OPS235 Lab 2

LAB PREPARATION

At the end of lab2, your VMware Workstation application will contain 4 virtual machines (c7host in your VMware Workstation application, and centos1, centos2, centos3 VMs in your KVM application). You will now have the option to run one virtual machine at a time, or run all machines simultaneously to learn about networking (covered in later labs)

Purpose / Objectives of Lab2

In this lab, you will create 3 remaining virtual machines using another virtualization program called KVM that will run in your c7host VM. These VMs will be used throughout the remainder of this course to learn how to administer them (installing software, managing services, networking, etc).

While you are performing this lab, it is recommended to generally note the major differences in the different installation methods, and which method you prefer to use if you were a Linux system administrator in charge of installing many Linux distributions for an organization.

Main Objectives

• Installing additional Virtualization Software on your c7host machine (KVM)
• Create 3 separate VMs (virtual machines) using different installation methods:

• Network Centos Installation (Graphical)
• Network Centos Installation (minimal install - CLI only)
• Network Centos Installation with Kickstart configuration file (CLI only)

• Manipulate virtual machines by CLI (virsh)
• Properly backup VM images and backup VM configuration files
• Create and run Bash Shell scripts to automatically create a post-install report for an installed VM.

Minimum Required Materials			Linux Command Reference
Solid State Drive	USB key (for backups)	Lab2 Log Book	Virtualization virt-manager virsh Installation Guides Installing & Using KVM on CentOS Using KVM (tutorial) virsh command reference	Miscellaneous gzip, gunzip grep wc pwd ls more file wget chmod vi	Matrix Online Tutorials: Shell Scripting - Part 2 (Logic & Math Expressions): /home/murray.saul/scripting-2 Shell Scripting - Part 3 (Loops) /home/murray.saul/scripting-3

INVESTIGATION 1: SETUP FOR NESTED VIRTUAL MACHINES

Part 1: Configure VMware Workstation for Nested VMs

Although we are using VMware Workstation to run our c7host VM, we will now install and configure another virtualization package called KVM in order to install the remaining VMs for this course. Since we are "nesting" VMs (i.e. running a VM inside another VM) we need to configure our c7host's Linux boot-up parameters in order to allow these VMs to run efficiently.

Perform the following steps:

1. Launch the VMware Workstation application.
2. Select Open Virtual Machine, and select the VM called c7host on your Solid State Drive.
3. Launch your c7host machine, and login as as a regular user and open a shell terminal.
4. Edit the file called: /boot/efi/EFI/centos/grub.cfg
5. Search for the first occurrence of the Linux Kernel boot command.
6. Insert the boot option: kvm-intel.nested=1 at the end of the Linux kernel boot options. See below for reference:


linuxefi /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-327.18.2.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/centos_c7host-root ro crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=centos_c7host/root rd.lvm.lv=centos_c7host/swap rhgb quiet LANG=en_CA.UTF-8 kvm-intel.nested=1
initrdefi /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-327.18.2.el7.x86_64.img

7. Save your editing changes, and reboot your c7host VM.
8. If you configured your c7host VM for nested VMs, then you should get the output <span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;"Y</span> when you issue the following command:
   cat /sys/module/kvm_intel/parameters/nested

Part 2: Install KVM Virtualization Application

x

Perform the following steps:

1. Make certain that you are logged in as a regular user (i.e. NOT root) in your home directory.
2. You will need to download an image file for the Centos7 LIVE DVD by issuing the following command (best works while at Seneca):
   wget http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-LiveGNOME-1511.iso
   (If you are doing this at home, try: wget http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso)
   
   
3. You must perform a software update on your c7host machine before proceeding with the next steps. Login as root and issue the following command:
   yum update
4. As root, install the virtualization software by issuing the command:
   yum install qemu-kvm qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python \
python-virtinst libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils
   
   

Restart your Host Machine
You must restart your c7host machine after installing the virtualization program above. If you fail to do this, you may experience virtualization network problems.

