:The '''first investigation''' in this lab will focus on '''Data Structures'''. Each data structure has its own advantages and limitations. This lab will provide you will additional scripting tools to help us write even more effective Python scripts to be applied to practical application involving VM management and deployment in future labsemphasize the most important differences between them.

:The '''first investigation''' in this lab will focus on '''Data Structures'''. Each data structure has its own advantages and limitations. This lab will emphasize the most important differences as they relate to Python scripting.  :The '''second investigation''' will focus closely on strings. You have been using and storing strings since our first class, however in this lab we will dive into the more complex nature of string manipulation. Finally, this lab will cover how to use a variety of different regular expression functions, for searching and input validation.

:As you develop your Python scripting skills, you may start to be "overwhelmed" with the volume of information that you have absorbed over these labs. One way to help, is to write what you have learned in your labs into your lab logbook. Also, in programming, it is important learn to use online references effectively in order to obtain information regarding Python scripting techniques and tools.

:In this investigation, you will learn several tools when using data structures commonly used in Python scripting.:These tools include '''tupleslists''', '''setstuples''', '''dictionariessets''', and more '''advanced list functionsdictionaries'''.

:Many often confuse a '''tuple''' with a '''list''' (which you learned about in a previous lab). A '''tuple''' is a type of list whose values cannot be changeschanged. In fact, the structure of nothing in a tuple cannot can be changed after it's created (like adding, removing list elements).

::*'''Data protection''' (eg. values are are NOT allowed to change like income tax rate, social insurance number, etc)::*The data structure in a tuple cannot be changed (eg. '''structure cannot be corrupted''so you won't modify them accidentally)

:Term The term to indicate that a data structure cannot be changed is called '''immutable''' (as opposed to ''"mutable"'' which means the data structure can be changed).

:#Launch your ipython3 shell:<source>ipython3</source>Let's create two tuplesin a temporary Python file, so we can learn how to use them and learn how they differ from lists.<br><br>Note: '''tuples are defined by using parenthesis ( )''' as opposed to '''lists which are defined by using square brackets [ ]'''<br><br>:#Issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

:#Values from a tuple can be retrieved in the same way as a list. For example, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(t1[0])print(t2[2:4])

:#You can also check to see whether a value exists inside a tuple or not. To demonstrate, issue the followingtry:<sourcelang="python">print('Ix' in t1)print('Geidi' in t1)</source>Let's now see how a tuple differs from a list. We will now create a list and note the difference between them.<br><br>:#Issue the following to create a list:<sourcelang="python">

:#See if you can change the value of your list by issuing the following:<sourcelang="python">

print(list2[0])

</source>.You should have been successful in changing the value of your list.<br><br>:#Now, try changing the value of your previously-created tuple by issuing:<sourcelang="python">

:#To create The following creates a new tuple, issue (t3) with a contents from a slice of the t2 tuple. Slicing works the followingsame way for tuples as for lists:<sourcelang="python">

:#You can use most of the basic operations with tuples as you did with lists.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>len(t1) # list the length of the tuplet1 * 3 # repetitiont1 + t2 # concatenation, remember this is creating a new tuple, not modifying</source>:#Also, as with lists, you can use for loops with to iterate the values of tuples. Issue the following to demonstrate:<sourcelang="python">

:Since new duplicate entries will be automatically removed when using sets, they are very useful for performing tasks such as '''comparisons''': '''finding similarities or differences in multiple sets'''. Also, sets are considered to be fast!

:'''Perform the Following Steps:''':#Within your ipython3 shell, create a few Create some sets to work with by issuing the followingin a temporary Python file:<sourcelang="python">

</source>Note: '''Sets are defined by using braces { }''' as opposed to tuples that which use parenthesis ( ), or lists that which use square brackets [ ]'''<br/><br/>:#Try to issue the following to access a set through the index.:<sourcelang="python">print(s1[0])</source>This should have created caused an '''error''', this is not how to . You cannot access data inside a set this way because they the elements inside are '''un-orderedunordered'''. Instead, you should use the '''in''' method (used in the previous section) to check to see if whether a value is contained within in the set.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print('Ix' in s1)print('Geidi' in s1)

:#Issue Print the following, contents of the sets and note the items (and values) that are common to the following sets:<sourcelang="python">print(s2)print(s3)

:#Now, issue the following to return This is how you get a set containing only UNIQUE values (no duplicates) from both sets:<source>print(s2 | s3 ) # returns a set containing all values from both setsprint(s2.union(s3)) # same as s2 | s3</source>Notice that both methods above provides have the same result, but the first method requires less keystrokeswhich one you choose depends purely on your style.<br><br>Instead of combining sets, we can display '''values that are common to both sets'''. This is known in mathematical terms as an '''intersection''' between the lists.<br><br>:#To demonstrate intersection between sets s2 and s3, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(s2 & s3 ) # returns a set containing all values that s2 and s3 shareprint(s2.intersection(s3)) # same as s2 & s3

