*Download outside Seneca College: http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-EverythingDVD-16111810.iso

::*'''CPUs:''' 4(Number of processors: 1, Number of cores per processor: 4)

:#Regardless of the Linux distribution that is used for this course, these lab will be using and referring to the current version of '''Centos7CentOS 7''' (Graphical Desktop) for our main Linux machine. When creating your VM, refer to the '''Details / Minimum Requirements''' section above for assistance. :#Install Centos7 CentOS 7 VM selecting the default partitions. When you have finished the installation of Centos7CentOS 7, you may proceed to the next step.<blockquote style="margin-left:35px;">{{Admon/important|style="padding-left:25px"|Unit Evaluation Feedback Scripts|Each '''Part''' (within an 'Investigation) is referred to as a '''Unit'''. Each Unit will require that the student download and run a '''Unit Evaluation Feedback Script''', which provides the OPS435 student "real-time feedback" of their completed work.<br>This feedback is not considered to be perfect or fool-proof; however, it may provide feedback (hints) in case a student gets stuck or experiences an error when performing administration tasks or when creating their Python scripts. These unit evaluation feedback scripts can also be used to confirm that the student's Python script is on the right track, and provide a consistent record of their Python scripting progress throughout their labs.}}</blockquote>

<!--<ol><li value="3" style="margin-left:25px;">Issue the following commands (as a regular user) in order to setup, download and run the first unit evaluation feedback script:<br><source lang="bash">

In order to learn how to use python on your Linux machine, it is important to setup your Linux environment and learn how to interact with a Python shell. The following should be done on a terminal as the superuser (i.e. root).

'''VimGeany''' (recommended text editor for labs)<br>A simple graphical text editor for developers. It is available in the CentOS package repositories.<br>'''Vim'''<br>vim is a powerful text editor for system administration and programming tasks. All of the shortcuts and commands you've learned over the years will help you edit programs efficiently.<br>'''Geany'''<br>A simple graphical text editor for developers. It is available in the CentOS package repositories.<br>

<li style="margin-left:25px;">Issue Exit from the superuser shell to your regular user shell and issue the following commands in your shell to check your work for this section:<source lang="bash">mkdir -p ~/ops435/lab1/

</source>We should now have a list of all the bash commands available in IPython. Shortly, we will go over how to add new bash commands into this environment, but you must remember that these commands are only here to assist in your python scripting - we are NOT here to learn bash commands.<br><br>:#Next lets add a new bash command that seems to be missing from this list:<source> alias vim vim</source>:#Run the vim command to see that it works, then exit your vim editing session without saving.:#The vim command will give us our much needed syntax highlighting, while we are editing scripts from within the IPython environment. Unfortunately, these magic '''alias''' functions do not save in between sessions when defined temporarily, this creates a problem since you would have to create them '''every time''' you start IPython. It will instead display an error message indicating that the alias command does not exist:<source> exit ipython3 vim</source> You should notice an error message indicating invalid syntax. This occurs since you need to create a config file to make this alias persist in-between sessions. You need to exit your ipython session in order to edit this configuration file.<br><br>:#Exit your current IPython session:<source> exit</source>:#Now, create a new ipython alias configuration file and add the following content to it:<source> vim ~/.ipython/profile_default/startup/00-alias.ipy </source>:#Place your newly defined alias inside this file:<source> %alias vim vim</source>:#Save and exit the file. Now let's return to our IPython shell and confirm that our alias is available right away:<source> ipython3 vim</source><br>At this point vim should open successfully and you should now understand how to create new IPython aliases and store them persistently. Use these aliases to customize your environment with any bash commands you thing IPython is missing.<br><br>:# Exit vim and return to the IPython shell. <br><br>

<ol><li value="146" style="margin-left:25px;">Issue the following command to exit your ipython session:<source>

:In this investigation we will start writing our very first python scripts. These will be very basic and help us practice syntax and foundation skills, such as: outputting text to the screen, storing data inside variablesobjects, and using math operators. <blockquote style="margin-left:35px;">{{Admon/important|style="padding-left:25px"|Object and Variable|The terms '''object''' and '''variable''' are used to refer to a data item in computer programming. The term '''variable''' are mostly used in 3rd generation programming/scripting languages (e.g. bash) while the term '''object''' is preferred in object oriented programming/scripting languages like Python. In the context of Python programming/scripting, When you see the term '''variable''' in the lab instructions, it can be replaced by the term '''object'''.}}</blockquote> 

====Printing TextCreating the introductory "Hello World" Script====

:Let's start IPython interpreter You will learn to create a simple python script in this section. This python script will just print the text "hello world". The "hello world" an old traditional first program students usually are taught to create, which is based on the first programming example from the first C programming text co-written by Dennis Ritchie, the creator of the C programming language and start writing some Brian Kernighan. You will learn how to run the python script in the python3 shell as well as learn how to run the python codescript from the bash shell.