There are actually several key programs installed for virtualization using KVM:

• kvm/qemu - the hypervisor and other hardware emulation systems.
• A system service named libvirtd that manages the VMs.
• A graphical tool for managing virtual machines (virt-manager) and the virsh command-line tool.

7. Start the virtualization service: systemctl start libvirtd
   
   

NOTE: The most recent variants of Centos and Fedora are using a service called firewalld that is intended to replace iptables, however the iptables service is still in relatively common usage. In this course we will concentrate on iptables.

8. To Disable firewalld issue the following commands:
   systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl stop firewalld
   
   
9. To install and enable the IPTables services, issue the following commands:
   yum install iptables-services
systemctl enable iptables
systemctl start iptables
   
   

Run virt-manager as a regular user, not as root
Otherwise all your virtual machines will be owned by root and you won't be able to use them as a regular user.

10. Start the graphical tool by selecting the menu options Applications>System Tools>Virtual Machine Manager or by typing the command virt-manager
    
    
11. You will be learning to perform several different type of CENTOS Linux installs. Lab2 has a comparison chart for comparing various Linux installs. You were required in lab1 to record your observation for your centos1 installation.
    
    
12. As you proceed throughout this lab, you will be required to fill in the comparison chart for the remaining 3 virtual machines that you will be installing.

INVESTIGATION 2: INSTALL NESTED VIRTUAL MACHINES (KVM)

Part 1: Installing VM from a Network (Graphical)

VM Details:

VM Name (and hostname): centos1

Boot media: Network installation

Centos Full Network Install URL:

• Seneca Lab: http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/
• Home: http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/

VM Image Pathname: /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos1.qcow2

Memory: 2048MB

Disk space: 15GB

CPUs: 1

Perform the following steps:

1. Create the VM (called centos2) as you did with the c7host machine, except for the following differences:
   1. Select Network Installation using the installation source URL displayed above.
   2. When customizing your partitions, do the same operation that you did in c7hsot (with Gnome Desktop software selection), but instead of creating the partitions yourself, have then automatically create, and then the / partition to use the ext4 file system).
      
      
2. Complete the installation. Login to your regular user account, and perform a yum update for the centos2 VM (reboot if required). Make certain to adjust your screen-saver settings if desired.
3. Repeat the steps as you did to start the SSH service, set iptables to accept connections via ssh, test connections between centos2 and centos1, disable SELinux and perform a yum update.
4. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations in your lab2 logbook.

Part 2: Installing from a Network

VM Details:

VM Name (and hostname): centos2

Boot media: Network installation

Centos Full Network Install URL:

• Seneca Lab: http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/
• Home: http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/

VM Image Pathname: /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos2.qcow2

Memory: 2048MB

Disk space: 20GB

CPUs: 1

Perform the following steps:

1. Create the VM (called centos2) as you did with the centos1 machine, except for the following differences:
   1. Select Network Installation using the installation source URL displayed above.
   2. When customizing your partitions, do the same operation that you did in centos2 (with Gnome Desktop software selection), but after automatically creating the partitions, reduce the size of the root LVM partition to 8000 MB and add an LVM partition with a size of 2000 MB (mount point: /home, name: home, and make certain root and /home partitions have ext4 file system).
      
      
2. Complete the installation. Login to your regular user account, and perform a yum update for the centos2 VM (reboot if required). Make certain to adjust your screen-saver settings if desired.
3. Repeat the steps as you did to start the SSH service, set iptables to accept connections via ssh, test connections between centos2 and centos1, disable SELinux and perform a yum update.
4. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations in your lab2 logbook.

Part 3: Installing from a Network using a Kickstart File

VM Details:

VM Name (and hostname): centos3

Boot media: Network installation

Centos7 Full Install Network URL:

• Seneca Lab: http://belmont.senecac.on.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/
• Home: http://mirror.csclub.uwaterloo.ca/centos/7/os/x86_64/

Kickstart File URL: http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~andrew.smith/ops235/centos7-kickstart-v01.cfg

VM Image Pathname: /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos3.qcow2

Memory: 2048MB

Disk space: 15GB

CPUs: 1

Perform the following steps:

1. Create the VM as you did with the centos2 virtual machine, specifying a network install as before, but specify the kickstart location under the "options section" for network install. What do you think is the purpose of this kickstart file?
2. Observe the installation. How is it different from booting from a downloaded image?
3. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations.
   
