Allow new/additional responsibility to be added to an existing object dynamically. Decoratores provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.
Introduction
Decorator, a structual pattern also known as wrapper, adds additional functionality to a class at runtime through composition. Decorators are alternative to subclassing which add behaviour at compile time. By wrapping, it allows us to add things to the component without requiring every subclass to inherit these new qualities. Each decorator class wraps a component, which means the decorator has an instance variable that holds a reference to a component.
Motivation
As an example we can look at a coffee shop ordering service where beverages can be decorated with different kinds of condiments. By using the Decorator pattern one can get their beverage just right and the cost can be easily calculated for every added condiment. Adding new beverages/condiments is easy too, just by creating the new class and changing the menu.
Sample Code
Beverage is the abstract component class
public abstract class Beverage {
String description = "Unknown Beverage";
public String getDescription() {
return description;
}
public abstract double cost();
//static abstract double size();
}
Leaf classes that inherit from Beverage class
public class DarkRoast extends Beverage {
public DarkRoast() {
description = "Dark Roast Coffee";
}
public double cost() {
return .99;
}
}
public class Decaf extends Beverage {
public Decaf() {
description = "Decaf Coffee";
}
public double cost() {
return 1.05;
}
}
Condiment Decorator class
public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage {
public abstract String getDescription();
}
Mocha is a concrete decorator class that implements cost() and getDescription()
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Mocha";
}
public double cost() {
return 0.10 + beverage.cost();
}
}
Another concrete decorator
public class Vanilla extends CondimentDecorator {
Beverage beverage;
public Vanilla(Beverage beverage) {
this.beverage = beverage;
}
public String getDescription() {
return beverage.getDescription() + ", Vanilla";
}
public double cost() {
return 0.20 + beverage.cost();
}
}
The main: Here we are creating a new Decaf object with no condiments and printing its description and cost. The second beverage is created and we call it DarkRoast, we add two shots of Mocha and a shot of vanilla. Note how the beverage object is passed into the condiment decorator, this is how wrapping works. DarkRoast is wrapped with Mocha first, the Mocha object stores a reference to the beverage passed in. This is demonstrated in Figure 1.
public class StarbuzzCoffee {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Beverage beverage = new Decaf();
System.out.println(beverage.getDescription() + " $" + beverage.cost());
Beverage beverage2 = new DarkRoast();
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Mocha(beverage2);
beverage2 = new Vanilla(beverage2);
System.out.println(beverage2.getDescription() + " $" + beverage2.cost());
}
}
Example
Java I/O API
JDK 6u1 Source under the JRL license
extract: java -jar jdk-6u1-ea-src-b03-jrl-19_jan_2007.jar
java.io location: j2se/src/share/classes/java/io/
Abstract Component class:
public abstract class InputStream {
abstract int read();
}
Concrete Component class:
class FileInputStream extends InputStream
{
public int read();
}
Decorator class:
public
class FilterInputStream extends InputStream {
{
//Local variable for storing the reference of the concrete component class
protected volatile InputStream in;
protected FilterInputStream(InputStream in) {
this.in = in;
}
public int read() {
return in.read();
}
}
Concrete Decorator class:
public
class PushbackInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
public PushbackInputStream(InputStream in, int size) {
super(in); //Calls the FileInputStream class and stores the reference of InputStream
if (size <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("size <= 0");
}
this.buf = new byte[size];
this.pos = size;
}
public int read(){
ensureOpen();
if (pos < buf.length) {
return buf[pos++] & 0xff;
}
return super.read();
}
}
Contributions
Adapter pattern in Eclipse
References
Gamma, Erich; Helm, Richard; Johnson, Ralph; Vlissides, John (1994). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-63361-2.
Freeman, Eric; Freeman, Elisabeth; Sierra, Kathy; Bates, Bert (2004). Head First Design Patterns. O`Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00712-4.