 :#Issue the following commands:<source> ipython3 cd Create a new python file in your ~/ops435/lab1 pwd ls</source>Our directory. Call it lab1a.py. The first python Python code we will write is going to call the print function. A function is code that has been defined in another location. Functions can take arguments, use these arguments in some way, and then usually return a result. The first function we will use is the "print()" functions, it's sole purpose is to output information to the screen.<br><br>:#At the prompt, execute Add the followingline into your source code file:<source>

</source>And run it from the command-line: <source>python3 ./lab1a.py</source>You will notice that nothing happened when is printed even though we ran this called the "print()" function. This is because we didn't pass any arguments to it, lets try again.<br><br>:# Issue the following functionModify your call to print() to inlcude an argument ('hello world'):<br><source>

 =<ol><li value===Creating the introductory "Hello World5" Scriptstyle==== You will learn to create a simple python script in this section. This python script will just print the text "hello world". The "hello world" an old traditional first program students usually are taught to create, which is based on the first programming example from the first C programming text comargin-written by Dennis Ritchie, the creator of the C programming language and Brian Kernighan. You will learn how to run the python script in the ipython3 shell as well as learn how to run the python script from the bash shell. left:'''Perform the following steps:''' :# Using a text editor, open a new text file called '''lab1a.py''':<source lang="bash25px;">vim ~/ops435/lab1/lab1a.py</source> :#Write the following code into our python file. Note the she-bang line at the top of the file to run this script in the python3 environment. You will need to add this she-bang line for all python scripts you create for this course.<source lang="python">

<li style="margin-left:#Save the file and quit vim. We will now go over the process 25px;">Another way of manually running this python scripta pythion program is executing it directly, e. Both in the Bash shell and in the IPython shellg.:#Now lets try running the script directly from the IPython shell by issuing the follwoing commands:<source>run ~/ops435/lab1./lab1atest.py</source>Your python script should have run, if you have any errors you should check Note that you typed the script in exactly. Be careful of extra spaces, symbols, letters, or lowercase/uppercase differences.<br><br>:# Issue the following command to exit your ipython session:<source>exit</source>:#Now, from the Bash shell we file will give need execute permissions even though you ran it the correct Linux permissions in order to run your newly-created python scriptjust fine earlier. This Why is just showing the multiple ways you can use this python script. You are not required to have IPython running on a system, however hopefully we can use IPython's powerful features to our advantage.that? :# Run your python script by issuing the following commands:<source langli style="bashmargin-left:25px;">chmod 755 ~/ops435/lab1/lab1a.pypython3 ~/ops435/lab1/lab1a.py</source>:#Download the check script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<source lang="bash">

<li style="margin-left:#25px;">Before moving on to the next step make sure you identify any and all errors in "lab1a.py". When the check script tells you everything is "ok", you may proceed to the next step.</ol>

=== PART 2 - Working with Variables Python Objects ===

:A variable In Python, an object is used to store data for use later in the program. This data can be a string, integer, decimal number, characters, etc. We will only be covering '''string''' and '''integer''' variables in this lab. You will learn and use other variable python object types in future labs.

==== String Variables Objects ====

:String variables objects contain text to be used in your program. Examples of strings could be user-names, full-names, item descriptions, etc. We will now demonstrate to assign a string to a variable an object and how to display contents stored in a string variablesobject.

:#First, launch the ipython3 shellCreate a python script (called lab1b.py) and first - start with a few simple things to try:<source>ipython3</source>:#Let's make a new variable object containing a value by issuing the following command:<source lang="python">

:#Now lets try something new, we are going to print out the string and concatenate/combine it with another string. The plus sign can be used to join 2 strings together. However, make sure that your variable object is always outside the quotes, or it will not resolve to a value.<source lang="python">

:#To gain practice, create a complete your python script (called lab1b.py) with the following content and details:

::::* The script should use a single variable object called "name"::::* The value of the "name" variable object should be "Isaac"

run ./lab1b.py

<li style="margin-left:25px;"> Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in "lab1b.py". When the check script tells you everything is "ok", you may procede proceed to the next step.</li></ol>

==== Integer VariablesObjects====

:Integer variables In Python, integer objects are used to store a an integer numbers that can be used for mathematical operations (discussed in the next section). Integers do NOT contain decimals, and they can be signed (+ or -) or unsigned. Here we will store integers in a variableobject, perform math operations, and display the results.

