SPO600 64-bit Assembly Language Lab

Purpose of this Lab
In this lab, you will experiment with assembler on the x86_64 and aarch64 platforms.

SPO600 Servers
Perform this lab on SPO600 Servers (you may use your own x86_64 systems if they are of the right architecture and appropriately configured).

Lab 5

Code Examples

The code examples for this lab are available in the file /public/spo600-assembler-lab-examples.tgz on the SPO600 Servers.

Unpacking the archive in your home directory will produce the following directory structure:

spo600
`-- examples
    `-- hello                     # "hello world" example programs
        |-- assembler
        |   |-- aarch64           # aarch64 gas assembly language version
        |   |   |-- hello.s
        |   |   `-- Makefile
        |   `-- Makefile
        |   `-- x86_64            # x86_64 assembly language versions
        |       |-- hello-gas.s   # ... gas syntax
        |       |-- hello-nasm.s  # ... nasm syntax
        |       `-- Makefile
        `-- c                     # Portable C versions
            |-- hello2.c          # write() version
            |-- hello3.c          # syscall() wrapper version
            |-- hello.c           # printf() version
            `-- Makefile

Throughout this lab, take advantage of make whenever possible.

Resources

• Assembler Basics
• Syscalls
• x86_64 Register and Instruction Quick Start
• aarch64 Register and Instruction Quick Start

Group Lab Tasks

Shortcut
To save lab time your group can decide to do steps 1-2 as individual homework after the lab.

1. Review, build, and run the x86_64 assembly language programs. Take a look at the code using objdump -d objectfile and compare it to the source code. Notice the absence of other code (compared to the C binary, which had a lot of extra code).

2. Build and run the three C versions of the program for aarch64. Verify that you can disassemble the object code in the ELF binary using objdump -d objectfile and take a look at the code.

3. Review, build, and run the aarch64 assembly language programs. Take a look at the code using objdump -d objectfile and compare it to the source code.

4. Here is a basic loop in AArch64 assembler - this loops from 0 to 9, using r19 as the index (loop control) counter:

.text
.globl _start

min = 0                          /* starting value for the loop index; note that this is a symbol (constant), not a variable */
max = 30                         /* loop exits when the index hits this number (loop condition is i<max) */

_start:

    mov     x19, min

loop:

    /* ... body of the loop ... do something useful here ... */

    add     x19, x19, 1
    cmp     x19, max
    b.ne    loop

    mov     x0, 0           /* status -> 0 */
    mov     x8, 93          /* exit is syscall #93 */
    svc     0               /* invoke syscall */

This code doesn't actually do anything while looping, because the body of the loop is empty. On an AArch64 machine, combine this code with code from the "Hello World" assembley-language example, so that it prints a word each time it loops:

Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop
Loop

Then modify the message so that it includes the loop index values, showing each digit from 0 to 9 like this:

Loop: 0
Loop: 1
Loop: 2
Loop: 3
Loop: 4
Loop: 5
Loop: 6
Loop: 7
Loop: 8
Loop: 9

Character conversion
In order to print the loop index value, you will need to convert from an integer to digit character. In ASCII/ISO-8859-1/Unicode UTF-8, the digit characters are in the range 48-57 (0x30-0x39). You will also need to assemble the message to be printed for each line - you can do this by writing the digit into the message buffer before outputting it to stdout, which is probably the best approach, or you can perform a sequence of writes for the thee parts of the message ('Loop: ', number, '\n'). You may want to refer to the manpage for ascii.

5. Repeat step 6 for x86_64.

For reference, here is the loop code in x86_64 assembler:

.text
.globl    _start

min = 0                         /* starting value for the loop index; note that this is a symbol (constant), not a variable */
max = 10                        /* loop exits when the index hits this number (loop condition is i<max) */

_start:
    mov     $min,%r15         /* loop index */

loop:
    /* ... body of the loop ... do something useful here ... */

    inc     %r15                /* increment index */
    cmp     $max,%r15           /* see if we're done */
    jne     loop                /* loop if we're not */

    mov     $0,%rdi             /* exit status */
    mov     $60,%rax            /* syscall sys_exit */
    syscall

6. Extend the AArch64 code to loop from 00-30, printing each value as a 2-digit decimal number.

2-Digit Conversion
You will need to take the loop index and convert it to a 2-digit decimal number by dividing by 10. To do this, use the div instruction, which takes the dividend from rax and the divisor from register supplied as an argument. The quotient will be placed in rax and the remainder will be placed in rdx.

7. Repeat step 8 for x86_64.

Optional Investigation (Recommended)

1. Build and run the three C versions of the program for x86_64 and aarch64. Take a look at the differences in the code.

2. Use the objdump -d command to dump (print) the object code (machine code) and disassemble it into assembler for each of the binaries. Find the <main> section and take a look at the code. Also notice the total amount of code.

Deliverables

1. Complete the group lab section, above.

2. Extend the assembler programs (both x86_64 and aarch64) to suppress the high digit when it is 0. In other words, the printed values should progress from 0-30 instead of from 00-30. It is OK to output a space in place of the suppressed digit (this will cause the numbers to be aligned vertically in the output).

3. Blog about the programs you've written. Describe the experience of writing and debugging in assembler, as compared to writing in other languages. Contrast x86_64 and aarch64 assembler, your experience with each, and your opinions of each. Include links to the source code for both of your assembler programs.

Optional Challenge

Write a program in aarch64 assembly language to print the times tables from 1-12 ("1 x 1 = 1" through "12 x 12 = 144"). Add a spacer between each table, and use a function/subroutine to format the numbers with leading-zero suppression.

The output could look something like this:

 1 x  1 =   1
 2 x  1 =   2
 3 x  1 =   3
 4 x  1 =   4
 5 x  1 =   5
 6 x  1 =   6
 7 x  1 =   7
 8 x  1 =   8
 9 x  1 =   9
10 x  1 =  10
11 x  1 =  11
12 x  1 =  12
-------------
 1 x  2 =   2
 2 x  2 =   4
 3 x  2 =   6
 4 x  2 =   8
 5 x  2 =  10

  ...lines snipped for space... 

11 x 12 = 132
-------------
 1 x 12 =  12
 2 x 12 =  24
 3 x 12 =  36
 4 x 12 =  48
 5 x 12 =  60
 6 x 12 =  72
 7 x 12 =  84
 8 x 12 =  96
 9 x 12 = 108
10 x 12 = 120
11 x 12 = 132
12 x 12 = 144