:* Understand the difference between '''absolute''' / , '''relative''' / and '''relative-to-home''' pathnames

:* Become productive using various at issuing Linux commands with the most appropriate pathname types for Unix/Linux File Management

:* Understand the following Use '''Ambiguous Filename expansionExpansion''' ('''FNE''') Symbols: '''*''' / , '''?''' / , '''[ ]''' / , '''[! ]'''

:* Become productive using FNE for Unix/Linux File Management :* Understanding Use '''quotation symbols: Backslash \ , single quotes ' ' , double quotes " " :* Understand the purpose of quoting ' treat special characters for File Management and as just '''text''' when issuing Linux commands.

|colspan="2" style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Pathname Type / Filename Expansion / Quoting Reference<br>

|colspan="1" width="22%" |Course '''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 3 Lecture 1 Notes:<ulbr> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-3.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-3.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 3 Lecture 2 Notes:<br>[https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~uli101/notesslides/Week02ULI101-3.2.pdf PDF] | [https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~uli101/notesslides/Week02ULI101-3.2.pptx PPTX]<br></li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Pathname Types/ Filename Expansion:'''

* [httphttps://www.ugradoreilly.math.ubc.cacom/library/view/web-design-in/Flat0596009879/relpathch04s02s02.html Relative]<br>

* [https://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/linux/run/ch04_08.htm#:~:text=Another%20way%20to%20save%20time,is%20sometimes%20called%20%22globbing.%22 Filename Expansion Symbols* Asterisk '''*''' , Question '''?''' ,<br>Character Class '''[ ]''' and '''[! ]'''<br> 

| style="padding-left:15px;"|Quotation Symbols'''Quoting Special Characters:'''

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ephId3mYu9o Pathname Types]</li> <li>[https://youtu.be/5FQnehwzwSM Filename Expansion Examples]</li>

A As previously mentioned, a '''pathnamepathname is a fully-specified location of a unique filename''' is within a file system.<br>The concept of a pathname relates to every operating system including: '''fullyUnix, Linux, MS-DOS,  MS-Windows, Apple-specified locationMacintosh,''' of a unique filename within the file systemetc.

The concept of Last week, we used a pathname relates from our home directory to every operating system including create and manipulate directories and text files.<br>There are '''Unixdifferent types of file pathnames''', '''Linux''', '''MS-DOS''', '''MS-Windows''','''Apple-Macintosh''', etcthat we can use to access a directory or text file.

It is important to understand These types of file pathnames since you need can make it more efficient (i.e. less keystrokes for users to '''save or access a file without ambiguity''' because there may be several files by that name in various directoriestype) when issuing Unix and Linux commands.

<table align="right"><tr><td>[[Image:absolute-path-2.png|thumb|right|250px|Directories The directory in red display displays the FULL path from the '''root''' directory to the '''bin''' directory (i.e. the absolute pathname: '''/bin'''.]]</td><td>[[Image:absolute-path-1.png|thumb|right|250px|Directories in red display the FULL path from the '''root''' directory to the '''examples''' directory (i.e. the absolute pathname: '''/home/useridyour-user-id/uli101/examples'''.]]</td></tr></table>

An '''absolute pathname''' is a path to the a file or directory always <br>'''beginning from the root directory (i.e. / )'''.

This type of pathname is referred to as '''absolute''' because the pathname always begins from the '''root directory, ''', regardless the location or your current directory'''. In other words, this type of pathname requires that you always provide the '''FULL''' pathname starting with the root directory.

:* Easier to understand Understand the FULL layout location of pathnamefile within the filesystem.

''ExampleExamples:''<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;">mkdir ls /bin<br>ls /home/useridyour-user-id/uli101/examples</span> will create the '''uli101''' directory in the home directory of the user called: userid. This command is using an absolute pathname.

A '''relative pathname ''' is a path to a file or directory that begins from your '''current''' directory. This is called relative because it is used to locate a specific file <u>relative </u> to your current directory.

