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{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.
===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===
|colspan="2" style="font-size:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<u>'''outside</ubr> of Seneca College'''.
|colspan="2" style="font-size:* Working with the 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux '''Command Prompt''' (Linux '''shell''')/Shortcut Reference<br>
|colspan="1" style="font-size:* Changing your Matrix Account '''Password'''16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>
|- valign="top" style="padding-left:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account15px;"
|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO:* Performing Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Review QuestionsWindows SSH client Software:''' for Additional Practice<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>
| style===Purpose of Having a "padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix AccountAccess:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal <ctrl><d>]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style==="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , <ctrl><l>]<br>
|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>
= KEY CONCEPTS=
===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix===
While attending Seneca College, you will be using many different computer systems.
Some of these servers include:
{|width="100%" cellspacing="0"
|- valign| style="toppadding-left:0px;width:10%"|'''learn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades'' / ''Online Quizzes'')
|colspan="2" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-bottomleft: thin solid black15px;border-spacingwidth:0px;65%"|Minimum Required Materials<br>''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''
|colspan="3" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing10%" |'''<span style="color:0px;padding-left:15pxblue;"|Linux Command Reference>matrix.senecacollege.ca<br/span>'''|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux server environment used for "''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.
|}
===Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===
[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux Cluster''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to larger servers. ]]
The '''Matrix server''' consists of '''several computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''.<br>A '''Linux cluster''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to buying larger servers.
All registered students in this course should have an account on the Matrix server.<br>You will be using this account for the following reasons:
:* Issuing '''Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Tutorials''' ('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''<u>c7host VM Details):</u>* Performing '''Linux Practice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''8 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''')
'''Method 1: Run ssh Command from command prompt:'''
[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Perform Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the Following Steps:'''ssh command'''.<br><br>
'''Perform the Following Steps:''' #During the installation processIf you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you will required MUST first connect to create a the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'root password''.<br><br>' (for administration access) and create a ''NOTE:'regular user account''If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer. Click on <br><br># Determine which '''Root Passwordoperating system''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password computer isusing. Retype <br><br># Try connecting to your root password and click Matrix account using the instructions in the '''Donetable''' (you may have to click Done below based on <u>twiceyour</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password)'''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;">#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root <th>'''Windows 10 (you will learn how to do this later in this labor above).:'''</th>#Click <th>'''User CreationmacOS:''' and enter your </th> <th>'''full nameLinux:'''</th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click 'username'Launchpad''icon, and an appropriate type '''passwordterminal''' (<br>and confirm password). Click press '''DoneENTER''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><br>{|widthspan style="50%" cellspacing="0color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td>|- valign="top" <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|*In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labsterminal, using enter the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines)following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix. Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines)senecacollege. ca<b/span>Do not do this in a production environment! </btd>}} <br/tr><br/table>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is completeconnecting securely for the '''first time''', you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!dialog box'''</li><li>Click the will appear to share a "'''Rebootpublic key''' button" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. Your DVD will encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<ubr>briefly</ubr> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.''</lib>FYI:<li/b>After To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the system rebootscomputer, and a boot menu should briefly appear'''public key''', then prompt which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the user private key to accept the License Information encrypt (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Acceptedscramble''' ) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and graphically accept your computer uses the license and then click private key to decrypt ('''FINISH CONFIGURATIONunscramble''' to finish the installation process) those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''NOTE:yes''' and press '''ENTER''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''1dialog box''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''2password''' followed by ENTER (in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to accept the license agreement)your Seneca password.<br><br>'''cNOTE:''' followed by ENTER (to save As you type the password, the selection)<br>text may be '''chidden''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on Enter your '''regular user account name''' Seneca password and press '''enter your regular user passwordENTER'''.<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>The last phase You mis-spelled the '''name of the installation process should now run:server'''<ul/li><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''Next'(same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by clicking mistake (your username should be '''Nextlowercase'''only).</li>Start using <li>You mis-spelled your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linuxpassword'''(same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</libr></ulbr>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].</libr><libr>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol> <li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.Matrix Linux shell''' =INVESTIGATION 2: Common Post-Installation Tasks= {| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Image:taskbarshould appear where you can enter Linux commands.png|thumb|right|500px|<br><br>The '''VM Workstation taskbarMatrix''' is useful when in full-screen mode server has been configured to allow users to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]|- valign="top"|[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window modeonly interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. This <br>The main reason for this is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTEforce students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to .<br><br></li><li>To '''window modeexit''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|[[ImageMatrix session, type the command <span style="color:fullscreenblue;font-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''full screen modeENTER'''. You can press <br><br>'''ALT-CTRL-ENTERNOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<ubr><br>toggle</uli><li> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for Type the same command at the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRLcommand terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER''' to change back to <br><br>'''NOTE:'''You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window modehas '''automatically closed''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|}===Managing <br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Virtual Machine=== In future labsMatrix account, you will have to run and then exiting your VMware Workstation application Matrix account several times to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VMbecome familiar with this process.Usually, you are NOT required <br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to use this menu access your Matrix account (unless if you need to "force-off" the c7host7 have an MS Windows machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application. On the other hand, there are useful short-cut key you should use:</li></ol><br>
You can also connect to your Matrix server account in the '''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>
One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a '''graphical program''' to allow you connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the previous section).<br>
[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps'''('VMware Tools''AppsAnywhere' is '') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''not''' have a collection of utilities home (notebook) computer and have access to help improve the performance and efficiency of the VM's operating systema Seneca computer lab workstation. Some features include:<br><br>
You will now use '''MyApps''' on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and login to your Matrix server account.
[[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. ]]
You can '''configure'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform SSH application to adjust elements such as the following steps:'''window size''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. We will be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but the other applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br>
# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br>
# To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br>
# Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br>
# To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br>
# Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br>
# You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br>
# To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br>
# After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br>
# It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>
=INVESTIGATION 2:'''Perform USING THE LINUX SHELL =In this investigation, you will learn how to use the following stepsLinux Shell. Topics in the section include:'''
===Part 3: Disable SELinux=Linux Command Structure==
<span style="font-family:'''Perform the following Stepscourier;color:'''blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>
# Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer Investigation 2 observations :''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (all parts data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and questions) permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <code>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your lab log bookhome directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Linux server as yourself.#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones on the same node as you.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:'''What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2)
= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpaddingGetting Help with Linux Commands="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set | more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar="my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar | grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER = "root" ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You must be root" ''<br> ''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br> ''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}
With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it's important for Linux users and Linux system administrators (sysadmin) to learn how to use commands “on-the-fly”.
You will now learn how to perform '''command line editing''' to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.
==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''Perform the Following Stepsshortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as:'''Linux sysadmin''').
'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]
# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of the command line.]]</td></tr></table>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br>
# Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, and see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><ctrl><BACKSPACE></span> and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"><ctrl><h></span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line.<br><br>
# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]
These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "hands-on" experience as well as "trouble-shooting experience.
'''Perform the Following Steps:'''
NOTE: ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and REVIEW QUESTIONS
===Part 2:'''NOTE:''' Although it is possible to copy and paste, is it highly recommended to manually enter the following Bash Shell scripting content to become familiar with writing Bash Shell scripting code. Remember: you will be required to create a Bash Shell script on your final exam, so you need the practice!Performing Online Assignments ===
You are required to perform '''3 online assignments''' throughout this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce<br>Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1''' (midterm) and '''test 2''' (final).
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= LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS =
:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx
Author: Murray Saul
License: LGPL version 3
Link: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html
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