   If the during the installation, you see the message at the bottom Pane is Dead, click the Virtual Machine menu at the top, select Shut Down -> Force Off, right-click on centos3 in the virtual manager window and select Delete. Redo the VM setup for a new instance of the centos3 VM.
   
   
4. What happens when the installation is finished?
5. Click the kickstart file link in a web-browser, and record the following information to access your centos3 VM:
   • Regular-user account name
   • Regular-user account password
   • Root Password
6. Boot the virtual machine and log in (use the user ID and password information from the previous step to gain access to this VM).
7. Compare the experience to the first time you booted the other virtual machines. Record this information in the table contained in Investigation 4.
8. Repeat the steps as you did to start the SSH service, set iptables to accept connections via ssh, test connections between centos3 and centos1, disable SELinux, and perform a yum update.
9. Remember that centos3 is text-based interface only (no graphics). To recover from a blank screen, press a key (like the SPACE key) to return to the screen display.
10. Record the time taken to install, and compare this to the time taken by the previous installations in your lab2 logbook.

Answer the INVESTIGATION 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.

INVESTIGATION 2: MANAGING VIRTUAL MACHINES (KVM)

Backing up VMs There are two general processes in order to back up your images: Compressing your images (also recommended to backup up to external storage USB Key) using the gzip command. Backup the VM xml configuration file (preferably to USB key) using virsh shell command to add VM to virtual machine manager list (in the event that the HOST machine is "wiped" and re-installed, but VM images and xml configuration files have been backed up external storage). Taking the time to backup the image of the Operating System's file system allows the user to return to a "restoration point" using the gunzip command in case something bad occurs to the OS during a lab. Failure to take the time to make and confirm backups can result in loss of lab work for the student!

Part 1: Backing Up Virtual Machines

Perform the following steps:

1. Shut down your centos1, centos2, and centos3 VMs.
2. In your c7host VM, change to the directory /var/lib/libvirt/images/. Note the size of the files in this directory. What do these files contain?
3. Make a compressed backup of the centos3.qcow2 file to your home directory with this command:
   gzip < centos3.qcow2 > ~YourUserId/centos3.qcow2.backup.gz
   (Note: Make certain to use the redirection signs "<" and ">" properly in the command!)
4. Compare the size of the compressed and original files (hint: use ls -lh). If file is very large (like 15GB), you didn't compress it and you need to remove that file and perform the previous step until you get it right!
5. Start the centos3 VM.
6. Make certain that you are in your VM and not in your main system!
7. Wreck only your centos3 system! Try this command inside the centos3 virtual machine:rm -rf /* (ignore error messages).
8. Shut down the centos3 VM. If you tried to start the centos3 VM, it would not boot since all system files have been removed!
9. Restore the original image from the backup in your home directory by typing this command:
   gunzip < ~YourUserId/centos3.qcow2.backup.gz > centos3.qcow2
10. Restart the VM. Is it working normally?
11. Create compressed backups of your other virtual machines (ie. centos1 and centos2).
12. You should make a copy of the xml configuration file in case you "wipe" and re-install the host machine, and want to add a restored VM backups to the virtual machine manager list. We will demonstrate using the centos3 xml configuration file, and prove that a "clone" can be added to your list.Please perform the following step:
13. Execute the following command: virsh dumpxml centos3 > centos3.xml
14. Examine the file centos3.xml. What does it contain? What format is it in?
    