:'''<span style="font-size:1.5em;">.</span> &nbsp; ''' A period symbol "." represents the '''current ''' directory:'''<span style="font-size:1.5em;">..</span>''' Two consecutive period symbols ".." represents the '''parent ''' directory &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (i.e. one level up)

For exampleExamples: <br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;">mkdir uli101ls ../../../bin</span> or <br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;">mkdir ls examples<br>ls ./uli101examples</span> will create the uli101 directory in your current directory.

<table align="right"><tr><td>[[Image:relative-to-home-1.png|thumb|right|250px|Directories in red display the path from the home directory of the current user (which is '''userid''') to the '''examples''' directory (i.e. the relative-to-home pathname: '''~/uli101/examples'''.]]</td><td>[[Image:relative-to-home-2.png|thumb|right|250px|Directories in red display the path from the current another user's home directory location (which is '''uli101''') to the their '''examplesnotes''' directory (i.e. the relative -to-home pathname: '''~jane/uli101/examplesnotes''' or ./uli101/examples]]</td></tr></table>You can specify a pathname as A '''relative-to-home by using a pathname''' begins with the tilde and slash at the start, character ( i.e.g. '''~/uli101/notes) to represent the user’s home directory.html'''<br><br>The tilde character character '''~'''' is replaced by your  stores the path of the user’s home directory <br>(typically i.e. '''~ = /home/current-user-id''') <br><br>You can immediately place a username after the tilde to represent another user’s home directory(e.g. For example <span style="font-family: courier">'''~jane = /home/jane'''  ''Advantages of using Relative-to-home Pathnames:'' :* Possible shorter pathname</span>)

''Examples:''<br><br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;">mkdir ls ~/uli101</span> will create the uli101 directory in '''current user's home directory'''.examples<br><span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;">ls ~janemurray.saul/uli101/notes</span> will display contents of '''jane's home directory''' ('''/home/jane''').

'''NOTE:''' Deciding which '''type of pathname''' to use depends on many factors including: '''knowledge of current directory''', '''knowledge of directory structure''', <br>'''currently directory location''', and '''type of file management command''' that is being used.

Sometimes when When issuing Linux commands, it could may be '''more efficient ''' (less typing) to use a trick '''filename expansion symbols'''<br>to process several match files that share the same characteristic<br>similar characteristics (for example, the e.g. same file extension, or the same file naming structure)when issuing Linux commands.

You issued can use a special character to indicate to the '''ls''' command Bash shell to view match all of the files contained in your current directory:  <span style="font-family:courier;>'''ls'''<br>a.txt b.txt c.txt 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt abc.txt work.txt webpage.html picture.png</span>  You now want to list just text files (i.e. files that end with the extension ".txt").<br>One method to do this is to issue the ls command and specify each file pathname as a separate argument:

<span style="color:blue;font-family:courier;>'''ls a.txt b.txt c.txt 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt abc.txt work*.txt'''<br>

But this method is '''inefficient''': it requires a LOT of typing Below are the most common Filename Expansion symbols and knowing which filenames to include as separate arguments.<br>You can use a special character to indicate to the Bash shell to match all files that end with the extension ".txt"how they are used for filename expansion:[[Image:globbing-demo.png|thumb|right|400px|'''Globbing''' is the process of expanding filenames as separate arguments that match an argument that uses a '''wildcard symbol''' (such as '''*''').]]

