Purpose / Objectives of Lab 6
In this lab, you will learn the basics of networking by using your Virtual Machines and your c7host machine. You will first set up a virtual private network among those machines. In addition, you will learn to set up network names (to associate with server's IP Addresses), associate network services with port numbers for troubleshooting purposes, and setup firewall policies via the iptables command.
Investigation 1: Setup a VPN
Configuring a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
For the remainder of this course, we will focus on networking involving our VMs and our c7host machine. This lab will focus on setting up a virtual private network (VPN), connecting our VMs and c7host machine to the VPN, and configuring our VPN to make more convenient to use, troubleshoot and protect. Lab 7 will focus more on configuring SSH and making access to the VPN more secure. Finally, lab 8 will focus on configuring the network for fixed workstations, mobile devices, or both at the same time.
There are several reasons for creating VPNs. The main reason is to safely connect servers together (i.e. to safely limit but allow share information among computer network users). This allows for a secure connection of computers yet controlling access to and monitoring (protecting) access to permitted users (discussed in more depth in lab7).
Two Steps Required to Setup a VPN
If we are going to setup a private network, we must do 2 major operations: First, define a new private network in the Virtual Manager application; and second, configure each of our VMs to connect to this new private network. In Part 1, we will be perform the first operation. In parts 2, 3, and 4, we will be performing the second operation for all VMS (graphical and command-line).
Backing up Only Recent File Changes
Backing up Files |One very important aspect of system admin is performing backups. There are many methods for backing up the data on a a computer system. The following is an example of a common backup system used in Business Unix/Linux systems:
Full Backup: Backup all specified files (eg. configuration, data files, etc)
Incremental Backup: Backup of only files that have changed since last (full) backup.
You will be using the find command to backup recent changes to files. In this case, we will save date/time-stamp information in a file, configure to connect centos1 to the network, run the find command, and run the find command to copy new (back-up file since date/time-stamp) in order to prove that the incremental backup worked (showing the files created as a result of the configuration of centos1 to the VPN).
Investigation 2: Networking Tweaks
Connecting a private network is an important task, but a system administrator also needs to "tweak" the network to make it convenient to use, make it safer from unauthorized access, and use troubleshooting utilities to help troubleshoot network connectivity problems as they occur. This investigation will expose you to some useful tricks and utilities to help accomplish this task.
Local Host-name Resolution
After setting up a private network, it can be hard to try to remember IP addresses. In this section, we will setup your network to associate easy-to-remember server names with IP ADDRESSES.
You simply edit the /etc/hosts file on each of the virtual machines and host machine:
- 192.168.235.1 c7host
- 192.168.235.11 centos1
- 192.168.235.13 centos3
Obtaining MAC (Hardware) addresses on Network Computers
When our CentOS system provides any services on a network, those services are accessible through a port number. All network services are configured to be accessed on a particular port number. By examining which ports are active on our system we can know what services (and points of attack) are available on our system. The ability to examine this information is important for troubleshooting network services and securing our systems. One great tool for this is the netstat command.
Creating Firewall Policies
Purpose:
Iptables is the built-in firewall for LINUX consisting of a list of rules (or "tables of policies"). If data matches a specified policy, it must “jump” to an existing condition. Simple conditions include ACCEPT, DROP and LOG but there are also more complex conditions that can be applied and there is even the option to create your own conditions.
When using iptables, the Filter table is important because it contains the following essential chains:
INPUT: Data is checked against the INPUT chain to see if it is allowed into the PC.
OUTPUT: Data is checked against the OUTPUT chain to see if it is allowed to go outside of the PC.
FORWARD: PC is acting as a router it does not actually send or receive data, it FORWARDS data from one machine to another.
Here is an Example:
iptables -I OUTPUT -p tcp -s0/0 -d 0/0 --dport 80 -j DROP
Which can be read like this: Insert a rule into the iptables OUTPUT chain that will match any tcp packet, with any a source address, any destination address, and a deistination port of 80. Any packet that matches will be dropped.
Let's break down the command displayed above to see how it works:
The -I switch tells iptables to INSERT this line into the OUTPUT policy. This means it will be the first line in the policy. If we used a -A switch it would have appended the line and it would be the last line of the policy. If you are writing complex iptables rules where multiple matches can occur, it is important that the lines go in the right order. If you follow the -I with a number, the new rule will be inserted at that location in the chain (for example, -I 3 OUTPUT will insert the rule into the 3rd position in the OUTPUT chain, moving the existing rules down as necessary (the old rule #3 will become the new rule #4, for example).
| -p tcp | tells iptables to only match TCP packets. Alternately, the protocol could be set to udp, icmp, or all |
| -s0/0 | specifies the source IP address. 0/0 means a source address of “anywhere.” this has been put into the lab because your ip address will change because it is dynamically assigned. You can change this value if you want to the IP address that has been specifically assigned to your PC |
| -d0/0 | specifies the destination address. It makes sense that this address is set to “anywhere” because if we want to block all requests to the WWW, we will never know the specific IP address of web server that is trying to be accessed
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| --dport 80 | tells iptables to look at the destination port in the packet and see if it is equal to 80. Alternately, you can filter based on source addresses using the --sport switch
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| -j | means when condition is met, then jump to a particular target – Basic targets are ACCEPT, DROP, REJECT, and LOG. The available targets depend on which table contains the chain
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| DROP | means drop the packet – make it disappear - and do not continue processing rules. REJECT is similar, but causes an error packet to be sent back to the source host. ACCEPT causes the packet to be processed. LOG causes an entry to be made in the system logs showing that the packet was processed. Note that the LOG target is the only one that does not stop rule-checking in the chain - so you can log a packet with one rule, and then use a later rule in the chain to DROP, REJECT, or ACCEPT it
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Common Mistakes / Warnings
Be aware of these common mistakes that students make that can cause problems for their future labs.
- Not following instructions
- Not constantly issuing commands to verify previous command were properly executed
Preparing for Lab Sign-Off
In order to properly complete your lab and move to the next lab, you must have your instructor "sign-off" on your lab
- Each "signed-off" lab (before due date) is worth 1% of your final grade.
- Signing-off on labs help to spot errors that can cause problems with future labs.
- Do not ask the instructor what to check for! Read at the bottom of the lab the requirements, and have all proof available for instructor to view at the same time.
- Failing to be prepared and asking instructor what to check when assignment is mark will result in deduct of marks!
- For example, open multiple terminals with command results. If properly set-up ahead of sign-off, the process should only take instructor approx 20 seconds to sign-off your lab.
- If you do not have your lab-logbook, you MUST show your work and your lab log-book to your instructor for sign-off in the next class. This may cause a late penalty if past the required due date.
Lab 6 Debrief
- What is a port?
- What command will set your IP configuration to 192.168.55.22/255.255.255.0 ?
- What file contains the systems
iptablesrules? - What is the difference between UDP and TCP?
- What port number is used for DHCP servers?
- What is the function of the file
/etc/services? - What is the function of the file
/etc/hosts? - What is the purpose of the file
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0? - What tool is used to show you a list of current TCP connections?