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[[Category:OPS235]]
{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}
= LAB PREPARATION =
== Purpose / Objectives of Lab2==
[[Image:hostmachine.png|thumb|right|300px|The c7host Linux server will run virtualization software to install and run 3 virtual machines (installed in lab2). ]]
'''In this lab, you will create three virtual machines'''. This also gives you an opportunity to experiment with different ways of installing CentOS. You will be learning the following elements of Virtualization in this lab:<br><br><u>Main Objectives</u> :* '''Installing Virtualization Software''' on your '''c7host ''' machine:* '''Create 3 separate VMs (virtual machines) using different installation methods:''':** Centos Live DVDInstallation:** Network Installation without configuration file:** Network Installation with configuration file (Kickstart)<br><br>:* Understand the '''advantages and disadvantages of each type of installation''', and be able to '''select the best installation method''' for a particular situation.:* '''Manipulate virtual machines by CLI''' (virsh):* '''Properly backup VMs and VM configuration''' in virtual manager application onto home directory and to external source (USB Key):* Observe how '''Bash Shell Scripting''' can be used to automate routine tasks involving VM management
== What is a Virtual Machine?==
A '''virtual machine''' is a software simulation of a computer which can be used as though it were actual hardware. It's possible to run multiple virtual machines on one computer, reducing hardware requirements and introducing promoting flexibilitywhen working with multiple operating systems. Some common uses of virtualization include:
:* '''Software testing''' -- Using multiple operating systems simultaneously on a single computer for testing and experimentation.
== Minimum Required Materials (Bring to All Labs) ==
{|cellpadding="15" width="40%"
|- valign="top"
|width="10%" | [[Image:harddrive.png|thumb|left|85px|<b>Removable Hard Disk Pack</b> (SATA)]]
{|width="100%" cellpadding="15"
|- valign="top"
|width="1020%" |<u>Virtualization:</u>
[http://linux.die.net/man/1/virt-manager virt-manager]<br>
[http://linux.die.net/man/1/virsh virsh]
|width="10%" |<u>Installation Guides</u> [http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/KVM Installing & Using KVM on CentOS ]<br>[http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kvm-intro.html Using KVM (tutorial)]<br>[https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Virtualization/sect-Virtualization-Commands_for_Red_Hat_Virtualization-virsh_the_command_line_interface_tool_for_virtualization.html virsh command reference ]<br>[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Installation_Guide-en-US/ch-kickstart2.html CentOS Kickstart Reference ]<br>|width="1020%" |<u>Commands</u>
[http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?gzip gzip, gunzip]<br>
[http://unixhelp.ed.ac.uk/CGI/man-cgi?grep grep]<br>
[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/chmod.1.html chmod]<br>
[http://ss64.com/vi.html vi]
|width="20%" |<u>Installation Guides</u>
[http://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/KVM Installing & Using KVM on CentOS ]<br>
[http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kvm-intro.html Using KVM (tutorial)]<br>
[https://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/5.2/Virtualization/sect-Virtualization-Commands_for_Red_Hat_Virtualization-virsh_the_command_line_interface_tool_for_virtualization.html virsh command reference ]<br>
[http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Installation_Guide-en-US/ch-kickstart2.html CentOS Kickstart Reference ]<br>
|width="40%" |{{Admon/tip|Online Linux Command Review|The following links tutorial will allow you to practice Linux commands that you learned from ULI101learn essential shell scripting skills. Login to your '''Matrix''' account, and issue the pathname to run the online tutorial in Matrix:<br><ul> <li>Bash Shell CommandScripting -line EditingPart 2 (Logic & Math Expressions):<br>'''/home/li><li>Common Linux Commands<murray.saul/li><li>Using a Text Editorscripting-2'''</li><li>Simple Bash Shell Scripting- Part 3 (Loops)<br>'''/home/murray.saul/scripting-3'''</li></ul>|
}}
|}
=INVESTIGATION 1: USING VIRTUALIZATION SOFTWARE TO CREATE VIRTUAL MACHINES=
== Virtualization Application Setup / Comparison Chart == [[Image:lab2-logbook.png|thumb|right|200px|'''comparison chart''' in lab2 logbook.]] '''Record VM Installation in Lab2 (Installation Comparison Chart):'''
You will be learning to perform several different type of CENTOS Linux installs. As you proceed throughout this lab, you will be required to fill in the following Lab2 already has an empty table to be used for installation type comparisoncomparing various Linux installs. You should try were required in lab1 to fill out the section record your observation for the CENTOS install you performed in lab #1, and then continue with this labyour '''c7host''' installation.
