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[[Category:OPS235]]
{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}
= LAB PREPARATION =
== Purpose / Objectives of Lab2==
[[Image:hostmachine.png|thumb|right|300px|The c7host Linux server will run virtualization software to install and run 3 virtual machines (installed in lab2). ]]
'''In this lab, you will create three virtual machines'''. This also gives you an opportunity to experiment with different ways of installing CentOS. You will be learning the following elements of Virtualization in this lab:<br><br><u>Main Objectives</u> :* '''Installing Virtualization Software''' on your '''c7host ''' machine:* '''Create 3 separate VMs (virtual machines) using different installation methods:''':** Centos Live DVDInstallation:** Network Installation without configuration file:** Network Installation with configuration file (Kickstart)<br><br>:* Understand the '''advantages and disadvantages of each type of installation''', and be able to '''select the best installation method''' for a particular situation.:* '''Manipulate virtual machines by CLI''' (virsh):* '''Properly backup VMs and VM configuration''' in virtual manager application onto home directory and to external source (USB Key):* Observe how '''Bash Shell Scripting''' can be used to automate routine tasks involving VM management
== What is a Virtual Machine?==
A '''virtual machine''' is a software simulation of a computer which can be used as though it were actual hardware. It's possible to run multiple virtual machines on one computer, reducing hardware requirements and introducing promoting flexibilitywhen working with multiple operating systems. Some common uses of virtualization include:
:* '''Software testing''' -- Using multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single computer for testing and experimentation.
== Minimum Required Materials (Bring to All Labs) ==
{|cellpadding="15" width="40%"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" | [[Image:harddrive.png|thumb|left|85px|<b>Removable Hard Disk Pack</b> (SATA)]]
{|width="100%" cellpadding="15"
|- valign="top"
|width="1020%" |<u>Virtualization:</u>
[http://linux.die.net/man/1/virt-manager virt-manager]<br>
[http://linux.die.net/man/1/virsh virsh]
|width="10%" |<u>Installation Guides</u> [http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/KVM Installing & Using KVM on CentOS ]<br>[http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kvm-intro.html Using KVM (tutorial)]<br>[https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Virtualization/sect-Virtualization-Commands_for_Red_Hat_Virtualization-virsh_the_command_line_interface_tool_for_virtualization.html virsh command reference ]<br>[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Installation_Guide-en-US/ch-kickstart2.html CentOS Kickstart Reference ]<br>|width="1020%" |<u>Commands</u>
[http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?gzip gzip, gunzip]<br>
[http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?grep grep]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod]<br>
[http://ss64.com/vi.html vi]
|width="20%" |<u>Installation Guides</u>
[http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/KVM Installing & Using KVM on CentOS ]<br>
[http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kvm-intro.html Using KVM (tutorial)]<br>
[https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Virtualization/sect-Virtualization-Commands_for_Red_Hat_Virtualization-virsh_the_command_line_interface_tool_for_virtualization.html virsh command reference ]<br>
[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Installation_Guide-en-US/ch-kickstart2.html CentOS Kickstart Reference ]<br>
|width="40%" |{{Admon/tip|Online Linux Command Review|The following links tutorial will allow you to practice Linux commands that you learned from ULI101learn essential shell scripting skills. Login to your '''Matrix''' account, and issue the pathname to run the online tutorial in Matrix:<br><ul> <li>Bash Shell Scripting Continued- Part 2 (Logic & Math Expressions): [ ]<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-2'''</li><li>Shell Scripting - Part 3 (Loops)<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-3'''</li></ul>|
}}
|}
==Virtualization Application Setup / Comparison Chart==
[[Image:lab2-logbook.png|thumb|right|100px200px|'''comparison chart''' in lab2 logbook.]]
'''Record VM Installation in Lab2 (Installation Comparison Chart):'''
You will be learning to perform several different type of CENTOS Linux installs. Lab2 already has an empty table for comparing various Linux installs. You were required in lab1 to record your observation for your '''c7host ''' installation.