:#Sets can also have their values compared against other sets. First find out what items are in '''s2''' but not in '''s3'''. This is also called a '''difference'''. But notice that it only shows values that '''s2''' contains, specifically values that '''s3''' doesn't have. So this isn't really the <u>true</u> difference between the sets.:<sourcelang="python">print(s2)print(s3)print(s2 - s3 ) # returns a set containing all values in s2 that are not found in s3print(s2.difference(s3)) # same as s2 - s3

:#In order to see <u>every</u> difference between both sets, you need to find the '''symmetric difference'''. This will return a set that shows all numbers that both sets do not share together.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(s2 ^ s3 ) # returns a set containing all values that both sets DO NOT shareprint(s2.symmetric_difference(s3)) # same as s2 ^ s3</source>Note: the '''set()''' function can make convert lists into sets, and the '''list()''' function can make convert sets into lists<br><br>These powerful features . The operations in this section can only be useful and efficient. Unfortunately, lists <u>cannot</u> perform these operations, unless we have applied to convert the lists into sets. In order to that, so if you should first need to perform a comparisonunion, then convert the list to a set.<br><br>There are two problems with performing the above-mentioned technique:::::*Sets are '''un-ordered''' so if the list order is important this will cause problems and remove order::::*Sets '''cannot contain duplicate values'''intersection, if the list contains any duplicate values they will be deleted. :::Howeveror difference between lists, if the list does not have any of the above requirements this is a great solution you need to convert them to some problemssets first.  :::10. To demonstrate, issue the followingFor example:<sourcelang="python">

new_list temporary_set = list(set(l2).intersection(set(l3))new_list = list(temporary_set) # '''set()''' can make lists into sets. '''list()''' can make sets into lists.print(new_list)

'''=== Create a Python Script Demonstrating Comparing Sets'''===

::#Create the '''~/ops435/lab4/lab4a.py''' script. The purpose of this script will be to demonstrate the different way of comparing sets. There will be three functions, each returning a different set comparison. ::#Use the following template to get started:<sourcelang="python">

def join_sets(set1s1, set2s2): # join_sets will return a set that has contains every value from both set1 s1 and set2 inside its2

def match_sets(set1s1, set2s2): # match_sets will return a set that contains all values found in both set1 s1 and set2s2

def diff_sets(set1s1, set2s2):

:::*The match_setsjoin_sets() function should return a set that contains all values found in from both sets:::*The diff_setsmatch_sets() function should return a set that contains all values which are not shared between found in both sets:::*The join_setsdiff_sets() function should return a set that contains all values from which are not shared between both sets:::*All three functions should accept '''two arguments''' both are sets:::*The script should show the exact output as the samples:::*The script should contain no errors

::::'''Sample Run 1:'''<source>run ./lab4a.py

::::'''Sample Run 2 (with import):'''<source>

print(lab4a.join_sets(set1,set2))# Will output {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}print(lab4a.match_sets(set1,set2))# Will output {1, 2}print(lab4a.diff_sets(set1,set2))# Will output {-2, -1, 0, 3, 4, 5}

<ol><li value='3' style="margin-left:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download 25px;">Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.:<sourcelang="bash">

ls CheckLab4.py || wget matrix.senecachttps://raw.ongithubusercontent.cacom/~acoatleySeneca-willisCDOT/ops435/master/LabCheckScripts/CheckLab4.py

</source></li><li style="margin-left:::4. 25px;">Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4a.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding - proceed to the next step.</li></ol>

'''=== Create a Python Script Demonstrating Comparing Lists'''===

::#Create the '''~/ops435/lab4/lab4b.py''' script. The purpose of this script will be to improve the previous script to perform the same joins, matches, and diffs, but this time on lists. ::#Use the following as a template:<sourcelang="python">

def join_lists(list1l1, list2l2): # join_lists will return a list that contains every value from both list1 l1 and list2 inside itl2

def match_lists(list1l1, list2l2): # match_lists will return a list that contains all values found in both list1 l1 and list2l2

def diff_lists(list1l1, list2l2):

:::*The match_lists() function should return a list that contains all values found in both lists:::*The diff_lists() function should return a list that contains all values which are not shared between both lists:::*The join_lists() function should return a list that contains all values from both setslists:::*All three functions should accept '''two arguments''' both are lists:::*The script should show the exact output as the samples:::*The script should contain no errors::::'''Sample Run 1:'''<source>run ./lab4b.py

match: [8, 9, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

::::'''Sample Run 2 (with import)under interactive python shell:'''<source>

print(lab4b.join_lists(list1,list2)))# Will output [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -2, -1]print(lab4b.match_lists(list1,list2) ) # Will output [81, 9, 5, 6, 72]print(lab4b.diff_lists(list1,list2) ) # Will output [1, 20, 3, 4, 105, 11-2, 12, 13, 14-1]

:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<sourcelang="bash">

:::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4b.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding - proceed to the next step.<br><br>

::By now, you have probably been exposed to database terminology. For example, a '''database''' is a collection of ''related records''. In turn, '''records''' are a collection of ''related fields''. In order to access a record in a database, you would need to access it by '''key field(s)'''. In order words, those key field(s) are a '''key that unlocks the access to a record''' within a database. ::In Python, a '''dictionary''' is a set of key-value pairs. Dictionaries are '''unordered''', like sets, however any value can be retrieved from a dictionary if you know the key. This section will go over how to create, access, and change dictionaries, providing giving you a new powerful tool to store and manipulate data.