:#Enter the following command Create a python script (called lab1c.py) and first - start with a few simple things to access the python prompttry:<source>ipython3</source>:#Lets create some new variables objects to play with.<source lang="python">

:#You can print the values in those integer objects:<source lang="python">print(num1)print(num2)</source>:#Now we will make a new variable integer object and try some math:<source lang="python">

</source><br>This will add the values contained in the variables integer objects together, providing a sum. However you will note that there is no output. First lets Let's inspect the new value.<br><br>:#Enter the following command:<source lang="python">sum</source><br>Does this value look right? Are you sure? If we wanted to print this out to the screen we could use the following python code.<br><br>:#Enter the following function:<source lang="python">

</source>Does this value look right? Are you sure?<br>

</source><br>What happened? Did you receive an error? This will may have been the first time you've seen this error, but it won't be the last. What we tried to do is combine a string with a number, and this won't work.<br><br>In order to use display this number as a string we will use the "str()" function on it. The "str()" function will return a string of your number and provide it as a argument to "print()". This function will not change the value of your variableobject, your variable object is still a an intergerobject.<br><br>

</source><br>What did you notice this time?<br/>:#To gain practice, create a complete your python script (called lab1c.py) with the following content and detailsfeatures:

:::* The script should have a variable an object called '''name''':::* The script should have a variable an object called '''age''':::* The value of the '''name''' variable object should be '''Isaac''':::* The variable object '''age''' should contain a integer:::* The value of the '''age''' variable object should be '''72'''

run ./lab1c.py

<li style="margin-left:25px;">Before moving on to the next step make sure you identify any and all errors in "lab1c.py". When the check script tells you everything is "ok", you may procede proceed to the next step.</li>

:# Issue Try some of the following commands to see how they operate what happens in the ipython shellPython:<source lang="python">print(10 + 5 ) # additionprint(10 - 5 ) # subtractionprint(10 * 5 ) # multiplicationprint(10 / 5 ) # divisionprint(10 ** 5 ) # exponents

print(10 + 5 * 2 ) # multiplication happens before additionprint((10 + 5) * 2 ) # parentheses happen before multiplicationprint(10 + 5 * 2 - 10 ** 2 ) # first exponents, then multiplication, then addition and subtraction from left-to-rightprint(15 / 3 * 4 ) # division and multiplication happen from left-to-rightprint(100 / ((5 + 5) * 2)) # the inner most parentheses are first performing addition, then parentheses again with multiplication, finally the division

:#To gain practice, create a python complete your script (called lab1d.py) with the following content and details:

::* The variable object '''x''' should contain a integer with the value '''10'''::* The variable object '''y''' should contain a integer with the value '''2'''::* The variable object '''z''' should contain a integer with the value '''5'''::* The script, when executed, should print out "10 + 2 * 5 = 20"(the printout should change if the values in the objects change)

run ./lab1d.py

<br>:'''For sections A & B:''' ::<brspan style=color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Submit your output and Python scrips via Blackboard instead.

= Lab Review LAB REVIEW =

:# Write the command to change the hostname of your Linux machine to "'''centos7"'''.:# What is the purpose of '''git'''? How will git be used in our OPS435 course?:# Write the command to create an '''alias''' for the Linux command vim which will be called vi in your ipython3 session.:# Write the absolute pathname for the ipython3 alias configuration file.:# Write Python code that when run, will perform the following tasks:<ol type="a"><li>Contain a she-bang line</li><li>Display a greetings message to the user</li><li>display an empty line ('''hint:''' use the special character '''\n''' to print the a new-line character)</li><li>Display text, '''"Your current directory is:"''' (You are NOT required to display quotation marks)</li><li>Display the current working directory pathname (using an appropriate command)</li><li>Display another empty line</li></ol>:# How do you execute a Python script when you are within the <u>ipython3</u> shell?:# How do you execute a Python script when you are in the <u>Bash</u> Shell (i.e. NOT within the Ipython3 shell)?

:# Write the command to create an alias for the Linux command vim which will be called vi in your ipython3 session.:# Write the absolute pathname for the ipython3 alias configuration file.[[Category:# Write the Python code that when run, will:<ol><li>Display a greatings message to the user</li><li>display an empty line (hint: use the special character \n to print the newOPS435-line character</li><li>Display text, "Your current directory is:"</li><li>issue a display the current working directory</li><li>Display another empty line</li><ul>:# How do you execute a Python script when you are within the ipython3 shell?:# How do you execute a Python script when you are in the Bash Shell (i.e. NOT within the ipython3 shell)?]]