<span table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="fontborder-bottom: 1px solid black;text-familyalign:courierleft;">Filename<br>Expansion<br>Symbol</th><th valign="bottom" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:left;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ls *'''</td><td>Asterisk (*) to represent '''0 or more characters'''</td></tr><tr><td>'''?'''</td><td>Question mark (?) to represent '''exactly one character (any character)'''</td></tr><tr><td>'''[ ]'''</td><td>Square brackets ([ ]) to represent and match for the <br>'''character enclosed within the square brackets'''.txt<br>It represents ONLY ONE character - it's like a<br>'''Question Mark (?)''' but with '''conditions or restrictions'''</td></tr><tr><td>'''[! ]'''</td><td>Square brackets containing an exclamation mark immediately after<br>the open square bracket ([! ]) to represent and match and<br>a'''OPPOSITE''' character for the character enclosed within the square brackets.txt b.txt c.txt 1.txt 2.txt 3.txt abc.txt work.txt</spantd></tr></table>

There are ''How Does this Work? '3 methods''' to make those special characters '''act only like text characters'''<br>when issuing Linux commands (Process of Globbingdisplayed in chart below)'':

'''File globbing''' is a feature provided by the UNIX/Linux shell to represent multiple filenames by using special characters called wildcards with a single file name. A wildcard is essentially a symbol which may be used to substitute for one or more characters. Therefore, we can use wildcards for generating the appropriate combination of file names as per our requirement.<br>Reference: https=INVESTIGATION 1:ABSOLUTE /RELATIVE /www.linuxnix.com/10RELATIVE-fileTO-globbing-examples-linux-unix/HOME PATHNAMES=

 As shown in the diagram on the right, when the ls command is issued with a filename expansion symbol (like *), the Bash shell searches for files that match the symbol (in this case all filenames that end with the extension ".txt") and expands the argument using the wildcards with those filenames as separate arguments. You do not see this happen in the shell, it is a process that occurs "behind the scenes". Below are the most common Filename Expansion symbols and how they are used for filename expansion: <table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-align:left;">Filename Expansion Symbol</th><th span style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;text-aligncolor:leftred;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''*ATTENTION'''</td><td>Asterisk (*) : This online tutorial will be required to represent be completed by '''0 or more characters'''</td></tr><tr><td>'''?'''</td><td>Question mark (?) to represent '''exactly one character (any character)'''</td></tr><tr><td>Friday in week 4 by midnight'''[ ]'''</td><td>Square brackets ([ ]) to represent and match for the <br>'''character enclosed within the square brackets'''.<br>It represents ONLY ONE character - it's like obtain a<br>grade of '''Question Mark (?)''' but with '''conditions or restrictions2%'''towards this course</tdspan></tr><tr><td>'''[! ]'''</td><td>Square brackets containing an exclamation mark immediately after<br>the open square bracket ([! ]) to represent and match and<br>'''OPPOSITE''' character for the character enclosed within the square brackets.</td></tr></table> ===Quoting Special Characters=== x<br><br> =INVESTIGATION 1: ABSOLUTE / RELATIVE / RELATIVE-TO-HOME PATHNAMES=

The best way to learn about pathname different types of file pathnames is to issue many use them while issuing<br>Linux file management commands using each type (absolute, relative, relative-to-home) and see which ones pathnames (or combinationof pathnames) is the '''<u>most </u> efficient '''<br>(i.e. requiring the '''least number of keystrokes''').