As you proceed throughout this lab, you will be required to fill in the comparison chart for three of the VMs (virtual machines) that you will be installing.
# Open a web-browser, and open the OPS235 Lab #2 WIKI.
# Install Open a shell terminal.<br><br>'''WARNING:''' You must perform a '''yum update''' on your '''c7host''' machine before proceeding with the next steps.<br><br># You will need to download an image file for the virtualization software Centos7 LIVE DVD by issuing the following command(best works while at Seneca):<br><b><code><span style="pointercolor:#3366CC;font-eventssize: none1.2em;cursor">wget http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-LiveGNOME-1511.iso</span></code></b><br><br># Install the virtualization software by issuing the command: default;<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">yum install qemu-kvm qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python \<br>python-virtinst libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewerbridge-utils</span></code></b> <br><br> {{Admon/important|Restart your Host Machine|You must restart your '''c7host''' machine after installing the virtualization program above. If you fail to do this, you may experience virtualization network problems!}}
::This will install many applications (including):
:::* '''kvm/qemu''' - the hypervisor and other hardware emulation systems.
:::* A system service named '''libvirtd''' that manages the VMs.
:::* A graphical tool for managing virtual machines ('''virt-manager''') and the '''virsh''' command-line tool.<br><br>
<ol>
<li value="35">Start the virtualization service: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service libvirtd start</span></code></b></li> <li>The firewall configuration is altered by the addition of the virtualization software. Restart Centos7 uses firewalld for firewall, but we will be switching back to using iptables. Issue the following series of command to install iptables and restart the firewall so that these changes become active: <br><br> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl stop firewalld</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl mask firewalld</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">yum install iptables-services</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointercolor:#3366CC;font-eventssize: none1.2em;cursor">systemctl enable iptables</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size: default1.2em;">systemctl start iptables</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service iptables restartsave</span></code></b><br><br></li>
</ol>
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Run virt-manager as a regular user, not as root|Otherwise all your virtual machines will be owned by root and you won't be able to use them as a regular user.}}
|}
<ol>
<li value="57">Start the graphical tool by selecting the menu options '''Applications'''>'''System Tools'''>'''Virtual Machine Manager''' or by typing the command <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virt-manager</span></code></b></li>
</ol>
== Part 1: Installing from a Downloaded Image (Centos7 LIVE CD) =={| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/tip|Performing this Lab off the Perform Downloads and Network installs at Seneca network (eg. at home)|'''It is recommended to perform this lab in one of Seneca College's labs'''. This lab uses servers which are on the Seneca network and which are not available from other locations (such as your home). If you attempt this lab from another location, adjust the belmont.senecac.on.ca URLs to point to another mirror server -- note that you may need to change the directory name as well as the server name. The installation of the '''centos3''' virtual machine <u>must</u> be done at Seneca.}}|-|{{Admon/tipimportant|Removing and Recreating VMs|Using an Image instead of If for some reason the user wants to remove a Live Disc|Virtual Machine, they can right-click the VM, and select delete in the Virtual Machine Manager. It is recommended that you perform this installation from your Live DVD. As a matter of interest (for future reference), it is possible to install directly from '''"delete the ISO image file " in the remove VM dialog box when removing and then recreating a VM'''. Note: If you used fail to burn your Live DVDproperly remove the VM image file, it may affect the hard disk size for the new VM (i.e. There are many Internet tutorials that show use the individual how old smaller size. Make certain to perform remove that taskVM image file prior to recreating the VM.|'''}}|}
# Make certain you used the wget command to download the LiveGNOME iso file from the Belmont server (from previous instructions).
