GAM670/DPS905 Weekly Schedule 20121
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GAM670/DPS905 -- Weekly Schedule 20121
Week 1 - Jan 8
This Week
- Assignment Discussion
- Suggested Enhancements
- Review of the Base Code
- Definition of a Framework
- Modularity through stable interfaces
- Re-usability through generic components
- Extensibility through hook methods
- Inversion of control - determines which application methods to invoke in response to external events
- Framework Architecture
- Modelling Layer
- API Translation Layer
- Notable Features of the Base Code
- camera, sound, and light are also derived from the Frame class
- textures attach at the object level
- texture connection is uncoupled from drawing of the graphics primitives
- reference frames are relative
- very simple collision detection
- Definition of a Framework
To Do
- add your name to the student list
- create a team page that includes the semester number 20121
- describe the game that you intend to develop
- list the topics of interest to your team in developing its game
- list the other topics of interest
Resources
Week 2 - Jan 16
This Week
- Relative Reference Frames
- Recursive calls
- Vector Frame::position()
- Matrix Frame::rotation()
- Matrix Frame::world()
- Detaching from and attaching to a parent frame
- Frame::attachTo()
- Recursive calls
- Geometry
- Plane
- normal + constant - examples
- equation of a plane: dot(n, x) + D = 0
- positive side of a plane dot(n, x) + D > 0
- Plane
- Collision Detection
- types of colliders
- spheres
- planes
- axis-aligned bounding boxes
- oriented bounding boxes
- types of colliders
To Do
- Research the feature that you are going to add and prepare a plan of action
- Prepare a team page for your team so that repos can be ordered
- Add a section to your team page to track your project and solicit commentary
Resources
Week 3 - Jan 23
This Week
- Collision Detection (cont'd)
- Shape
- Shape : Frame
- Shape::setRadius()
- Shape::getRadius()
- Shape::setRadius(float r);
- Shape::setRadius(float x, float y, float z);
- Shape::getRadius() const { return radius; }
- Shape::setPlane(Vector n, float d);
- Shape::setAxisAligned(Vector min, Vector max);
- Shape
- Comprehensive Camerawork
- rotation about an axis
- order of rotation matters
- Euler angles
- gimbal lock
- complex numbers
- solution of cubic equations 16th century
- two-dimensional representation
- matrix representation
- quaternions
- extension of complex numbers
- four-dimensional representation
- matrix representation
- geometric algebra (more abstract)
- Visibility Determination
- test a point for presence within a set of planes
- normal calculations - general rotation matrix - vector and angle
- ViewFrustum
- parameter - view * projection
- 6 planes
- near and far planes
- left and right planes
- top and bottom planes
- coding
- constructor
- ViewFrustum::contains()
- Finite Size of Objects
- Expansion of the View Frustum
- Index Buffers
- amount of storage needed for vertex data
- duplication of vertex data
- indexing
- indexed primitives
To Do
Resources
- Wikipedia on Complex Numbers
- Wikipedia on Quaternions
- Wikipedia on quaternions and Spatial Rotations
- Wolfram on Quaternions
- CProgramming.com on Quaternions
- Ogre intro on Quaternions
- collision sample
- indexBuffering sample
Week 4 - Jan 30
This Week
- Meshes
- What is a mesh?
- vertex list -> vertex buffer
- index list -> index buffer
- attribute list -> subset to which primitives belong
- pyramid sample
- Stock Objects
- Sphere
- slices and partitions
- Cylinder
- Torus
- Utah Teapot
- APIGraphic.h and .cpp code
- Sphere
- Custom Mesh
- Create a Mesh
- FVF settings
- DrawSubset
- DrawIndexedPrimitive parameters
- APIGraphic.h code
- X File
- Create Mesh from File
- What is a mesh?