::#Launch the ipython3 shell:<source>ipython3</source>::#Let's begin by creating a new dictionary (for practice)in a temporary Python file:<sourcelang="python">

</source>You should note that the syntax to define a dictionary is similar to defining sets (i.e. using '''{}''').<br>Unlike , but unlike sets, dictionaries use '''<code>key:value</code>''' pairs within the dictionary, each ''key:value'' pair in turn, are is separated by commas.<br><br>You can get help associated with your dictionary by using functions such as '''dir()''' and '''help()'''.<br><br>::#Issue All the following and note all the available functions available and how to obtain assistance with values in a dictionary objects:<source>dir(dict_york)help(dict_york)</source>All values can be viewed retrieved by using the '''dictionary.values()''' function. This particular function provides a '''list''' containing all values.<br><br>::#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">helpprint(dict_york.values()dict_york.values()</source>All keys to access the ''key:pair'' values within a dictionary can be viewed by retrieved using the '''dictionary.keys()''' function. This function provides a '''list''' containing all keys<br><br>::#To demonstrate this, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">help(dict_york.keys)

</source>Armed with this information, We can retrieve <u>individual</u> values from a dictionary by provide providing the key associated with the key:pair value<br><br>::#For example, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(dict_york['Address'])print(dict_york['Postal Code'])

::#Dictionary keys can be any '''immutable''' values (i.e. not permitted for value to be changed). Types of values include: '''strings''', '''numbers''', and '''tuples'''. Trying ::#Try adding a couple new keys key and values value to the dictionary by issuing:<sourcelang="python">

print(dict_york)print(dict_york.values())print(dict_york.keys())

::#Let's add another key:value pair to our dictionary to change the province key:pair value to BC:<sourcelang="python">

print(dict_york)print(dict_york.values())print(dict_york.keys())</source>'''WARNING: Dictionary keys must be unique'''. Attempting to add a key that already exists in the dictionary will <u>overwrite</u> the existing value for that key!<br><br>::#To demonstrate, issue the followingFor example:<sourcelang="python">

print(dict_york)print(dict_york.values())print(dict_york.keys())</source>You should notice that key value for the 'Province' key has been changed back to 'ON'.<br><br>These The lists that contain the values and keys of the dictionary are not <u>real</u> python lists - they are "views of the dictionary" and therefore are <u>immutable</u>. You could change these views into usable lists by using the '''list()''' function (where the index can be used to access individual values).<br><br>::#For example, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

print(list_of_keys[0])

::#In addition, lists can be changed into sets if we would like to perform comparisons with another set. To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>set_of_keys = set(dict_york.keys())set_of_values = set(dict_york.values())set_of_keys | set_of_values</source>::#Lists can be used with '''for loops'''. To Demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

for value in dict_york.values():

::#Looping using indexes is not the best way to loop through a dictionary. A new dictionary could be created using this method, but this is '''not good''':<source>list_of_keys = list(dict_york.keys())list_of_values = list(dict_york.values())new_dictionary = {}for index in range(0, len(list_of_keys)): new_dictionary[list_of_keys[index]] = list_of_values[index]</source>::#The above method uses a lot of memory and loops. The best method to create a dictionary from two lists is to use the zip() function:<source>list_of_keys = list(dict_york.keys())list_of_values = list(dict_york.values())new_dictionary = dict(zip(list_of_keys, list_of_values))</source>::#Looping through the keys in a dictionary also provides a easy way to get the value for each key at the same time:<source>for key in dict_york.keys(): print(key + '--->' + dict_york[key])</source>::#An alternative (possibly more efficient) method would be to cause both the key and its value to be extracted into a single (using a for loop, and using a special object):<source>for key, value in dict_york.items(): print(key + ' | ' + value)</source>'''Create a Python Script for Managing Dictionaries'''===

::#Use the following as a template:<sourcelang="python">

:::*The script should contain '''threetwo''' functions::::::'''create_dictionary()'''<ol><li>'''accepts''' two lists as arguments keys and values, '''combines''' these lists together to '''create''' a dictionary</li><libr>('''returns a dictionaryTip:''' that has use a while loop to access elements in both the keys and associated values from lists at the listssame time)</li></ol>:::::'''split_dictionary()'''<ol><li>'''accepts''' returns a single dictionary as a argument and '''splits''' that has the dictionary into two lists, keys and associated values</li><li>'''returns two lists''': The return function can return multiple from the lists (separated by a comma). In our case, use: '''return keys, values'''</li></ol>

run ./lab4c.py

::::'''Sample Run 2(with import):'''<source>

york = lab4c.create_dictionary(list_keys, list_values) york{'Address': '70 The Pond Rd', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M3J3M6', 'Province': 'ON'} keys, values = split_dictionary(dict_newnham) keys['Country', 'Postal Code', 'Address', 'Province', 'City'] values['Canada', 'M2J2X5', '1750 Finch Ave E', 'ON', 'Toronto'] keys, values = split_dictionary(york) keys['Country', 'Postal Code', 'Address', 'Province', 'City']