    
15. We will now learn how to download a compressed image file and xml configuration file and add it as a VM to the virtual manager menu.
16. Issue the following commands:
    • wget http://cs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/practical1.qcow2.gz
    • wget https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/practical1.xml
      
      

17. Copy these files to the /var/lib/libvirt/images directory and decompress the image
18. Make certain your present working directory is: /var/lib/libvirt/images
19. Issue the command: virsh define practical1.xml
20. What happened in the virtual manager window? To remove a VM entry in the Virtual Manager window, simply issue the command: virsh undefine vm_name (without the .xml file extension)
21. Launch the VM to see if it boots-up
22. Can you log into this VM? Perhaps your instructor will give you a clue in week #7... >;p
    
    

Shutting Down the Host while Virtual Machines are Running
If you shut down your host system while virtual machines are running, they will be suspended, and will resume the next time you boot your host system.

22. For the remainder of these labs, it is assumed that you will backup both the images and xml configuration files for all Virtual machines, when asked to backup your virtual machines. It is also highly recommended to backup these files to an external storage device (eg. USB key) in case the host machine gets "wiped" and you need to rebuild your HOST machine and then restore your Virtual Machines...
23. Answer this question in your log book:

• In order to fully back up a virtual machine, what information should be saved in addition to the virtual machine image?

Part 2: Using Shell Scripts for VM Backup & Management

Bash Shell Scripting Tips: Data Input A shell script can obtain data from a number of methods: reading input files, using arguments when issuing command (positional parameters), or prompting for data to store in a variable. The later method can be accomplished by using the read command. Example: read -p "Enter your name: " userName. Mathematical Expressions In shell scripting, data is stored in variable as text, not other data types (ints, floats, chars, etc) like in compiled programs like C or Java. In order to have a shell script perform mathematical operations, number or variable need to be surrounded by two sets of parenthesis ((..)) in order to convert a number stored as text to a binary number. Examples var1=5;var2=10 echo "$var1 + $var2 = $((var1+var2))" Note: shell does not perform floating point calculations (like 5/10). Instead, other commands like awk or bc would be required for floating point calculations (decimals) Loops (for / while / until) Determinant loops (such as for loops) usually repeat for a preset number of times (eg. counts, positional parameters stored). In-determinant loops (such as while or until loops) may repeat based on unknown conditions (like waiting for user to enter correct data). Conditional statements && (run if previous command or test is true) and || (run is previous command or test is false) can also be used when testing multiple conditions. Examples: set ops235 is fun for x do  echo "argument is $x" done for x in $(ls) do  echo "Filename: $x" done read -p "enter a whole number: " num until echo $num | grep -q "^[0-9][0-9]*$" do  read -p "Incorrect. Please enter WHOLE NUMBER: " num done read -p "pick a number between 1 and 10: " num while [ $num -lt 1 ] || [ $num -gt 10 ] do  read -p "Incorrect. Please pick number between 1 and 10: " num done

You will continue our use of Bash Shell scripting by first creating a Bash Shell script that will allow the Linux sysadmin to select their created VMs for backup to root's home directory. Afterwards you will download, view and run a couple Bash Shell scripts that use the virsh command to start and stop your virtual machines.

Perform the following steps:

1. Start the centos1 virtual machine, and stop the centos2 and centos3 virtual machines.
2. Switch to the c7host machine, and open a shell terminal.
3. Enter these admin commands into your c7host machine and note the result:

virsh list

virsh list --all

virsh list --inactive

4. Now, shut-down your centos1 VM normally, and close the centos1 VM window.
5. Switch to your terminal and issue the command: virsh start centos1
6. Using the appropriate command check to see if your centos1 VM is now running.
7. There are other commands that can be used (such as suspend, or shutdown). The "shutdown" command may not always work since it relies on the guest handling a particular ACPI event. Why do you think it is useful to have commands to manipulate VMs?
8. Since this is a text-based version of Linux, you do not need to turn off the screen-saver.

Virtual Machine Does not Shutdown from Command
If the Virtual machine fails to shutdown from the virsh shutdown command, then you can go to the Virtual Machine manager and halt or shutdown within the VM itself, then you can click the PowerOff button in the VM window. You'll want to avoid a forced shutdown since those are equivalent to yanking the power cord out of the wall on a physical machine!