'''Complete the following steps to install and run the virtual manager application:'''
# Open a web-browser, and open the OPS235 Lab #2 WIKI.# Open a shell terminal.<br><br>'''WARNING:''' You must perform a '''yum update''' on your '''c7host''' machine before proceeding with the next steps.<br><br># You will need to download an image file for the Centos7 LIVE DVD by issuing the following command (best works while at Seneca):<br><b><code><span style== Using "color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-LiveGNOME-1511.iso</span></code></b><br><br># Install the virtualization software by issuing the Virtual Machine Manager =command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">yum install qemu-kvm qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python \<br>python-virtinst libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils</span></code></b> <br><br>
{{Admon/important|Restart your Host Machine|You must restart your '''c7host''' machine after installing the virtualization program above. If you fail to do this, you may experience virtualization network problems!}}
<ol>
<li value="35">Start the virtualization service: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service libvirtd start</span></code></b></li> <li>The firewall configuration is altered by the addition of the virtualization software. Restart Centos7 uses firewalld for firewall, but we will be switching back to using iptables. Issue the following series of command to install iptables and restart the firewall so that these changes become active: <br><br> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl stop firewalld</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl mask firewalld</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">yum install iptables-services</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl enable iptables</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">systemctl start iptables</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service iptables restartsave</span></code></b><br><br></li>
</ol>
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Run virt-manager as a regular user, not as root|Otherwise all your virtual machines will be owned by root and you won't be able to use them as a regular user.}}
|}
<ol>
<li value="57">Start the graphical tool by selecting the menu options '''Applications'''>'''System Tools'''>'''Virtual Machine Manager''' or by typing the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virt-manager</span></code>.</b></li>
</ol>
# Make certain you used the wget command to download the LiveGNOME iso file from the Belmont server (from previous instructions).
# In the Virtual Machine Manger, click on the icon to ''Create a Virtual Machine'' in the upper-left corner:
# A window will appear with the title ''New VM''. There are five steps to be completed; click Forward after each step:
# '''Step 1 of 5:''' Enter the virtual machine (called Select '''centos1Local install media''') name and select click '''Local install mediaForward'''.# '''Step 2 of 5:''' Insert the DVD containing the Centos Live Disc image. Wait a moment for the disc to be recognized, then select Select '''Use CDROM or DVDISO Image''' as the install media. Set , click the ''OS type'Browse' to ''button, and then the 'Linux''Browse Local' and the ''Version'' button. Navigate to the location of the downloaded Centos7 LIVE CD image, select the image file and click '''Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7Open''' (the CentOS6 equivalent). When finished, click Forward to proceed.# '''Step 3 of 5:''' Set the memory to '''768 2048 MB''' and the number of CPUs to '''1'''# [[Image:vm-path.png|thumb|right|300px|It is extremely important to '''correctly specify the VM image file path-name'''. Double-check the spelling of the path-name before proceeding!]]<ol><li value="7">'''Step 4 of 5:''' This next step creates a disk file that will be used to simulate the virtual machine's disk drive. Select a size of '''10 GB'''. Click on<br> '''Select managed or other existing storage''' and checkmark type the box labeled VM image file pathame:<br> '''Allocate entire disk now/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos1.img''' (make certain that the pathname is correct) and then click '''Forward'''# to proceed.</li><li>'''Step 5 of 5:''' Enter the virtual machine name: '''centos1'''. Review the options that you have selectedVM information, and click '''Finish'''. <br><br></li><li>'''The virtual machine will now start'''Make - start timing your installation and making notes for '''centos1''' virtual machine in the installation comparison chart in lab2 logbook. The virtual machine is running from the live disc at this point, and no software has been installed on the ''hard drive'' of the virtual machine. The point of a note of live disk is to allow you to test the distribution to see whether you like it without installing to the storage locationhard-drive first.</li><li>Double-click '''Install to Hard Drive'' If anything needs '. The installation program, similar to be changedthe one used when installing CentOS in Lab 1, use will appear. You basically perform the same installation operations for this VM including for ''Back'Date & Time''' button to go back and edit it; otherwise, click '''FinishNetwork & Hostname''' {{Admon/important|Removing , and Recreating VMs|If for some reason '''Installation Destination'''. Make certain to use the user wants '''hostname''': '''<u>centos1</u>''' as opposed to remove ''c7host'') for this installation. (with a Virtual Machinefew slight differences).