- SkyBox
- definition of a skybox
- attachment to camera
- inverted coordinates
- skybox textures
- Graphic.cpp code
- more complicated forms - skydome
- definition of a skybox
- Billboards
- definition, purpose of a billboard
- types of billboards
- screen-aligned - useful for annotation text, lens flares
- normal is opposite to camera heading
- up is camera->up
- axial - useful for cylindrical symmetry - trees (textured object does not face straight on)
- up is fixed
- normal faces the viewer as much as possible
- view_plane - no distortion - useful for
- normal is fixed (opposite to camera heading)
- up is open to change
- viewpoint - simulates distortion due to perspective projection - useful for clouds
- normal is fixed (difference between viewpoint position and camera heading)
- up is open to change
- screen-aligned - useful for annotation text, lens flares
- Object.h and Object.cpp code
- Texture Filtering
- mip maps
- multum in parvo
- texture creation
- APITexture::SetSamplerState()
- mip maps
- DirectX Errors
- DirectX Utilities - Lookup Tool
- APIDisplay::restore() example
To Do
Resources
- meshes sample
- Rob Whitaker on Skyboxes
- Image Based Rendering - Suman Nadella on Billboarding and Imposters
- DigitalRune
- Wikipedia on Texture Filtering
- D3D 9 tutorial on modeling with an Index list
Week 5 - Feb 6
This Week
- Vertex Declarations
- The Pipeline
- The GPU
- nVidia
- AMD (previously ATI)
- Shader Languages
- what is a shader
- dedicated shaders
- unified shaders
- how does a shader work
- Vertex Shaders
- Pixel Shaders
- effect of skybox and point light on frame rate
To Do
- reorganize framework code so that vertex shader receives product of world, view, and projection matrices
- store viewProjection matrix as an instance variable in Display
- add viewProjection query to Display to extract product of view and projection matrices
- retrieve viewProjection in *::draw() method
- pre-multiply viewProjection by world to obtain composite matrix to pass to vertex shader
- add composite matrix to the constant table in the vertex shader
- reorganize framework code to minimize duplication of heading normalization
- perform normalization of heading in Display::beginDraw()
Week 6 - Feb 13
This Week
- Vertex Shader Programming
- Host
- APIPlatformSettings.h - Vertex Shader Identification
// shader file data #define VERTEX_SHADER_FILE L"vertexShader.hlsl" #define VERTEX_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT "vertexShader"
- APIBase.h - pointers into the shader
static IDirect3DVertexShader9* vertexShader; // vertex shader
static ID3DXConstantTable* uniformVS; // for vertex shader
- APIDisplay.h
Matrix projection; // projection transformation
- APIDisplay.cpp - setup()
// points to compiled shader code
LPD3DXBUFFER compiledCodeVS = nullptr;
// check for minimum vertex shader version required
if (caps.VertexShaderVersion < D3DVS_VERSION(2,0))
error(L"Display::09 Device does not support vertex shader 2_0");
// compile the vertex shader source code
else if (FAILED(D3DXCompileShaderFromFile(VERTEX_SHADER_FILE, NULL,
NULL, VERTEX_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT, D3DXGetVertexShaderProfile(d3dd),
D3DXSHADER_DEBUG | D3DXSHADER_SKIPOPTIMIZATION,
&compiledCodeVS, NULL, &uniformVS))) {
release();
error(L"APIDisplay::13 Unable to compile vertex shader");
}
// create the vertex shader object
else if (FAILED(d3dd->CreateVertexShader(
(DWORD*)compiledCodeVS->GetBufferPointer(), &vertexShader))) {
compiledCodeVS->Release();
release();
error(L"APIDisplay::14 Unable to create vertex shader object");
}
else {
compiledCodeVS->Release();
d3dd->SetVertexShader(vertexShader);
- APIDisplay.cpp - setProjection()
this->projection = *((Matrix*)projection);
- APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame()
Matrix& v = *((Matrix*)view);
Matrix viewProjection = v * projection;
uniformVS->SetMatrix(d3dd, "viewProjection",
(D3DXMATRIX*)&viewProjection);
Vector heading(v.m13, v.m23, v.m33);
// Required for specular lighting calculations
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "heading", (FLOAT*)&heading, 3);
Colour colour(red, green, blue);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "ambient", (FLOAT*)&colour, 4);
uniformVS->SetInt(d3dd, "noLights", 4);
- APIDisplay.cpp - set()
uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, "lighting", b);
- APIDisplay.cpp - setWorld()
uniformVS->SetMatrix(d3dd, "world", (D3DXMATRIX*)world);
- APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity()
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient", (FLOAT*)&r.ambient, 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse", (FLOAT*)&r.diffuse, 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&r.specular, 4);
uniformVS->SetFloat (d3dd, "material.power", (FLOAT)r.power);
- APIDisplay.cpp - release()
// release the shader COM objects
if (uniformVS) {
uniformVS->Release();
uniformVS = nullptr;
}
if (vertexShader) {
vertexShader->Release();
vertexShader = nullptr;
}
- APILight.cpp - setup()
// Populate the vertex shader constant table
//
// Light descriptors within the vertex shader
char typ[] = "light[0].type";
char amb[] = "light[0].ambient";