valuesprint(york)[# Will print: {'CanadaAddress': '70 The Pond Rd', 'M3J3M6City': 'Toronto', 'Country': '70 The Pond RdCanada', 'Postal Code'ON: 'M3J3M6', 'TorontoProvince': 'ON']}

common = lab4c.shared_values(dict_york, dict_newnham)

print(common)# Will print: {'Canada', 'ON', 'Toronto'}

:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<sourcelang="bash">

ls CheckLab4.py || wget matrix.senecachttps://raw.ongithubusercontent.cacom/~acoatleySeneca-willisCDOT/ops435/master/LabCheckScripts/CheckLab4.py

:::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4c.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding proceed to the next step.<br><br> == PART 4 - List Comprehension == :We have already have had an introduction to lists. We will now explore advanced functions that use and generate lists. This is a very common practice in Python: understanding how to generate, manipulate, and apply functions to items inside a list can be incredibly useful. List comprehension is a way to build new lists from existing list and to do it faster than simply looping over lists. :'''Perform the Following Steps''' :#Let's start by creating a list and then applying some functions to each item in that list. Issue the following to create a list and then display the square for each item within that list:<source>l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]for item in l1: print(item ** 2)</source>In order to store these results (i.e. squares) for later use, you would have to create a new list and append the squares to it. This will generate a new list that contains squared values in the same positions of the first list. In this way, you are using an existing list in order to create a new (larger) list.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]l2 = []for item in l1: l2.append(item ** 2)l1l2</source>Since this may be a repetitive task, it makes more sense to create a function that will append the squares to a new item within an existing list.<br><br> :#Issue the following to see how that can be performed:<source>def square(number): return number ** 2 l1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]l2 = []for item in l1: l2.append(square(item)) l1l2</source>The '''map()''' function can be used to apply a function on each item in a list. This is exactly what happened in the previous example; however, using the ''map()'' function provides for better syntax, and removes the loop (including the variable that was created inside the loop). Therefore, using the ''map()'' function will make your Python script more efficient while performing the same task.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>def square(number): return number ** 2 l1 = [1,2,3,4,5]l2 = list(map(square, l1)) l1l2</source>The above ''map()'' function requires another function as well as a list. This means that before using (calling) the map() function, that other function would have to have been defined earlier in the script. This entire process can be avoided through the use of '''anonymous functions'''. This is the ability to create a simple function without defining it, and pass it on to other function calls. You will use the the '''lambda anonymous function''', which will return a function that you can use in that function immediately (i.e. without having to declare it in your script). The function takes 1 argument (called: x), and it will square that value.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>square = lambda x: x ** 2l1 = [1,2,3,4,5]l2 = list(map(square, l1)) l1l2</source>:#The above code is actually not particularly good, the whole purpose of using lambda here is we were avoiding the function definition and just quickly returning a function. However this does break down exactly what lambda does, it returns a function for use. Fix this by removing the square function and just use the return function from lambda. Now remember what map requires? map's first argument is a function, and map's second argument is a list. Here lambda will return a function and provide it as the first argument.<source>l1 = [1,2,3,4,5]l2 = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, l1)) l1l2</source>:#Using the list comprehensions above our code will be faster and more efficient than using multiple variables and loops.

:Strings are basically a list of characters (bits of text). Strings store text so that they can be later for manipulation (by a wide range of functions). This section will investigate strings in more detail such as '''cutting strings into sub-strings''', '''joining strings''', '''formatting strings''', '''searching through strings''', and '''matching strings against patterns'''.<br><br>Strings are '''immutable''' data objects - this means that once a string is created, it <u>cannot</u> be modified. In order to make a change inside a string, you would first make a copy of the part of the string (i.e. sub-string) for manipulation.

:#Launch the ipython3 shell<source>ipython3</source>:#Issue the following to create Create some stringsin a temporary Python file:<sourcelang="python">

course_number = '435'</source>Strings can contain any '''characters''' inside them, whether they are '''letters''', '''numbers''', or '''symbols'''. In our ipython3 shell the values inside each string variable can be seen just by typing the string variable name. However, when writing python scripts, these string variables should be placed inside '''print()''' functions in order to display on the screen.<br><br> :#Strings can also be '''concatenated''' (i.e. "combined together") by using the '''+''' sign, just make sure string are only concatenating other strings with strings(no lists, no numbers, no dictionaries, etc.).<br><br>:#To demonstrate what was previously mentioned, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">course_namecourse_codecourse_number

</source>Strings can also use special syntax for string '''repetition''' by <u>multiplying</u> the string by a number. This will repeat that string that many times. Repetition with '''*''' is useful whenever a string needs to be repeated more than once<br><br>:#Issue the following:<source>print(course_name + '-' + course_code)print(course_name + '-'*5 + course_code)print(course_name + '-'*25 + course_code)print('abc'*2)print(course_code*5)</source>When using the '''print()''' function, you can display '''special characters'''. One such special character is the is the newline character (denoted by the symbol: '''\n'''). This allows you to separate content between new lines or empty lines.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