</li><li>For '''Installation Destination''', they can right-select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''. Make certain that the VM, '''Partition Scheme''' is set to '''LVM''' and select delete in then click on the Virtual Machine Managerlink: '''Click to Create Automatically'''. It is recommended to '''"delete Done'''. Check to make certain that the image root partition has file" in system type: '''ext4'''.</li><li>Accept the remove VM dialog box when removing changes and then recreating a VMclick '''Begin Installation'''. Note: If <ol type="a"><li>You will be required to make selections very similar to what you fail did in lab1.</li><li>While the system is installing, take a few minutes to record your observations (including slight differences with centos1 install as opposed to properly remove c7host install).</li><li>When the VM image fileinstallation process is complete, it may affect note the hard disk size for time required to install this system and record in the new VM (iinstallation comparison chart of your lab2 logbook.e<br><br></li></ol></li><li>Power-off your Centos7 LIVE system. use </li><li>You should notice that the old smaller sizeCentos7 boot menu appears. Make certain Either press '''ENTER''' to start or wait for it to remove that VM image file prior start automatically.</li><li>Finish the final steps in the setup process (like you did in lab1).</li><li>#You may want to recreating turn off the VMscreen-saver (like you did in Lab1): [http://zenit.senecac.on.ca/wiki/index.php/OPS235_Lab_1_-_CentOS7#Customizing_Your_Account How to Turn-off Screen Saver (lab1)]</li></ol>{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Network / Service Considerations|Please perform the tasks below in order allow these CentOS systems to be able to communicate with each other. '''Failure to properly perform these operations can cause problems in future labs'''.|}}|}
<ol>
<li value="813">'''The Enable SSH access to your virtual machine will now with these commands (semi-colon allows commands to be run in sequence):<br /> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">service sshd start'''; chkconfig sshd on</span></code></b></li> <li>Find out the IP address of your virtual machine and the name of your Ethernet network adaptor: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b> </li> <li>Enter the following command on your virtual machine to create a firewall exception to allow ssh traffic into the machine:<br /> <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">iptables -I INPUT -p tcp -s0/0 -d0/0 --dport 22 -j ACCEPT</span></code></b></li><li>If you are logged in as root, logout to your regular user account. The </li><li>Confirm that you can ssh to your virtual machine is running from the live disc at this pointhost (your main CentOS installation): <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ssh regularuserid@IPaddress</span></code></b> (where '''regularuserid''' is your regular user login id, and no software has been installed on '''IPaddress''' is the ''hard drive'IP_ADDRESS''' of the virtual machineyour '''centos1''' VM!). The point of a live disk is </li><li>Make certain to allow you '''disable SELinux for centos1''' (refer to test the distribution lab1)</li><li>Adjust your screen-saver settings and run a '''yum update''' on your centos1 VM before proceeding to see whether you like it without installing to the harddrive first.''Part 2''</li></ol>
'''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Investigation Part 2: Installing from the a Network =={| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Authenticate to the network|The rest of this lab uses network access.''' Be sure to authenticate to the network using your browser before proceeding'''.}}|}
'''Answer the Investigation 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
== Investigation Part 3: Installing from the a Network using a Kickstart File == === Introduction === When CentOS is installed using the techniques you have used so far, the user is asked a number of questions. In some situations, it is better to provide the answers to these questions in a file rather than answer them individually. This type of file is called a ''kickstart'' file.
# Create the VM as you did with the ''centos2'' virtual machine, specifying a network install as before, but specify the kickstart location under the "options section" for network install. What do you think is the purpose of this kickstart file?
# Observe the installation. How is it different from booting from an optical disca downloaded image?# Complete the installation. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations.<br><br>If the during the installation, you see the message at the bottom '''Pane is Dead''', click the '''Virtual Machine''' menu at the top, select '''Shut Down''' -> '''Force Off''', '''right-click''' on '''centos3''' in the ''virtual manager'' window and select '''Delete'''. Redo the VM setup for a new instance of the ''centos3'' VM.