# In the Virtual Machine Manger, click on the icon to ''Create a Virtual Machine'' in the upper-left corner:
# A window will appear with the title ''New VM''. There are five steps to be completed; click Forward after each step:
# '''Step 1 of 5:''' Enter the virtual machine (called Select '''centos1Local install media''') name and select click '''Local install mediaForward'''.# '''Step 2 of 5:''' Insert the DVD containing the Centos Live Disc image. Wait a moment for the disc to be recognized, then select Select '''Use CDROM or DVDISO Image''' as the install media. Set , click the ''OS type'Browse' to ''button, and then the 'Linux''Browse Local' and the ''Version'' button. Navigate to the location of the downloaded Centos7 LIVE CD image, select the image file and click '''Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7Open''' (the CentOS6 equivalent). When finished, click Forward to proceed.# '''Step 3 of 5:''' Set the memory to '''768 2048 MB''' and the number of CPUs to '''1'''# [[Image:vm-path.png|thumb|right|300px|It is extremely important to '''correctly specify the VM image file path-name'''. Double-check the spelling of the path-name before proceeding!]]<ol><li value="7">'''Step 4 of 5:''' This next step creates a disk file that will be used to simulate the virtual machine's disk drive. Select a size of '''10 GB''' and checkmark the box labeled . Click on<br> '''Allocate entire disk nowSelect managed or other existing storage'''# '''Step 5 of 5and type the VM image file pathame:<br> ''' Review the options that you have selected/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos1. img'''Make a note of (make certain that the storage location.pathname is correct) and then click ''' If anything needs to be changed, use the 'Forward'Back'' button to go back and edit it; otherwise, click proceed.</li><li>'''FinishStep 5 of 5:''' {{Admon/important|Removing and Recreating VMs|If for some reason Enter the user wants to remove a Virtual Machine, they can right-click the VM, and select delete in the Virtual Machine Manager. It is recommended to virtual machine name: '''"delete the image file" in the remove VM dialog box when removing and then recreating a VMcentos1'''. Note: If you fail to properly remove Review the VM image fileinformation, it may affect the hard disk size for the new VM (i.e. use the old smaller size. Make certain to remove that VM image file prior to recreating the VM.|and click '''Finish'''}} .<br><br><ol/li> <li value="8">'''The virtual machine will now start'''- start timing your installation and making notes for '''centos1''' virtual machine in the installation comparison chart in lab2 logbook. The virtual machine is running from the live disc at this point, and no software has been installed on the ''hard drive'' of the virtual machine. The point of a live disk is to allow you to test the distribution to see whether you like it without installing to the harddrive hard-drive first.</li><li>Double-click '''Install to Hard Drive'''. The installation program, similar to the one used when installing CentOS in Lab 1, will appear. You basically perform the same installation operations for this VM including for '''Date & Time''', '''Network & Hostname''', and '''Installation Destination'''. Make certain to use the '''hostname''': '''<u>centos1</u>''' as opposed to ''c7host'') for this installation. (with a few slight differences).</li><li>For '''Installation Destination''', select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''. Make certain that the '''Partition Scheme''' is set to '''LVM''' and then click on the link: '''Click to Create Automatically'''. '''Done'''. Check to make certain that the root partition has file system type: '''ext4'''.</li><li>Accept the changes and then click '''Begin Installation'''.<ol type="a"><li>You will be required to make selections very similar to what you did in lab1.</li><li>While the system is installing, take a few minutes to record your observations (including slight differences with centos1 install as opposed to c7host install).</li><li>When the installation process is complete, note the time required to install this system and record in the installation comparison chart of your lab2 logbook.<br><br></li></ol></li><li>Power-off your Centos7 LIVE system.</li><li>You should notice that the Centos7 boot menu appears. Either press '''ENTER''' to start or wait for it to start automatically.</li><li>Finish the final steps in the setup process (like you did in lab1).</li><li>#You may want to turn off the screen-saver (like you did in Lab1): [http://zenit.senecac.on.ca/wiki/index.php/OPS235_Lab_1_-_CentOS7#Customizing_Your_Account How to Turn-off Screen Saver (lab1)]</li></ol>{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Network / Service Considerations|Please perform the tasks below in order allow these CentOS systems to be able to communicate with each other. '''Failure to properly perform these operations can cause problems in future labs'''.|}}|}
<ol>