:#By using both Strings have many built-in functions that we can use to manipulate text. [https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string repetition and -methods Here's a newline character, multiple lines can be created at oncelist]. Issue the following:#Lets try out several different functions:<sourcelang="python">print('Line 1' + '\n'*4 + 'Line 5\nLine 6'course_name.lower()) # Returns a string in lower-case lettersprint(course_name.upper()) # Returns a string in upper-case lettersprint(course_name.swapcase()) # Returns a string with upper-case and lower-case letters swappedprint(course_name.title()) # Returns a string with upper-case first letter of each word, lowercase for remaining textprint(course_name.capitalize()) # Returns a string with upper-case first letter only, lowercase for remaining text

:#Strings have many built-in functions that we can use to manipulate text. Let's take a look at the strings name space and the available functions:<source>dir(course_name)help(course_name)</source>:#Lets try out several different functions. Refer back to the '''help()''' function for more information, these are quick ways to view strings in different ways. Issue the following:<source>course_name.lower() # Returns a string in lower-case letterscourse_name.upper() # Returns a string in upper-case letterscourse_name.swapcase() # Returns a string with upper-case and lower-case letters swappedcourse_name.title() # Returns a string with upper-case first letter of each word, lowercase for remaining textcourse_name.capitalize() # Returns a string with upper-case first letter only, lowercase for remaining text</source>:#These values can be saved inside new strings and then reused:<sourcelang="python">

:#Let's practice more string manipulation by issuing the following:<sourcelang="python">

print(list_of_strings ) # Display listprint(list_of_strings[0] ) # Display first item in list</source>Since lists are actually a list of '''strings''', you should be able to use any function that works with a string on a list.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

</source>The '''index''' that is used to access <u>items</u> within a list, can also be used to access <u>characters</u> within a string. For practice, let's create a new string, and start accessing the strings index.<br><br>:#Issue the following:<source>

print(course_code[0] ) # Return a string that is Print the first character in course_codeprint(course_code[2] ) # Return a string that is Print the third character in course_codeprint(course_code[-1] ) # Return a string that is Print the last character in course_codeprint(str(course_number)[0] ) # Turn the integer into a string, return first character in that string, and print itprint(course_code[0] + course_code[1] + course_code[2])</source>:#You can use a technique that uses index numbers of a string to '''cut-out''' or '''"parse"''' smaller portions of text within a string. This term is referred to as a '''substring'''. We can use this to create a new string or display only a small portion of it<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">print(course_name[0:4] ) # Return Print the first four characters (values of index numbers 0,1,2, and 3)

print(course_code[0:3] ) # Return Print the first three characters (values of index numbers 0,1,and 2)

:# The index allows a few '''extra functions''' using the same parsing technique:<sourcelang="python">

print(course_name[12:] ) # Return Print the substring '12' index until end of stringprint(course_name[5:] ) # Return Print the substring '5' index until end of stringprint(course_name[-1] ) # Return Print the last character</source>With '''negative indexesindices''', '''-1''' index would represent the '''last''' character, '''-2''' index would represent the '''second last''' character, etc.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<sourcelang="python">

print(course_name[-1])print(course_name[-2])

:# Issue the following to practice Practice some of the skills that you have learned in this section:<source>

print(course_name[-10:] ) # Return the last ten charactersprint(course_name[-10:-6] ) # Try and figure out what this is returning print(course_name[0:4] + course_name[-10:-6] ) # Combine substrings together

print(substring)

::#Create the '''~/ops435/lab4/lab4d.py''' script. The purpose of this script is to demonstrate creating and manipulating strings. There will be four functions each will return a single string.::#Use the following template to get started:<source>

:::*The script should contain '''four''' functions (use your own argument names)::::::'''first_five()''':<ol><li>Accepts a single string argument</li><li>Returns a string that contains the first five characters of the argument given</li></ol>:::::'''last_seven()''':<ol><li>Accepts a single string argument</li><li>Returns a string that contains the last seven characters of the argument given</li></ol>:::::'''middle_number()''':<ol><li>Accepts a integer as a argument</li><li>Returns a string containing the second and third characters in the number</li></ol>:::::'''first_three_last_three()''':<ol><li>Accepts two string arguments</li><li>Returns a single string that starts with the first three characters of argument1 and ends with the last three characters of argument2</li></ol>:::*Example: first_three_last_three('abcdefg', '1234567') returns single string 'abc567'::::'''Sample Run 1'''<source>run ./lab4d.py

::::'''Sample Run 2(with import)'''<source>

 print(lab4d.first_five(str1))# Will output 'Hello'print(lab4d.first_five(str2))# Will output 'Senec'print(lab4d.last_seven(str1))# Will output 'World!!'print(lab4d.last_seven(str2))# Will output 'College'print(lab4d.middle_number(num1))# Will output '50'print(lab4d.middle_number(num2))# Will output '.5'print(lab4d.first_three_last_three(str1, str2))# Will output 'Helege'print(lab4d.first_three_last_three(str2, str1))# Will output 'Send!!'