char dif[] = "light[0].diffuse";
char spe[] = "light[0].specular";
char pos[] = "light[0].position";
char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
char spt[] = "light[0].spot";
char att[] = "light[0].attenuation";
char ran[] = "light[0].range";
//
// Reset index in light descriptor
typ[6] = index + '0';
amb[6] = index + '0';
dif[6] = index + '0';
spe[6] = index + '0';
pos[6] = index + '0';
dir[6] = index + '0';
spt[6] = index + '0';
att[6] = index + '0';
ran[6] = index + '0';
// Populate the vertex shader constant table
Vector attenuation(attenuation0, attenuation1, attenuation2);
Vector spot(cosf(phi/2), cosf(theta/2), falloff);
Vector zero;
uniformVS->SetInt(d3dd, typ, type);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, amb, (FLOAT*)&ambient, 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dif, (FLOAT*)&diffuse, 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spe, (FLOAT*)&specular, 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, att, (FLOAT*)&attenuation, 3);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spt, (FLOAT*)&spot, 3);
uniformVS->SetFloat(d3dd, ran, range);
rc = true;
- APILight.cpp - turnOn()
char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
char pos[] = "light[0].position";
char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
pos[6] = index + '0';
dir[6] = index + '0';
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
- APILight.cpp - update()
char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
char pos[] = "light[0].position";
char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
pos[6] = index + '0';
dir[6] = index + '0';
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
- APILight.cpp - turnOff()
char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, false);
- APIGraphic.h - class APIXMesh
D3DXCOLOR* ambient;
D3DXCOLOR* diffuse;
D3DXCOLOR* specular;
FLOAT* power;
- APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh()
ambient = nullptr;
diffuse = nullptr;
specular = nullptr;
power = nullptr;
- APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh()
ambient = nullptr;
diffuse = nullptr;
specular = nullptr;
power = nullptr;
- APIGraphic.cpp - operator=()
if (ambient)
delete [] ambient;
if (diffuse)
delete [] diffuse;
if (specular)
delete [] specular;
if (power)
delete [] power;
ambient = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
diffuse = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
specular = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
power = new FLOAT[src.nSubsets];
for (unsigned i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
ambient[i] = src.ambient[i];
diffuse[i] = src.diffuse[i];
specular[i] = src.specular[i];
power[i] = src.power[i];
}
- APIGraphic.cpp - setup()
ambient = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
diffuse = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
specular = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
power = new FLOAT[nSubsets];
ambient[i].r = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.r * 0.7f;
ambient[i].g = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.g * 0.7f;
ambient[i].b = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.b * 0.7f;
ambient[i].a = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.a;
diffuse[i] = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse; // reflected from lights
specular[i] = matl[i].MatD3D.Specular; // shine from lights
power[i] = matl[i].MatD3D.Power; // 0 if it shouldn't be shiny
- APIGraphic.cpp - draw()
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient", (FLOAT*)&ambient[i], 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse", (FLOAT*)&diffuse[i], 4);
uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&specular[i], 4);
uniformVS->SetFloat(d3dd, "material.power", (FLOAT)power[i]);
- APIGraphic.cpp - suspend()
if (ambient)
delete [] ambient;
if (diffuse)
delete [] diffuse;
if (specular)
delete [] specular;
if (power)
delete [] power;
- Device
- vertexShader.hlsl - Constant Memory
#define MLIGHTS 4
#define POINT_LIGHT 0
#define SPOT_LIGHT 1
#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2
// Types
//
// Light holds the data for a single light in world space
//
struct Light {
int type; // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
float4 ambient;
float4 diffuse;
float4 specular;
float3 direction; // in world space
float3 position; // in world space
float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
float3 spot; // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
float range; // where attenuation becomes 0
};
// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
//
struct Material {
float4 ambient;
float4 diffuse;
float4 specular;
float power;
};
// RawVertex holds the untransformed data for a single vertex
//
struct RawVertex {
float3 position : POSITION; // position in local space
float3 normal : NORMAL; // normal in local space
float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD; // texture coordinates
};
// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for a single vertex
//
struct TransformedVertex {
float4 position : POSITION; // position in homogeneous clip space