# What happens when the installation is finished?
# Take a look at the kickstart file (eg. view url in a webj-browser) to determine the root password as well as the name and password for the first user account.!
# Boot the virtual machine and log in (use the user ID and password information from the previous step). Compare the experience to the first time you booted the other virtual machines. Record this information in the '''table contained in Investigation 4'''.
# Repeat the steps as you did to '''start the SSH service''', '''set iptables to accept connections via ssh''', '''test connections between centos3 and c7host''', and '''disable SELinux''' (refer to lab1).
# Remember that centos3 is text-based interface only (no graphics). To recover from a blank screen, press a key (like the SPACE key) to return to the screen display.
# Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations. Record your findings in the Installation Comparison chart in lab2 logbook.
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/importantnote|Manage virtual machines from the host|The commands used to manage virtual machines must be executed on the host (your disk pack) and not inside a virtual machine.}}|Check that }# Start the '''centos1''' virtual machine, and stop the '''centos2''' and '''centos3''' virtual machines.# Switch to the '''c7host''' machine, and open a shell terminal.# Enter these admin commands into your graphical VMs '''c7host''' machine and note the result::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list</span></code></b>:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list --all</span></code></b>:: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh list --inactive</span></code></b>{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|colspan="2"|{{Admon/note|Virtual Machine Does not Shutdown from Command|If the Virtual machine fails to shutdown from the <code>virsh shutdown</code> command, then you can go to the '''Virtual Machine manager''' and '''halt''' or '''shutdown''' within the VM itself, then you can click the '''PowerOff''' button in the VM window. You'll want to avoid a forced shutdown since those are connected equivalent to Networkyanking the power cord out of the wall on a physical machine!|}}|It is recommended when starting a graphical }<ol><li value="4">Now, shut-down your centos1 VMnormally, and close the centos1 VM window.</li><li>Switch to your terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh start centos1</span></code></b></li><li>Using the appropriate command check the network icon to see if your centos1 VM is now running.</li><li>There are other commands that can be used (such as '''suspend''', or '''shutdown'''). The "shutdown" command may not always work since it relies on the system is connectedguest handling a particular ACPI event. If Why do you think it is NOT connecteduseful to have commands to manipulate VMs?</li><li>Since this is a text-based version of Linux, select auto ethyou do not need to turn off the screen-saver.}}</li></ol>
== Part 2: Backing Up Virtual Machines ==
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2"|{{Admon/important|Backing up VMs|There are two general processes in order to back up your images:<ol><li>'''Compressing your images''' (also recommended to backup up to external storage USB Key) using the '''gzip''' command.</li><li>'''Backup the VM xml configuration file''' (preferably to USB key) using '''virsh''' shell command to add VM to virtual machine manager list (in the event that the HOST machine is "wiped" and re-installed, but VM images and xml configuration files have been backed up external storage).</li></ol><br />Taking the time to backup the image of the Operating System's file system allows the user to return to a '''"restoration point"''' using the '''gunzip''' command in case something bad occurs to the OS during a lab.<br />Failure to take the time to make and confirm backups can result in loss of lab work for the student!|}}
|}
# Shut down all of the virtual machines.
# Change to the directory <b><code>/var/lib/libvirt/images/</code></b>. Note the size of the files in this directory. What do these files contain?
# Make a compressed backup of the '''centos3.img''' file to your home directory with this command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">gzip < centos3.img > ~YourUserId/centos3.img.backup.gz</span></code></b><br />(Note: Make certain to use the redirection signs "<" and ">" properly in the command!)
# Compare the size of the compressed and original files (hint: use '''ls -lh'''). If file is very large (like 15GB), you didn't compress it and you need to remove that file and perform the previous step until you get it right!
# Start the '''''centos3''''' VM.
# '''Make certain that you are in your VM and <u>not</u> in your main system!'''
# Wreck <u>only</u> your centos3 system! Try this command inside the centos3 virtual machine:<b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rm -rf /*</span></code></b> (ignore error messages).
# Shut down the centos3 VM. If you tried to start the centos3 VM, it would not boot since all system files have been removed!