# '''Login''' to your matrix account.<br><br># Issue a command to '''confirm''' you are located in your home directory.<br><br>Let's create the following directory structure under your home directory by issuing the mkdir command using only absolute pathnames.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the directory structure displayed to the right using '''absolute pathnames''':<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The command you issue below will be VERY LONG... just keep Just continue typing and let the text continue of separate lines. When using these absolute pathnames, start each one from the root directory (/) and Remeber to replace the text "youruserid" with your actual login Seneca-id.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the directory structure displayed to the right using '''absolute pathnames''':<br><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p /home/youruserid/tutorial3/practice/commands /home/youruserid/tutorial3/practice/examples /home/youruserid/tutorial3/notes/lesson1 /home/youruserid/tutorial3/notes/lesson2</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that you properly created the directory structure:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree /home/youruserid/tutorial3</span><br><br>You should notice that using absolute pathnames with this Linux command '''requires a lot of typing'''.<br>Let's '''remove ''' this directory structure, and issue the same command using a ''relative-to-home '' pathnameinstead.<br><br># Issue To remove this directory structure, issue the following Linux command (enter "'''y'''" at each prompt to remove ALL contents):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -ri /home/youruserid/tutorial3</span><br><br># Issue a command tree command as you did in '''step #4''' to confirm that the tutorial3 directory (and its contents) no longer exist. You should know how to do thisstructure has been removed.<br><br>Let's recreate # Issue the following Linux command to create the same directory structure, but use a using relative-to-home pathname. pathnames:<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You usually generate the ~ character by Holding down '''SHIFT''' and press the button <br>to the <u>left </u> of the number '''1''' above the text on your keyboard.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the same directory structure using relative-to-home pathnames:<br><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p ~/tutorial3/practice/commands ~/tutorial3/practice/examples ~/tutorial3/notes/lesson1 ~/tutorial3/notes/lesson2</span><br><br>Did this command require less typing than the previous command using absolute pathnames?<br><br># Issue the '''tree''' command to confirm the directory structure was properly created.<br><br>Let's remove the '''tutorial3 ''' directory and its contents and issue the mkdir same command with using '''relative pathnames to create the same directory structure'''.<br><br># Issue the same command as you did in '''step 4 #5''' to remove the '''tutorial3 ''' directory and its contents safely.<br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm you removed the '''tutorial3 ''' directory and its contents.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to create the same directory structure using relative pathnames:<br><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p tutorial3/practice/commands tutorial3/practice/examples tutorial3/notes/lesson1 tutorial3/notes/lesson2</span><br><br># Issue a command to verify that the proper directory structure was created.<br><br>'''QUESTION:''' Which '''mkdir''' command (pathname type) that you performed in steps '''3''' , '''67''' , and '''911''' required the <u>LEAST </u> number of keystrokes (i.e. characters)?<br><br>

:You might start to may think that issuing Linux file management commands are better using '''relative''' or <br>'''relative-to-home''' pathnames instead of '''absolute''' pathnames, but this assumption may that is not always be correcttrue.

:Since the '''current ''' directory location was your '''home''' directory, then it makes sense that using to use ''relative '' or ''relative-to-home '' pathnames are more efficient. On the other hand, what if we <u>changed </u> the location to a different directory? Then perhaps, using an absolute pathname would be preferable.

:When performing the next series of steps, refer to the '''tree diagram''' on the right. It is '''HIGHLY RECOMMENDED''' to always refer to a tree diagram when issuing Linux using different pathnames. Learning to reference a tree diagram on a '''quiz''', '''midterm''' or '''final exam''' can help to '''prevent errors and loss of marks!'''

# # Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory'''.<br><br># Issue Since we will be running Linux commands depending on the directory structure that you have created, issue the following Linux command to run a checking script to ensure verify you created the CORRECT directory structure displayed as in the diagramit correctly:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week3-check-1</span><br><br># If you encounter errors , make corrections and then re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message.<br><br># Issue a Linux command to change to the '''examples''' directory in your recently-created directory structure.<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd tutorial3/practice/examples</span><br><br>