:::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download Download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<source>

ls CheckLab4.py || wget matrix.senecachttps://raw.ongithubusercontent.cacom/~acoatleySeneca-willisCDOT/ops435/master/LabCheckScripts/CheckLab4.py

:::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4d.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding to the next step. == PART 2 - String Formatting Basic Fundamentals== :In Python scripting, using plus signs and commas for string concatenation is very limited and can become messy when when used at length with many values and/or calculations. This section will cover the '''format()''' function that can be used with every type of string. This function allows the user of Python to create well formatted code, to align text, and to convert values efficiently and cleanly. While this section uses lists and dictionaries, they contain strings which can be accessed and displayed in a formatted manner. :'''Perform the Following Steps:''':#Start the ipython3 shell:<source>ipython3</source>To start, let's use the '''format()''' function on a string, The text '''.format()''' is located at the end of a defined string. The ''format()'' function can contain arguments or parameters within the parenthesis ( ).<br><br>:#To demonstrate using the ''format()'' function, issue the following:<source>print( 'College is Great'.format() )</source>:#The above example does not actualy do any formatting, next add a string using the format() function arguments<source>print('College is {}'.format('Great'))</source>When the format function reads '''{}''' curly braces, it performs special actions. For example, if format() finds '''{}''' with nothing inside it substitutes the string from it's arguments. These arguments are done by position left to right<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>print('{} {} {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c'))</source>However, using this method while quick, easy, and clean has a issue. If more curly braces '''{}''' are in the string than in the format() arguments, it will create an '''error'''.<br><br>:#To demonstrate by creating too many braces, issue the following:<source>print('{} {} {} {}'.format('a', 'b', 'c'))</source>For situations like above, if reusing strings more than once is important, '''positional values''' can be placed inside the curly braces.<br><br>:#Issue the following to see what happens:<source>print('{0} {1} {1} {2}'.format('a', 'b', 'c'))print('{2} {2} {1} {0}'.format('a', 'b', 'c'))</source>These positions make formating each string much less prone to errors while also making the string being formatted much more clear.<br><br>:#To improve on formatting further, issue the following to provide the format() function with string variables:<source>course_name = 'Open System Automation'course_code = 'OPS435'print('{0} {1} {0}'.format(course_code, course_name))</source>The format() function by default tries to use values as strings, all values is '''{}''' are displayed as strings unless extra options are given.<br><br>:#Issue the following:<source>course_number = 435 # This is an integerprint('This is displaying a string by default: {0}'.format(course_number))</source>Next, let's place a list inside the format() function and access the values, there are two ways to use the list.<br><br>:#Let's demonstrate a range of alternative methods of printing a list by issuing the following:<source>list1 = [1,2,3,4,5] # This is a list of numbersprint('{0[0]} {0[1]} {0[2]} {0[3]} {0[4]}'.format(list1)) # Access the values of the list via {position[index]} print('{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}'.format(*list1)) # Expand the list into multiple positional argumentsprint('{} {} {} {} {}'.format(*list1)) # Expand the list into multiple positional argumentsprint('{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}'.format(1,2,3,4,5)) # Same results as above</source>Let's now place a dictionary inside the format() functions and access the values, again there are a few ways to use the dictionary<br><br>:#Issue the following:<source>dict_york = {'Address': '70 The Pond Rd', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M3J3M6', 'Province': 'ON'}print('{}'.format(dict_york)) # Print entire dictionaryprint('{0}'.format(dict_york)) # Print entire dictionary using format arguments positionprint('{0[City]} {0[Country]}'.format(dict_york)) # Print values using position and key {position[key]}</source>With dictionaries however, instead of using positional arguments '''0''' each access to a key, python allows for expansion of keyword arguments.<br><br>:#Let's take a look at the example of a keyword arguments, place the keyword variable name in between '''{}''' and add the keyword argument to the format() function:<source>print('{string1} is {string2} {string2}'.format(string1='College', string2='Great!'))</source>:#Variables may also be passed to these keyword arguments:<source>college = 'Seneca College'print('{string1} is {string2} {string2}'.format(string1=college, string2='Great!'))</source>Now back to dictionaries. Using keyword arguments(sometimes referred to as '''kwargs''' in python). The dictionary can be quickly and easily expanded into these keyword arguments using the syntax '''**dictionary_name'''.<br><br>:#Let's try this below. Pay close attention to the keys inside the dictionary and the values associated with each key:<source># Define a dictionary:dict_york = {'Address': '70 The Pond Rd', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M3J3M6', 'Province': 'ON'}# Uses the dictionary's keyword arguments:print('{City} {Province} {Country}'.format(**dict_york)) # Creates new keyword arguments:print('{City} {Province} {Country}'.format(City='Toronto', Province='ON', Country='Canada')) </source> == PART 3 - String Formatting Advanced Features == This section shows you how to perform more advanced formatting features via the '''format()''' function. You will learn how to format numbers and aligning strings (text). :'''Perform the Following Steps''':#Make certain you are still in your ipython3 shell.<br><br>Let's start advanced formatting for '''numbers'''. Try issuing content below in order to observe the various ways to change the output inside the curly brace '''{}''' while formatting. This formatting change is done by placing a colon inside the curly braces, following by a letter '''{0:f}'''<br><br>:#Issue the following:<source>number1 = 50 number2 = -50number3 = 1.50print('{0:f}'.format(number1)) # "0" is the position just like other format() functionsprint('{0:f}'.format(number2)) # A colon separate the position/index areas from the extra functionalityprint('{0:f}'.format(number3)) # "f" represents the fixed point number</source>Notice that there are many decimal places after this number. This makes the number look "ugly". We need to further format the number to indicate the number of decimal places (or no decimal places if number is an integer). A fixed point number means that it can control the number of digits that come after the decimal point, try changing the '''.2''' to any other number and experiment.