# Restore the original image from the backup in your home directory by typing this command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">gunzip < ~YourUserId/centos3.img.backup.gz > centos3.img'''</span></code></b>
# Restart the VM. Is it working normally?
# Create compressed backups of your other virtual machines (ie. '''centos1''' and '''centos2''').
# You should make a copy of the xml configuration file in case you "wipe" and re-install the host machine, and want to add a restored VM backups to the virtual machine manager list. We will demonstrate using the centos3 xml configuration file, and prove that a "clone" can be added to your list.Please perform the following step:
# Execute the following command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh dumpxml centos3 > centos3.xml</span></code></b>
# Examine the file <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">centos3.xml</span></code></b>. What does it contain? What format is it in?<br><br>
# We will now learn how to download a compressed image file and xml configuration file and add it as a VM to the virtual manager menu.
# Issue the following commands:<ul><li><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget http://cs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/practical1.img.gz</span></code></b></li><li><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/practical1.xml</span></code></b><br><br></li></ul>
<ol><li value="17">Copy these files to the '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' directory and decompress the image</li><li>Make certain your present working directory is: '''/var/lib/libvirt/images'''</li><li>Issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">virsh define practical1.xml</span></code></b></li><li>What happened in the virtual manager window? To remove a VM entry in the Virtual Manager window, simply issue the command: '''virsh undefine vm_name''' (without the '''.xml''' file extension)</li><li> Launch the VM to see if it boots-up</li><li>Can you log into this VM? Perhaps your instructor will give you a clue in week #7... >;p<br><br></li></ol>
{| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"
|- valign="top"
|colspan="2"|{{Admon/tip|Shutting Down the Host while Virtual Machines are Running|If you shut down your host system while virtual machines are running, they will be suspended, and will resume the next time you boot your host system.}}
|}
<ol>
<li value="22">For the remainder of these labs, it is assumed that you will backup <u>'''both'''</u> the images and xml configuration files for <u>'''all'''</u> Virtual machines, when asked to backup your virtual machines. It is also highly recommended to backup these files to an external storage device (eg. USB key) in case the host machine gets "wiped" and you need to rebuild your HOST machine and then restore your Virtual Machines...</li>
<li>Answer this question in your log book:</li>
</ol>
::* In order to fully back up a virtual machine, what information should be saved in addition to the virtual machine image?
<ol><li value="24">A previous OPS235 student graciously created a shell script that you can download and run to check to see how you performed this lab (to see if you are on the right track).<br>Simply issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/lab2check2.bash</span></code></b> and run on your '''c7host machine'''.<br><br>'''If the shell script indicates any major errors, please inform your OPS235 instructor or lab assistant to advise what to do'''.<br><br></li></ol>
'''Answer the Investigation observations / questions in your lab log book.''' = INVESTIGATION 3: LOOKING AHEAD = ==Part 1: Automating Routine Tasks (Shell Scripting)== Investigation 5{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/tip|Bash Shell Scripting Tips:|<br><ul><li>'''Data Input: Managing Virtual Machines '''<br><br>A shell script can obtain data from a number of methods: '''reading input files''', using '''arguments when issuing command''' (positional parameters), or '''prompting for data to store in a variable'''. The later method can be accomplished by using the '''read''' command, for example: '''read -p "Enter your name: " userName'''.<br><br></li><li>'''Mathematical Expressions:'''<br><br>In shell scripting, data is stored in variable as text, not other data types (ints, floats, chars, etc) like in compiled programs like C or Java. In order to have a shell script perform '''mathematical operations''', number or variable need to be surrounded by two sets of parenthesis '''((..))''' in order to convert a number stored as text to a binary number.<br><br><u>'''Examples'''</u><br><br>''var1=5;var2=10''<br>''echo "$var1 + $var2 = $((var1+var2))"''<br><br>'''Note:''' shell does not perform floating point calculations (like '''5/10'''). Instead, other commands like '''awk''' or '''bc''' would be required for floating point calculations (decimals)<br><br></li><li>'''Loops (iteration):'''<br><br>Loops and logic are a very important elements of shell scripting (not to mention programming as well). Determinant loops (such as '''for''' loops) usually repeat for a preset number of times (eg. counts, positional parameters stored). In-determinant loops (such as '''while''' or '''until''' loops) may repeat based on unknown conditions (like waiting for user to enter correct data). Test conditions can be used with in-determinant loops, or even commands! If a command runs successfully (eg ls, cd, grep matching a pattern), zero (true) value is returned, otherwise a non-zero (false) value is returned. Command Line ==options or redirection to /'''dev/null''' can be used to just test if command runs, but not display stdout or stderr. Conditional statements "and" (&&) / "or" (||) can also be used when testing multiple conditions.