<li value="913">Click '''Install Enable SSH access to Hard Drive'''. The installation program, similar your virtual machine with these commands (semi-colon allows commands to the one used when installing CentOS be run in Lab sequence):<br /> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1, will appear. You will get a warning at one point during 2em;">service sshd start; chkconfig sshd on</span></code></b></li> <li>Find out the installation process that IP address of your virtual machine and the disk name of your Ethernet network adaptor: <b><code><span style="May contain datacolor:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;" or >ifconfig</span></code></b> </li> <li>Enter the following command on your virtual machine to create a firewall exception to allow ssh traffic into the machine:<br /> <b><code><span style="may need to be recolor:#3366CC;font-initializedsize:1.2em;" >iptables -I INPUT - this is simply a warning p tcp -s0/0 -d0/0 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT</span></code></b></li><li>If you are logged in as root, logout to your regular user account.</li><li>Confirm that you can ssh to your virtual machine from the virtual disk host (your main CentOS installation): <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh regularuserid@IPaddress</span></code></b> (where '''regularuserid''' is completely blankyour regular user login id, and it '''IPaddress''' is safe to proceed with the installation'''IP_ADDRESS''' of your '''centos1''' VM!).</li><li>Make certain to '''disable SELinux for centos1''' (refer to lab1)</li><li>Adjust your screen-saver settings and run a '''yum update''' on your centos1 VM before proceeding to ''Part 2''</li></ol>
'''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Part 2: Installing from the a Network =={| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/tipimportant|Authenticate to the network|The rest of this lab uses network access.''' Be sure to authenticate to the network using your browser before proceeding'''.}}|}
'''Answer the Investigation 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Part 3: Installing from the a Network using a Kickstart File == === Introduction === When CentOS is installed using the techniques you have used so far, the user is asked a number of questions. In some situations, it is better to provide the answers to these questions in a file rather than answer them individually. This type of file is called a ''kickstart'' file.
# Create the VM as you did with the ''centos2'' virtual machine, specifying a network install as before, but specify the kickstart location under the "options section" for network install. What do you think is the purpose of this kickstart file?
# Observe the installation. How is it different from booting from an optical disca downloaded image?# Complete the installation. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations.<br><br>If the during the installation, you see the message at the bottom '''Pane is Dead''', click the '''Virtual Machine''' menu at the top, select '''Shut Down''' -> '''Force Off''', '''right-click''' on '''centos3''' in the ''virtual manager'' window and select '''Delete'''. Redo the VM setup for a new instance of the ''centos3'' VM.
# What happens when the installation is finished?
# Take a look at the kickstart file (eg. view url in a webj-browser) to determine the root password as well as the name and password for the first user account.!
# Boot the virtual machine and log in (use the user ID and password information from the previous step). Compare the experience to the first time you booted the other virtual machines. Record this information in the '''table contained in Investigation 4'''.
# Repeat the steps as you did to '''Answer start the Investigation 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.SSH service''', '''set iptables to accept connections via ssh''', '''test connections between centos3 and c7host''', and '''disable SELinux'''(refer to lab1). == Part 4: Updating the VMs == {{Admon/important|Check # Remember that your graphical VMs are connected to Network|It centos3 is recommended when starting text-based interface only (no graphics). To recover from a graphical VMblank screen, check press a key (like the network icon SPACE key) to return to see if the system is connected. If it is NOT connected, select auto ethscreen display.}} # In each VM, run this command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;">yum update</span></code></b># Record the answers time taken to these questions in your log book:#* How long did it take install, and compare this to run on each VM? How many packages were updated?#* Why does it take longer in some VMs than others? {{Admon/caution|Never Shutdown Computer During Upgrade|Your computer (host, vms) are at their most vulnerable when you perform an update. Always plan ahead for appropriate the time prior to performing an updatetaken by the previous installations. Shutting down Record your computer while performing an update may cause your computer not to boot! You have been warned!!!}}findings in the Installation Comparison chart in lab2 logbook.