# Remembering that we are located in the '''examples''' directory, issue the following Linux command <br>using a '''relative''' pathname to display files in the /bin directory: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls ../../../../../bin</span><br><br># Now issue the following Linux command using an '''absolute''' pathname: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls /bin</span><br><br>Which type of pathname would be the best to use in this situation?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Although it would work, using Using the previous command using the '''relative-to-home ''' pathname would work, <br> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; but it would look weird. Try to issue the command yourself!<br><br># Let's copy the file called ls which is contained in the '''/bin''' directory to your '''home''' directory by using the '''cp''' command. <br>First, issue the following Linux command to copy the ls command from the /bin directory to your home directory using absolute pathnames: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/ls /home/youruserid</span><br><br># Now let's issue the previous command using just relative pathname (remember, our current directory location is '''examples'''):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp ../../../../../bin/ls ../..</span><br><br>'''TIP: ''' For relative pathnames that move up multiple parent directories such as these, it is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED <br>to view the tree diagram and check for the correct number of .. symbols. Students commonly make mistakes <br>and lose marks on these type of questions!<br><br># Let's issue the command using one absolute pathname and a relative pathname: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/ls ../..</span><br>What did this command do?<br><br># Let's issue the same command using one absolute pathname and a relative-to-home pathname: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/ls ~</span><br>What did this command do?<br><br>Which of the following file type combinations requires the LEAST number of keystrokes to copy the ls file to your home directory?<br><br># Let's copy the '''ls ''' file from the '''/bin ''' directory to your <u>current </u> directory (i.e. examples): <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/ls .</span><br><br># xIssue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/ls ./ls.bk</span><br><br>What does this command do?<br><br>Let's run a checking script to make certain you performed the above tasks a few of the recently-issued commands correctly.<br><br># Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory'''.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week3-check-2</span><br><br># If you encounter errors , make corrections and then re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, <br>and proceed to the next INVESTIGATION.<br><br>

You will now get practice issuing Linux file management commands using '''filename expansion symbols'''.<br>We will be using the directory structure that was created in the previous INVESTIGATION. A great way to practice filename expansion, use the '''touch''' command to create a lot of empty filenames,<br>write the '''ls''' Linux commands that use '''filename expansion''', predict the filenames that will be display,<br>and finally run the command to check your work.<br><br>