<br><br>:#Issue the following to demonstrate:<source>print('{0:.0f}'.format(number1)) # Show no digits after decimal pointprint('{0:.2f}'.format(number2)) # Show two digits after decimal pointprint('{0:.1f}'.format(number3)) # Show one digit after decimal point</source>:#Numbers can be displayed with the '''-''' or '''+''' signs before the digits, this could be important in formatting. Issue the following to demonstrate:<source>print('{0: f}'.format(number1)) # Show a space where plus sign should beprint('{0: f}'.format(number2)) # Shows negative sign normallyprint('{0: f}\n{1: f}'.format(number1, number2)) # The space before the f lines up positive and negative numbers</source>:#Placing a '''+''' before the f changes the format so that plus signs show up for positive numbers and negative signs show up for negative numbers. Try issuing the following:<source>print('{0:+f}'.format(number1)) # Show a space where plus sign should beprint('{0:+f}'.format(number2)) # Shows negative sign normallyprint('{0:+f}\n{1:+f}'.format(number1, number2)) # The space before the f lines up positive and negative numbers</source>:#Combining fixed point positions can be performed by issuing the following:<source>print('{0:+.2f}'.format(number1))print('{0:+.2f}'.format(number2))print('{0:+.2f}\n{1:+.2f}'.format(number1, number2))</source>In the event that the numbers being shown are all integers and do no require the decimal values, instead of using '''{:f}''',<br> use '''{:d}''' for decimal '''integers'''.<br><br>:#To demonstrate, issue the following:<source>print('{0:d}'.format(number1))print('{0:d}'.format(number2))print('{0: d}'.format(number1))print('{0: d}'.format(number2))print('{0:+d}'.format(number1))print('{0:+d}'.format(number2))</source>'''NOTE:''' When using '''{:d}''' be careful not to use numbers with a decimal value in them, the following will create a error<br><br>:#Issue the following to see the difference:<source>number3 = 1.50print('{0:d}'.format(number3))</source>Next, let's move on to aligning '''strings''' (text). This is the process of adding padding to the left of our text, the right of our text, or aligning to the centre or our text (i.e. padding both left and right). Through the alignment the text field size, any string can be set to allow it to fit within a column (or columns), and make it easier for the user to read data.<br><br>:#Start by using a string but placeing a number value after the colon '''{0:10}''' by issuing:<source>string1 = 'hello'string2 = 'world'print('{0:10}{1}'.format(string1, string2)) # Make sure string1 is 10 characters aligned to the leftprint('{0:6}{1}'.format(string1, string2)) # Make sure string1 is 6 characters aligned to the left</source>By default, the format() function aligns to the left, the symbol to do this is '''<''' which is a shortcut for : '''{0:<10}''' when used in the curely braces. Now whenever a different string is placed inside it always aligns to the left 10 characters. This allows for concise code to generate well structured output<br><br>:#To demonstrate this, issue the following:<source># Without positional argument numbersprint('{:<10} {:<10} {:<10}\n{:<10} {:<10} {:<10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123'))# With positional argument numbersprint('{0:<10} {1:<10} {2:<10}\n{3:<10} {4:<10} {5:<10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123')) </source>:#Next try using right alignment with the '''>''' symbol replacing the left alignment<source># Without positional argument numbersprint('{:>10} {:>10} {:>10}\n{:>10} {:>10} {:>10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123'))# With positional argument numbersprint('{0:>10} {1:>10} {2:>10}\n{3:>10} {4:>10} {5:>10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123')) </source>:#Finally, you can centre the alignment of strings using the '''^''' symbol. Issue the following:<source># Without positional argument numbersprint('{:^10} {:^10} {:^10}\n{:^10} {:^10} {:^10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123'))# With positional argument numbersprint('{0:^10} {1:^10} {2:^10}\n{3:^10} {4:^10} {5:^10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123'))</source>The alignment character can be changed to any other character that is wanted for the output. By default it's a space, but it could be anything else by adding an additional character '''{:M<10}''' such as '''M''' or '''*''' before the alignment character<br><br>:#To see this, issue the following:<source>print('{:*^10} {:*^10} {:*^10}\n{:*^10} {:*^10} {:*^10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123')) # Without positional argument numbersprint('{:.^10} {:.^10} {:.^10}\n{:.^10} {:.^10} {:.^10}'.format('abc', 'def', 'ghi', 'jkl123', 'mno123', 'pqr123')) # Without positional argument numbers</source>You can make the output appear better by creating borders. Below is a function in order to create a border containing data. If you learned MySQL, you may have seen borders used to display table data, etc. Try defining and running the user-defined function below to see what happens.<br><br>:#Issue the following:<source># Define the function "print_with_borders()":def print_with_borders(): print('|{:-^10}|'.format('nums')) print('|{:^5}{:^5}|'.format(1,2)) print('|{:^5}{:^5}|'.format(3,4)) print('|{}|'.format('-'*10)) # Run the function "print_with_borders()":print_with_borders()</source>'''Create a Script Demonstrating Formatting Strings''':'''Perform the Following Instructions:'''::#Create the '''~/ops435/lab4/lab4e.py''' script. The purpose of this script is to demonstrate formatting string output from a large data structure.::#Use the following template to get started:<source>#!/usr/bin/env python3# Formatted Strings dict_york = {'Address': '70 The Pond Rd', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M3J3M6', 'Province': 'ON'}college = 'Seneca College' def print_college_address(): # Prints out the keys and values from the dictionary # Formats the output to have a title bar with a title # EXACT SAME output as the samples if __name__ == '__main__': print_college_address(dict_york, college) </source>:::*The '''print_college_address()''' function does NOT return anything:::*The '''print_college_address()''' function accept two arguments:::*The first argument is a '''dictionary''':::*The second argument is a '''string''':::*The title printed is '''center''' aligned by '''40 characters''' using '-' instead of space for alignment:::*The keys printed are '''center''' aligned by '''20 characters''':::*The values printed are '''center''' aligned by '''20 characters''':::*The output must match the sample output EXACTLY if one character is off it will be wrong:::'''Sample Run 1:'''<source>run lab4e.py|-------------Seneca College-------------|| Address 70 The Pond Rd || Province ON || Postal Code M3J3M6 || City Toronto || Country Canada ||----------------------------------------|</source>:::'''Sample Run 2(with import):'''<source>import lab4edict_york = {'Address': '70 The Pond Rd', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M3J3M6', 'Province': 'ON'}dict_newnham = {'Address': '1750 Finch Ave E', 'City': 'Toronto', 'Country': 'Canada', 'Postal Code': 'M2J2X5', 'Province': 'ON'}college = 'Seneca College' lab4e.print_college_address(dict_york, college)|-------------Seneca College-------------|| Address 70 The Pond Rd || Province ON || Postal Code M3J3M6 || City Toronto || Country Canada ||----------------------------------------| lab4e.print_college_address(dict_newnham, college)|-------------Seneca College-------------|| Address 1750 Finch Ave E || Province ON || Postal Code M2J2X5 || City Toronto || Country Canada ||----------------------------------------|</source>::3. Exit the ipython3 shell, download the checking script and check your work. Enter the following commands from the bash shell.<source>cd ~/ops435/lab4/pwd #confirm that you are in the right directoryls CheckLab4.py || wget matrix.senecac.on.ca/~acoatley-willis/CheckLab4.pypython3 ./CheckLab4.py -f -v lab4e</source>::4. Before proceeding, make certain that you identify any and all errors in lab4e.py. When the checking script tells you everything is OK before proceeding proceed to the next step.<br><br>