9. Open a Bash shell terminal and login as root.
10. Use a text editor (such as vi or nano) to create a Bash Shell script called: backupVM.bash in /root's home directory.
11. Enter the following text content into your text-editing session:
#!/bin/bash # backupVM.bash
# Purpose: Creates system info report
#
# USAGE: ./report.bash
#
# Author: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***
# Date: *** CURRENT DATE *** if [ $PWD != "/root" ] # only runs if in root's directory
then
 echo "You must be located in /root" >&2
 exit 1
fi
    
12. Save your editing session, but remain in the text editor.
13. This shell script is designed particularly for your centos1, centos2, and centos3 VMS.
14. The code displayed below will prompt the user if they wish for all VMs to be backed-up; otherwise, allow the user the option of specifying which VMs to be backed-up. Add the following code

read -p "Backup all VMs? (y|n):" answer # prompt if all VMs to be backed-up

if [ "$answer" = "y" ] # Backup all VMs if answer is yes
then
 for num in 1 2 3 # Determinant loop for 3 arguments: 1, 2, and 3
 do
  echo "Backing up VM #$num"
  gzip < /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos$num.qcow2 > /root/centos$num.qcow2.backup.gz

  echo "VM #$num BACKUP DONE"
 done

elif [ "$answer" = "n" ]
then
 read -p "Which VM should be backed up? (1/2/3): " numanswer
 until echo $numanswer | grep "^[123]$" >> /dev/null # Look for match of single digit: 1,2, or 3
 do
  read -p "Invalid Selection. Select 1, 2, or 3: " numanswer
 done
 echo "Backing up VM #$numanswer"
 gzip < /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos$numanswer.qcow2 > /root/centos$numanswer.qcow2.backup.gz

 echo "VM #$numanswer BACKUP DONE":
else
 echo "Invalid Selection... Aborting program"
 exit 2
fi

15. Save, set permissions, and then run that shell script to backup centos1. Confirm that this script did backup this image to root's home directory
16. Use the wget command to download, study, and run the following shell scripts on-line:

    https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start-text.bash
https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop-text.bash
https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-start.bash
https://scs.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/vm-stop.bash

17. Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do.
18. You have completed lab2. Proceed to Completing The Lab, and follow the instructions for "lab sign-off".

Answer INVESTIGATION 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.

LAB 2 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR)

Backup ALL of your VMs!
If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of all of your virtual machines onto your UBS Key.

Perform the Following Steps:

1. Make certain ALL of your VMs are running.
2. Switch to your c7host VM, open a terminal, login as root, and change directory to /root/bin.
3. Issue the Linux command: wget http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/lab2-check.bash
4. Give the lab2-check.bash file execute permissions (for the file owner).
5. Run the shell script and if any warnings, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" message.
6. Arrange proof of the following on the screen:

✓ All VMs:

• All 4 VMs created and running
• Proof of yum updates on ALL VMs (i.e. results from yum update command)

✓centos2 VM:

• Output from running the lab2-check.bash script with all OK messages

✓ Lab2 logbook notes completed.

Practice For Quizzes, Tests, Midterm & Final Exam

1. What is the name of the CentOS installation program?
2. What is the name of the file created by the CentOS installation program?
3. Which type of installation works best for confirming compatibility with hardware before installation? Why?
4. Which type of installation works best for installing large numbers of computers? Why?
5. How can you reduce the number of software updates required immediately after installation?
6. How do you start and stop virtual machines?
7. How do you SSH into your virtual machines?
8. List the steps to install a VM from:
   • Downloaded iso file
   • Network install (without kickstart file)
   • Network install (with kickstart file)
9. What is the purpose of the virsh command?
10. How to start and stop VMs using the virsh command?
11. List the steps to correctly backup your VMs to a USB disk
12. List the steps to correctly restore your VMs from a USB disk to your c7host VM.
13. How can you prompt the user for data and store into a variable?
14. How do you perform mathematical operations in the Bash shell and within a Bash shell script?
15. What is the difference between a determinant loop and an in-determinant loop?
16. Show a few examples how loops can be used to error-check when prompting the user for data.
17. What is the purpose of the && and || symbols when used with logic?