=INVESTIGATION 2: MANAGING VIRTUAL MACHINES=
== Part 1: Managing Virtual Machines from the Command Line ==
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/note|Manage virtual machines from the host|The commands used to manage virtual machines must be executed on the host (your disk pack) and not inside a virtual machine.}}|}# Start the '''centos1''' virtual machine, and stop the '''centos2''' and '''centos3''' virtual machines.# Switch to the '''c7host ''' machine, and open a shell terminal.# Enter these admin commands into your '''c7host ''' machine and note the result:#* :: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list</span></code></b>#* :: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list --all</span></code></b>#* :: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list --inactive</span></code></b># {| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/note|Virtual Machine Does not Shutdown from Command|If the Virtual machine fails to shutdown from the <code>virsh shutdown</code> command, then you can go to the '''Virtual Machine manager''' and '''halt''' or '''shutdown''' within the VM itself, then you can click the '''PowerOff''' button in the VM window. You'll want to avoid a forced shutdown since those are equivalent to yanking the power cord out of the wall on a physical machine!|}}|}<ol><li value="4">Now, shut-down your centos1 VM normally, and close the centos1 VM window.# </li><li>Switch to your terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh start centos1</span></code></b># </li><li>Using the appropriate command check to see if your centos1 VM is now running.# </li><li>There are other commands that can be used (such as '''suspend''', or '''shutdown'''). The "shutdown" command may not always work since it relies on the guest handling a particular ACPI event. Why do you think it is useful to have commands to manipulate VMs?</li><li>Since this is a text-based version of Linux, you do not need to turn off the screen-saver.</li></ol>
'''Answer all observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Part 2: Backing Up Virtual Machines ==
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Backing up VMs|There are two general processes in order to back up your images:<ol><li>'''Compressing your images''' (also recommended to backup up to external storage USB Key) using the '''gzip''' command.</li><li>'''Backup the VM xml configuration file''' (preferably to USB key) using '''virsh''' shell command to add VM to virtual machine manager list (in the event that the HOST machine is "wiped" and re-installed, but VM images and xml configuration files have been backed up external storage).</li></ol><br />Taking the time to backup the image of the Operating System's file system allows the user to return to a '''"restoration point"''' using the '''gunzip''' command in case something bad occurs to the OS during a lab.<br />Failure to take the time to make and confirm backups can result in loss of lab work for the student!|}}
|}
# Shut down all of the virtual machines.
# Change to the directory <b><code>/var/lib/libvirt/images/</code></b>. Note the size of the files in this directory. What do these files contain?# Make a compressed backup of the <code>'''centos3.img</code> ''' file to your home directory with this command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">gzip < centos3.img > ~YourUserId/centos3.img.backup.gz</span></code></b><br />(Note: Make certain to use the redirection signs "<" and ">" properly in the command!){{Admon/caution| Make sure # Compare the size of the backup is successful!|If there are any error messages, compressed and original files (hint: use '''DO NOTls -lh''' proceed past this point). YouIf file is very large (like 15GB), you didn're going t compress it and you need to destroy your centos3 virtual machine remove that file and restore it using the backup you have created -- if there are any problems with perform the backup, previous step until you will not have a working virtual machine, and will have to re-install get it.}}right!<ol> <li value="4">Compare the size of the compressed and original files.</li> <li># Start the '''''centos3''''' VM.</li> <li># '''Make certain that you are in your VM and <u>not</u> in your main system!'''</li> <li># Wreck <u>only</u> your centos3 system! Try this command inside the centos3 virtual machine: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rm -rf /*</span></code></b></li>(ignore error messages). <li># Shut down the centos3 VM. If you tried to start the centos3 VM, it would not boot since all system files have been removed!</li> <li># Restore the original image from the backup in your home directory by typing this command: <b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">gunzip < ~YourUserId/centos3.img.backup.gz > centos3.img'''</span></code></b># Restart the VM. Is it working normally?# Create compressed backups of your other virtual machines (ie. '''centos1''' and '''centos2''').