float4 colour : COLOR; // colour of the lit vertex
float2 texCoord0 : TEXCOORD0; // texture coordinates - stage 0
float2 texCoord1 : TEXCOORD1; // texture coordinates - stage 1
};
// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of vertices)
//
// Lighting
float4 ambient; // global ambient light - always on
Light light[MLIGHTS]; // static lights
bool lightOn[MLIGHTS]; // switches for static lights
Material material; // material reflectivity
// Geometry
float4x4 viewProjection; // view * projection transformation
float4x4 world; // world transformation
float3 heading; // camera heading for specular calcs
// Lit Vertex
bool litVertex; // omit lighting calculations - already lit
- vertexShader.hlsl - vertexShader()
// vertexShader receives a raw vertex and returns the transformed vertex
//
TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {
TransformedVertex transformed;
float4 worldPosition; // world position of the vertex
float3 worldNormal; // vertex normal in world space
// Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
//
// A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
// tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
// This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
//
worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip
// not working
if (litVertex) {
transformed.colour.r = raw.normal.r;
transformed.colour.g = raw.normal.g;
transformed.colour.b = raw.normal.b;
transformed.colour.a = 1.0f;
}
else {
// Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
// part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
// transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
// needs to be normalized.
//
worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
// Determine the colour of the vertex from each light in turn
//
// Use the cosine of the angle between the worldNormal and the direction
// of the light to determine the amount of reflected light. The cosine
// is given by the dot product, if both vectors have been normalized. If
// the cosine is less than 0, the angle is greater than 90 degrees and
// no light is reflected. Use saturate() to implement this condition.
//
// A more efficient algorithm would supply the light direction already
// converted to the local space of the vertex (by using the inverse of
// the world transformation).
//
float diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
float attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
float3 lightDirection, camera = normalize(heading);
float3 ambientLight = ambient.xyz;
float3 diffuseLight = (float3)0;
float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
for (int i = 0; i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
if (lightOn[i]) {
lightDirection = - normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
float3(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y, worldPosition.z) -
light[i].position : light[i].direction);
diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(worldNormal, lightDirection));
reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
worldNormal - lightDirection), camera));
attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
spotFactor = 1.0f;
if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
// detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
distance = length((float3)worldPosition - light[i].position);
if (distance < light[i].range) {
attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
float3(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y,
worldPosition.z)),
normalize(-light[i].direction)));
if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
spotFactor = 0.0f;
else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
spotFactor = pow(
abs((rho - light[i].spot.x)/
(light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
light[i].spot.z);
}
}
else
attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
}
// accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
//
ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
light[i].ambient.xyz;
diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
light[i].diffuse.xyz;
specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
}
}
// apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
// to obtain the colour of the lit vertex
//
transformed.colour.xyz =
saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
// pass the diffuse alpha along as the alpha component
//
transformed.colour.w = material.diffuse.w;
}
// pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
//
transformed.texCoord0 = raw.texCoord;
transformed.texCoord1 = raw.texCoord;
return transformed;
}
- Fragment Shader
- Host
- APIPlatformSettings.h
#define FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE L"fragmentShader.hlsl" #define FRAGMENT_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT "fragmentShader"
- APIBase.h
// Fragment Shader Support
static IDirect3DPixelShader9* fragmentShader; // fragment shader
static ID3DXConstantTable* uniformFS; // for fragment shader
- APIBase.cpp
IDirect3DPixelShader9* APIBase::fragmentShader = nullptr; // fragment shader ID3DXConstantTable* APIBase::uniformFS = nullptr; // for fragment shader
- Device