<br><br>'''<u>Examples (try in a shell script)</u>'''<br><br>''set ops235 is fun''<br>''for x''<br>''do''<br> ''echo "argument is $x"''<br>''done''<br><br>''for x in $(ls)''<br>''do''<br> ''echo "Filename: $x"''<br>''done''<br><br>''read -p "enter a whole number: " num''<br>''until echo $num | grep -q "^[0-9][0-9]*$"''<br>''do''<br> ''read -p "Incorrect. Please enter WHOLE NUMBER: " num''<br>''done''<br><br>''read -p "pick a number between 1 and 10: " num''<br>''while [ $num -lt 1 ] || [ $num -gt 10 ]<br>''do''<br> ''read -p "Incorrect. Please pick number between 1 and 10: " num''<br>''done''<br><br></li></ul>}}|}
# Open a Bash shell terminal and login as root.# Use a text editor (such as <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">vi</span></code></b> or <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nano</span></code></b>) to create a Bash Shell script called: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">backupVM.bash</span></code></b> in /root'''Answer s home directory.# Enter the Investigation 5 observations / questions in following text content into your lab log booktext-editing session:<code style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.'''9em;margin-left:20px;"><br>#!/bin/bash
<ol><li value="7">Save, set permissions, and then run that shell script to backup centos1. Confirm that this script did backup this image to root's home directory</li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:<blockquote><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start-text.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop-text.bash</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start.bash<br>https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop.bash</span></code></b></blockquote></li><li>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.</li><li>You have completed lab2. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".</li></ol>'''Answer the Investigation 7 all observations / questions in your lab log book.'''
= Completing the Lab LAB 2 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) ={{Admon/important|Time for a new backup!|If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of your virtual machines as well as your host machine.}}
'''Arrange evidence for each proof of these items the following on your the screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''
<ol><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&# Three working x2713;</span> '''<u>All</u> VMs''':<blockquote><ul><li>Working virtual machines '''created.# ''' and '''running'''</li><li>'''Disk layout ''' and '''size ''' correct on all virtual machines# Use virsh to list the status </li><li> Proof of all vms.# Four kickstart files.# All virtual machines fully updated.# '''yum updates'''</li><li>'''All virtual machines backed -up to a ''' (eg. usb stickand/or home directory)</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&# Installation comparison table filled x2713;</span>'''c7host''' machine:<blockquote><ul><li>'''Correct VM image filenames''' contained in'''/var/lib/libvirt/images directory'''</li><li>Creation of your bash shell script called '''backupVM.# Lab Logbook bash'''</li><li>A list of your '''iptables''' rules (lab2command: '''iptables -L''') notes filled</li></ul></blockquote></li><li><span style="color:green;font-insize:1.5em;">✓</span> Lab2 logbook notes and '''Installation Comparison chart''' completed</li></ol>
= Preparing for = Practice For Quizzes , Tests, Midterm & Final Exam ==
# What is the name of the CentOS installation program?
# Which factors recorded in your table (above) were due to What is the type name of the file created by the CentOS installation performed, and which factors were due to the amount of software installedprogram?
# Which type of installation works best for confirming compatibility with hardware before installation? Why?
# Which type of installation works best for installing large numbers of computers? Why?
# How can you reduce the number of software updates required immediately after installation?
# How do you start and stop virtual machines?
# How do you SSH into your virtual machines?
# What is the purpose of procedure to backup your VM images (and relationship between these pieces of softwareXML config files) to your USB key?#* libvirt#* libvirtd#* virsh#* virt-manager#* virt-install#* kvm
# The kickstart installation (centos3) was a network installation. Can a kickstart file be used with a DVD installation?
# The kickstart installation (centos3) was fairly fast. Why? Under what circumstances would it take a long time, even on a fast network?
[[Category:OPS235]]
[[Category:OPS235 Labs]]