# Issue a Linux command to move to the '''commandsexamples''' directory<br>(i.e. under ''practice'' directory as shown in diagram to the right).<br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirmed that you have moved to the ''commands'examples''' directory.<br><br># Issue a Linux the '''touch''' command to create the following empty text files in the ''commandsexamples'' directory:<br>(note ''upper'' and ''lowercase'' letters)<div br><br><div style="font-family:courier;margin-left:50px;font-weight:bold;">abc.txt<br>def.txttext<br>hij.TxT<br>1a4.txt<br>123.TXT<br>456.txt<br>6u9.txt<br>ab2.txthtml<br>1234.txt<br>abcdef.txt<br>abcde.txt<br><br></div><ol><li value="4">Before proceeding, let's run a checking script to make certain To verify that you properly created these regular those files correctly, issue the following:<br>Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory'''.<br><br<span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">~uli101/week3-check-3</lispan><libr>Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murrayIf you encounter errors, then make corrections (eg.saul/scripts/week3-'''viewing directory contents''', '''check-3</span>for correct filename syntax''',<br><br></li><li>If you encounter errors and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message'''case sensitivity''', and continue '''missing files''', '''files in this section.<br><br>the wrong location'''NOTE: To become comfortable with using filename expansion symbols, an excellent practice method is to create multiple files (you have already done thatetc.), look at the Linux command using filename expansion symbols and view then re-run the listing of files in the current directory that match checking script<br>until you receive a congratulations message, and then write down on a paper the expected output of commands that use filename expansion symbolscontinue with this investigation. You can then run the command to see the results in order to check your work.'''<br><br>Let's try this for each of the situation below:<brspan style="color:red;">'''ATTENTION''':<br>Learning to '''fix your mistakes''' by issuing Linux commands may be required if you make mistakes</libr>in your online tutorial. </span><br><br><li>Issue the following Linux '''ls''' command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;"to get a listing of files in your ''examples'' directory.<br><br>ls ???The output should look identical to the diagram displayed below.txt</span><br>Write down the expected output on paper, You can refer to this listing to see all files so you can then issue predict the command to check your answeroutput from Linux commands that use filename expansion symbols.<br><br></li>[[Image:listing-1.png|left|650px|thumb|]]<br><br><br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls ?????.txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls ??????.txt</span><br>Write '''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls [0-9]??????.txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer. Did the command work? What does this teach you about the character class [ ] symbol?<br><br><<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls [0-9][0-9][0-9]..txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.<br>Did the command work?<br>What does this teach you about the character class [ ] symbol?<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls [a0-z9][a0-z9][a0-z9].txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command (using character class with UPPERCASE letters): ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls [Aa-Zz][Aa-Zz][Aa-Zz].txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command (using character class using alpha-numeric characterswith UPPERCASE letters)?: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls [aA-zA-Z0-9]Z][aA-zA-Z0-9Z][aA-zA-Z0-9Z].txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: (using character class using alpha-numeric characters)?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls *.txt[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9].txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output on ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer. Did ALL text files get listed? Why not?<br><br></li><li>Issue What do you think the output will be from the following Linux command: ?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls *.[tT][xX][tT]txt</span><br>'''Write down the expected output ''' on paper, then '''issue the command ''' to check your answer.Did ALL text files get listed this time? If so, whyWhy not?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We have just been using filename expansion symbols just with the ls command.<br/li><li>Filename expansion symbols can What do you think the output will be used for ANY from the following Linux file management command (e.g. '''cat''', '''more''', ''?<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls *.[tT][xX][tT]</span><br>'less''', '''cpWrite down the expected output'''on paper, then '''mvissue the command'''to check your answer. Did ALL text files get listed this time? If so, '''rm''', '''ls''', etc.).why?<br><br>Let</li><li>'''s get some practice issuing these other Linux file management commandsNOTE:''' We have just been using filename expansion symbols just with the ls command.<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Filename expansion symbols can be used for ANY Linux file management command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">(e.g. '''cat''', '''more''', '''less''', '''cp''', '''mv''', '''rm''', '''ls ???''', etc.).txt</span><br>Write down the expected output on paper, then issue <br><br>Let's get some practice issuing these other Linux file management commands.<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">file *.[tT][xX][tT]</span><br>What is the purpose of this command? Which files are contained in this output?<br><br><li>[[Image:dir12.png|right|350px|thumb|]]Change to the '''commands''' directory using an '''absolute''' pathname<br>(use the diagram on right-side for reference).<br><br></li><li>Issue a Linux command to confirm that you are now in the '''commands''' directory.<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command (lowercase "l" NOT the number "1"):<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/l* &nbsp; .</span><br>View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm *</span><br><br>View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command (lowercase "l" NOT the number "1"):<br> <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /bin/l? &nbsp; .</span><br>View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm l[!s]</span><br>View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do?<br><br></li><li>Use a text editor (nano or vi) to create the file called '''ab''' in the '''commands''' directory that contains the line of text below,<br>and then save editing changes to this file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;">This is file ab</span><br><br></li><li>Use a text editor (nano or vi) to create the file called '''cd''' in the '''commands''' directory that contains the line of text below,<br>and then save editing changes to this file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;">This is file cd</span><br><br></li><li>Use a text editor (nano or vi) to create the file called '''ef''' in the '''commands''' directory that contains the line of text below,<br>and then save editing changes to this file:<br><span style="font-family:courier;">This is file ef</span><br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cat ??</span><br><br>View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do? Why does the output look strange?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Press the keys '''ctrl-c''' to return to the shell prompt.<br><br></li><li>Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cat [!l][!s]</span><br><br>View the contents of the contents directory. What did this command do? Does the output look better? If so, why?<br><br></li></ol> : Proceed to the command to check your answernext INVESTIGATION.<br><br></li></ol>

xThere is a method make the shell '''ignore the purpose of special characters''' and treat as '''regular text'''. In this investigation, you will learn '''three unique methods''' to quote special characters.

The purpose of this section is to obtain extra practice to help with your assignment #1, quizzes, your midterm, and your final ezamexam.

https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101files/uli101_week3_practice.docx