[[Image:vmware-1a.png|thumb|right|550px450px|The VMware Workstation 12 application will allow you to create and administer '''4 different virtual machines''' ('''VM'''s) on your computer system. ]]

:*'''lab1Lab 1:''' Create a Centos7 '''CentOS 7 Host virtual machine ''' (called '''c7host''') in the virtual program called '''VMware Workstation''' (this host will be stored on your Solid State External Drive (SSD). :*'''Lab 2:''' Install a '''Virtual program package''' on your '''CentOS 7 Host virtual machine''' called '''KVM''' which will be used to create 3 remaining Virtual Machines (VMs) that will be used to learn about Linux system administration for the remainder of this course.

'''NOTE: It is ESSENTIAL feasible to have use a '''Solid State Drive notebook computer with sufficient hard disk capacity to perform these labs (as you would for an SSDdrive) with a minimum storage capacity of 240 GB''' . It would require that your notebook computer can connect to perform your lab sessions and provide a host for your other Centos7 host and other VMs that you will create the Internet (including in lab2Seneca's computer labs). '''Due You would be required to space requirementsfollow the same instructions for this lab (SSD) Note: It may take one or two weeks before students can obtain their free version of VMware Workstation 12 Pro; therefore, you are <u>NOT</u> permitted it may be more convenient to share this purchase an SSD drive with any other course material than our OPS235 course'''to be able to start lab1 immediately. It is strongly recommended to NOT use VMware Player.

<span style="font-size:16px;font-weight:bold">==Main Objectives<br></span>===

* '''Record installation characteristics of CentOS 7 FULL INSTALL''' Note common Linux commands and record them in an installation comparison chart (contained in lab2 your lab1 logbook chart).

* Use '''Shell scripts''' to generate a post-install report for your Centos7 CentOS 7 host VM.

| |[[Image:ssd.png|thumb|left|135px175px|<b>Solid State Drive</b><br>Minimum Size: 250GB]]

| [[Image:log-book.png|thumb|left|70px100px|<b>[[:Media:OPS235_logbook.pdf|Lab Log BookLogbook]]</b><br>(lab 1)]]

*[httphttps://wwwlinux.rpmdie.orgnet/man/max-rpm8/rpm.8.html rpm]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8.html yum]<br>

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hostname.1.html hostname]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/uname.1.html uname]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ps.1.html ps]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/lsblk.8.html lsblk]<br>

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/ifconfig.8.html ifconfig]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/route.8.html route]<br>*[http://linux.math.tifr.res.in/manuals/man/nslookup.html nslookup]<br>

*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html grep]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wc.1.html wc]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/more.1.html more]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/file.1.html file]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/wget.1.html wget]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod]<br>*[httphttps://man7ss64.org/linux/man-pages/man1com/vi.1p.html vi]| style="padding-left:15px;"|Matrix on-line tutorials<br><ul><li>Linux Basics:<br>'''/home/murray.saulops235/linux-basics'''</li><li>Using the vi Text Editor:<br>'''/home/murray.saulops235/vi-tutorial'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part I (Scripting Basics):<br>'''/home/murray.saulops235/scripting-1'''</li></ul>

 =INVESTIGATION 1: CREATE AND INSTALL FIRST VIRTUAL MACHINE (c7host)= In this lab, you will learn how to install your '''Centos CentOS Full Install DVD''' as a virtual machine using the '''VMware Workstation''' application.Make certain to record your observations of this install in the comparison chart for '''c7host''' in your '''lab2 logbook'''. 

*'''Boot media / Installation:''' CentOS7 CentOS 7 Full Install DVD(image file):::*Download at Seneca College: http<br>https://belmontmirror.senecacollege.ca/pub/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-15112003.iso:::*Download outside Seneca College: <br>http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloonetflash.canet/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-15112003.iso*'''MemoryDisk space:''' 16GB238GB *'''Disk spaceCPUs:''' 240GB *1 CPU, 4 cores ('''CPUs:Do not mix and match! Always use 1 CPU, and multiples of 2 for cores.''' 1)

{{Admon/important[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer250px|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerations:Format drive window''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have in order to format your new SSD as '''16GBexFAT''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br><br></li><li>'(''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:Windows''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}]]

Before you can install {{Admon/important|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Centos Full Install DVD onto Windows machine recognizes your Virtual Machine, you must first create SSD device with a storage container which is a virtual drive letter on your Windows machine that will provide a platform for . You may experience problems if you are using the Kingston SSD. If so, then run '''diskmgmt.msc''' in order to install create a volume and format your Centos operating systemdisk1.}}

# Refer Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots if you need a for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br>

# If you haven't already downloaded the CentosOS7 CentOS 7 Full Install DVD iso to your USB KEYISO, then download the following link for the Centos7 CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your USB devicelocal computer: <br>http://belmontmirror.senecacollegenetflash.ca/pubnet/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-15112003.iso

# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM the to contain our Centos7 CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br>

# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Click Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' to accept the default number of processors.# In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''2GB8GB''' (i.e. '''2048 8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.

# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right -hand window pane(below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type''click, ''' select the checkbox to enable the option to '''Boot with EFI instead of BIOSradio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DV DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded Centos7 CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPTor AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.

===Part 2: Install Centos on your Newly-Created VM === The next step is to perform a custom installation for your Centos7 CentOS 7 virtual machine using the Centos7 CentOS 7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow you to complete the installation process to create the Centos7 CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine.

# Select from the installation menu: '''Install Centos7CentOS 7'''.

# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their Centos7 CentOS 7 system prior to installation.

::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>At '''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner ''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>

[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|550px450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]

::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentosCentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 40 30 GB = 40000 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''40 30 GB x 1024 = 40960 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create the root (/) partitionour partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li>

<li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''4096030720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li>

<li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''10GB40GiB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/imageimages'''s (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB100GiB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GBGiB'''.</li>

|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. You should remove the install DVD and confirm Centos7 boots from your removable hard drive. ]]

#<span style="background-color:yellow">Remember to record this host installation information in the '''installation comparison chart''' in the lab2 logbook</span>.#When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''#Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that Centos will boot from your hard drive.#After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br>#The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"#The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br>#Stop timing your installation and note the amount of time that your installation took to perform. Also take the time to fill in the c7host section of the installation comparison chart in your lab2 logbook.#Open a web|-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.valign="top"

=INVESTIGATION 2: COMMON POSTCommon Post-INSTALL TASKSInstallation Tasks=

[[Image:window-mode.png|thumb|right|350px320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended to work in this mode. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R to change to fullscreen mode, and then again to toggle back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]

[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|350px300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in '''full screen mode'''. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to <u>toggle</u> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]

In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your Centos7 CentOS 7 host VM.

:* Copying and pasting test text between host and among VMs

#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su </span></code></b> Issue . This will switch you to the '''pwdroot account''' . From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and '''<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami''' </span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this accountusing the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su - </span></code></b> . Issue the '''<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd''' </span></code></b> and '''<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami''' </span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?

===Part 3: Disable {{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It is highly discouraged and Perform Software Updates===unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing server. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}

# Disabling SELinux is quite simpleMake sure you're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config''': <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUX ''' to '''disable<u>ddisabled</u>''' (from ''targetedenforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">getenforce</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b> === Part 4: Perform Software Updates=== Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping your computer secure and stable. On Linux, we use package managers to install software and updates. Package managers not only perform installations, but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used. :'''Perform the following steps:''' # Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there is a kernel update, reboot your system. (There usually is on a first update after OS installation.)

=== Part 4INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ===

<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" informationoinformation, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td>

<td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nslookup</span>(at prompt, enter command: server) </code></b></td>

<li value="7">Launch a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vivim</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">myreport.bash</span></code></b> in your current directory.</li>

<ol><li value="9">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bash''' file read and execute permissions (at least for the owner) and run by typing:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./myreport.bash</span></code></b></li><li> Did it work?</li><li>Reopen your text-editing session for '''/root/bin/myreport.bash''' and add the following lines of code to the bottom of the shell script file:</ol>

<ol><li value="14">Here are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform the same task. Although you are not require to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended that you view the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or exmaplesexamples.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://scsict.senecac.onsenecacollege.ca/~murray.saulops235/labs/text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Verify that the file '''text-report.bash''' was downloaded to your current directory.</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">chmod u+rx text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Run this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">./text-report.bash</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of the report?</li><li>Use the <b>vi</b> text editor to view the contents of the file <b>text-report.bash</b>. Can you understand how this script works?<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquotebr><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecacict.onsenecacollege.ca/~murray.saulops235/labs/report.bash<br>&nbsp;https://scsict.senecac.onsenecacollege.ca/~murray.saulops235/labs/report3.bash</span></code></b></blockquotebr><br></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab1. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>

#Issue Download the checking script by issuing the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget httphttps://matrixict.senecac.onsenecacollege.ca/~murray.saulops235/ops235labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give the '''lab1-check.bash''' that downloaded shell script file execute permissions (for the file owner).<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su -'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br>

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Output of '''lsblk''' command showing correct partition names and sizes::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span>messages)::</codespan style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</bspan> messagesProof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')