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> xOutput of: <code>./CheckLab4.py -f -v</code>::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> x:Output of:<span style="color:green;font-size:1code>cat lab4a.py lab4b.py lab4c.py lab4d.5em;">&#x2713;py</spancode> Lab4 logbook notes completed = LAB REVIEW =

# What is the purpose of a '''tuple'''? How does a tuple differ from a list?# How do you define elements within a tuple?# Write Python code to confirm if the string ''''OPS435'''' exists within the tuple called '''courses'''.# What is the purpose of a '''set'''? How do sets differ from lists or tuples?# How do you define elements within a set?# Assuming you have defined two sets called '''set1''' and '''set2'''. Write Python code to:<ol type= Practice For Quizzes"a"><li>Return a set containing all values of both sets</li><li>Returns a set containing all values in set1 that are not found in set2</li><li>Return a set containing all values that both sets DO NOT share</li></ol># What is the purpose of a dictionary?# How do you define elements within a dictionary?# Write Python commands to display for a dictionary called '''my_dictionary''' the dictionary key called '''my_key''' and a dictionary value for that key?# What is the purpose for the '''range()''', Tests'''len()''', Midterm &amp; Final Exam '''append()''', and '''map()''' functions for a dictionary?# List and briefly explain the following functions (methods) that can be used with strings:<br>'''lower()''' , '''upper()''' , '''swapcase()''' , '''title()''' , '''captilize()''' , '''split()'''# Assume you issued the following command in your ipython3 shell:<br>'''course_name = 'Programming with Python''''<br>What will be the output for each of the following Python commands?<ol type="a"><li>'''course_name[3:11]'''</li><li>'''course_name[10:]'''</li><li>'''course_name[-1]</li></ol>