# You should make a copy of the xml configuration file in case you "wipe" and re-install the host machine, and want to add a restored VM backups to the virtual machine manager list. We will demonstrate using the centos3 xml configuration file, and prove that a "clone" can be added to your list.Please perform the following step:# Execute the following command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh dumpxml centos3 > centos3.xml</span></code></b># Examine the file <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">centos3.xml</span></code></b>. What does it contain? What format is it in?<br><br># We will now learn how to download a compressed image file and xml configuration file and add it as a VM to the virtual manager menu.# Issue the following commands:<ul><li><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget http://cs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/practical1.img.gz</span></code></b></li><li><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/practical1.xml</span></code></b><br><br></li></ul> <ol><li value="17">Copy these files to the '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' directory and decompress the image</li><li>Make certain your present working directory is: '''/var/lib/libvirt/images'''</li><li>Issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh define practical1.xml</span></code></b></li><li>Restart What happened in the virtual manager window? To remove a VMentry in the Virtual Manager window, simply issue the command: '''virsh undefine vm_name''' (without the '''. Is xml''' file extension)</li><li> Launch the VM to see if it working normally?boots-up</li> <li>Create compressed backups of Can you log into this VM? Perhaps your other virtual machinesinstructor will give you a clue in week #7... >;p<br><br></li></ol>{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/tip|Shutting Down the Host while Virtual Machines are Running|If you shut down your host system while virtual machines are running, they will be suspended, and will resume the next time you boot your host system.}}|}
<ol>
<li>Answer this question in your log book:</li>
</ol>
::* In order to fully back up a virtual machine, what information should be saved in addition to the virtual machine image?
'''Answer the Investigation observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
==Part 1: Automating Routine Tasks (Shell Scripting)==
<ol><li value= Preparing "7">Save, set permissions, and then run that shell script to backup centos1. Confirm that this script did backup this image to root's home directory</li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquote><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start-text.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop-text.bash</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop.bash</span></code></b></blockquote></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab2. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>'''Answer all observations / questions in your lab log book.''' = LAB 2 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) ={{Admon/important|Time for a new backup!|If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of your virtual machines as well as your host machine.}} '''Arrange proof of the following on the screen:''' <ol><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> '''<u>All</u> VMs''':<blockquote><ul><li>Working virtual machines '''created''' and '''running'''</li><li>'''Disk layout''' and '''size''' correct on all virtual machines</li><li> Proof of '''yum updates'''</li><li>'''All virtual machines backed-up''' (eg. usb stick and/or home directory)</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span>'''c7host''' machine:<blockquote><ul><li>'''Correct VM image filenames''' contained in '''/var/lib/libvirt/images directory'''</li><li>Creation of your bash shell script called '''backupVM.bash'''</li><li>A list of your '''iptables''' rules (command: '''iptables -L''')</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">✓</span> Lab2 logbook notes and '''Installation Comparison chart''' completed</li></ol> == Practice For Quizzes , Tests, Midterm & Final Exam ==
# What is the name of the CentOS installation program?
# Which factors recorded in your table (above) were due to What is the type name of the file created by the CentOS installation performed, and which factors were due to the amount of software installedprogram?
# Which type of installation works best for confirming compatibility with hardware before installation? Why?
# Which type of installation works best for installing large numbers of computers? Why?
# How can you reduce the number of software updates required immediately after installation?
# How do you start and stop virtual machines?
# How do you SSH into your virtual machines?
# What is the purpose of procedure to backup your VM images (and relationship between these pieces of softwareXML config files) to your USB key?#* libvirt#* libvirtd#* virsh#* virt-manager#* virt-install#* kvm
# The kickstart installation (centos3) was a network installation. Can a kickstart file be used with a DVD installation?
# The kickstart installation (centos3) was fairly fast. Why? Under what circumstances would it take a long time, even on a fast network?
[[Category:OPS235]]
[[Category:OPS235 Labs]]